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diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/ext4/ondisk/super.rst b/Documentation/filesystems/ext4/ondisk/super.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 5f81dd87e0b9..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/ext4/ondisk/super.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,801 +0,0 @@ -.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 - -Super Block ------------ - -The superblock records various information about the enclosing -filesystem, such as block counts, inode counts, supported features, -maintenance information, and more. - -If the sparse\_super feature flag is set, redundant copies of the -superblock and group descriptors are kept only in the groups whose group -number is either 0 or a power of 3, 5, or 7. If the flag is not set, -redundant copies are kept in all groups. - -The superblock checksum is calculated against the superblock structure, -which includes the FS UUID. - -The ext4 superblock is laid out as follows in -``struct ext4_super_block``: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 1 1 77 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Offset - - Size - - Name - - Description - * - 0x0 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_inodes\_count - - Total inode count. - * - 0x4 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_blocks\_count\_lo - - Total block count. - * - 0x8 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_r\_blocks\_count\_lo - - This number of blocks can only be allocated by the super-user. - * - 0xC - - \_\_le32 - - s\_free\_blocks\_count\_lo - - Free block count. - * - 0x10 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_free\_inodes\_count - - Free inode count. - * - 0x14 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_first\_data\_block - - First data block. This must be at least 1 for 1k-block filesystems and - is typically 0 for all other block sizes. - * - 0x18 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_log\_block\_size - - Block size is 2 ^ (10 + s\_log\_block\_size). - * - 0x1C - - \_\_le32 - - s\_log\_cluster\_size - - Cluster size is (2 ^ s\_log\_cluster\_size) blocks if bigalloc is - enabled. Otherwise s\_log\_cluster\_size must equal s\_log\_block\_size. - * - 0x20 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_blocks\_per\_group - - Blocks per group. - * - 0x24 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_clusters\_per\_group - - Clusters per group, if bigalloc is enabled. Otherwise - s\_clusters\_per\_group must equal s\_blocks\_per\_group. - * - 0x28 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_inodes\_per\_group - - Inodes per group. - * - 0x2C - - \_\_le32 - - s\_mtime - - Mount time, in seconds since the epoch. - * - 0x30 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_wtime - - Write time, in seconds since the epoch. - * - 0x34 - - \_\_le16 - - s\_mnt\_count - - Number of mounts since the last fsck. - * - 0x36 - - \_\_le16 - - s\_max\_mnt\_count - - Number of mounts beyond which a fsck is needed. - * - 0x38 - - \_\_le16 - - s\_magic - - Magic signature, 0xEF53 - * - 0x3A - - \_\_le16 - - s\_state - - File system state. See super_state_ for more info. - * - 0x3C - - \_\_le16 - - s\_errors - - Behaviour when detecting errors. See super_errors_ for more info. - * - 0x3E - - \_\_le16 - - s\_minor\_rev\_level - - Minor revision level. - * - 0x40 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_lastcheck - - Time of last check, in seconds since the epoch. - * - 0x44 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_checkinterval - - Maximum time between checks, in seconds. - * - 0x48 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_creator\_os - - Creator OS. See the table super_creator_ for more info. - * - 0x4C - - \_\_le32 - - s\_rev\_level - - Revision level. See the table super_revision_ for more info. - * - 0x50 - - \_\_le16 - - s\_def\_resuid - - Default uid for reserved blocks. - * - 0x52 - - \_\_le16 - - s\_def\_resgid - - Default gid for reserved blocks. - * - - - - - - - These fields are for EXT4_DYNAMIC_REV superblocks only. - - Note: the difference between the compatible feature set and the - incompatible feature set is that if there is a bit set in the - incompatible feature set that the kernel doesn't know about, it should - refuse to mount the filesystem. - - e2fsck's requirements are more strict; if it doesn't know - about a feature in either the compatible or incompatible feature set, it - must abort and not try to meddle with things it doesn't understand... - * - 0x54 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_first\_ino - - First non-reserved inode. - * - 0x58 - - \_\_le16 - - s\_inode\_size - - Size of inode structure, in bytes. - * - 0x5A - - \_\_le16 - - s\_block\_group\_nr - - Block group # of this superblock. - * - 0x5C - - \_\_le32 - - s\_feature\_compat - - Compatible feature set flags. Kernel can still read/write this fs even - if it doesn't understand a flag; fsck should not do that. See the - super_compat_ table for more info. - * - 0x60 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_feature\_incompat - - Incompatible feature set. If the kernel or fsck doesn't understand one - of these bits, it should stop. See the super_incompat_ table for more - info. - * - 0x64 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_feature\_ro\_compat - - Readonly-compatible feature set. If the kernel doesn't understand one of - these bits, it can still mount read-only. See the super_rocompat_ table - for more info. - * - 0x68 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_uuid[16] - - 128-bit UUID for volume. - * - 0x78 - - char - - s\_volume\_name[16] - - Volume label. - * - 0x88 - - char - - s\_last\_mounted[64] - - Directory where filesystem was last mounted. - * - 0xC8 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_algorithm\_usage\_bitmap - - For compression (Not used in e2fsprogs/Linux) - * - - - - - - - Performance hints. Directory preallocation should only happen if the - EXT4_FEATURE_COMPAT_DIR_PREALLOC flag is on. - * - 0xCC - - \_\_u8 - - s\_prealloc\_blocks - - #. of blocks to try to preallocate for ... files? (Not used in - e2fsprogs/Linux) - * - 0xCD - - \_\_u8 - - s\_prealloc\_dir\_blocks - - #. of blocks to preallocate for directories. (Not used in - e2fsprogs/Linux) - * - 0xCE - - \_\_le16 - - s\_reserved\_gdt\_blocks - - Number of reserved GDT entries for future filesystem expansion. - * - - - - - - - Journalling support is valid only if EXT4_FEATURE_COMPAT_HAS_JOURNAL is - set. - * - 0xD0 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_journal\_uuid[16] - - UUID of journal superblock - * - 0xE0 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_journal\_inum - - inode number of journal file. - * - 0xE4 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_journal\_dev - - Device number of journal file, if the external journal feature flag is - set. - * - 0xE8 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_last\_orphan - - Start of list of orphaned inodes to delete. - * - 0xEC - - \_\_le32 - - s\_hash\_seed[4] - - HTREE hash seed. - * - 0xFC - - \_\_u8 - - s\_def\_hash\_version - - Default hash algorithm to use for directory hashes. See super_def_hash_ - for more info. - * - 0xFD - - \_\_u8 - - s\_jnl\_backup\_type - - If this value is 0 or EXT3\_JNL\_BACKUP\_BLOCKS (1), then the - ``s_jnl_blocks`` field contains a duplicate copy of the inode's - ``i_block[]`` array and ``i_size``. - * - 0xFE - - \_\_le16 - - s\_desc\_size - - Size of group descriptors, in bytes, if the 64bit incompat feature flag - is set. - * - 0x100 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_default\_mount\_opts - - Default mount options. See the super_mountopts_ table for more info. - * - 0x104 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_first\_meta\_bg - - First metablock block group, if the meta\_bg feature is enabled. - * - 0x108 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_mkfs\_time - - When the filesystem was created, in seconds since the epoch. - * - 0x10C - - \_\_le32 - - s\_jnl\_blocks[17] - - Backup copy of the journal inode's ``i_block[]`` array in the first 15 - elements and i\_size\_high and i\_size in the 16th and 17th elements, - respectively. - * - - - - - - - 64bit support is valid only if EXT4_FEATURE_COMPAT_64BIT is set. - * - 0x150 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_blocks\_count\_hi - - High 32-bits of the block count. - * - 0x154 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_r\_blocks\_count\_hi - - High 32-bits of the reserved block count. - * - 0x158 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_free\_blocks\_count\_hi - - High 32-bits of the free block count. - * - 0x15C - - \_\_le16 - - s\_min\_extra\_isize - - All inodes have at least # bytes. - * - 0x15E - - \_\_le16 - - s\_want\_extra\_isize - - New inodes should reserve # bytes. - * - 0x160 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_flags - - Miscellaneous flags. See the super_flags_ table for more info. - * - 0x164 - - \_\_le16 - - s\_raid\_stride - - RAID stride. This is the number of logical blocks read from or written - to the disk before moving to the next disk. This affects the placement - of filesystem metadata, which will hopefully make RAID storage faster. - * - 0x166 - - \_\_le16 - - s\_mmp\_interval - - #. seconds to wait in multi-mount prevention (MMP) checking. In theory, - MMP is a mechanism to record in the superblock which host and device - have mounted the filesystem, in order to prevent multiple mounts. This - feature does not seem to be implemented... - * - 0x168 - - \_\_le64 - - s\_mmp\_block - - Block # for multi-mount protection data. - * - 0x170 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_raid\_stripe\_width - - RAID stripe width. This is the number of logical blocks read from or - written to the disk before coming back to the current disk. This is used - by the block allocator to try to reduce the number of read-modify-write - operations in a RAID5/6. - * - 0x174 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_log\_groups\_per\_flex - - Size of a flexible block group is 2 ^ ``s_log_groups_per_flex``. - * - 0x175 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_checksum\_type - - Metadata checksum algorithm type. The only valid value is 1 (crc32c). - * - 0x176 - - \_\_le16 - - s\_reserved\_pad - - - * - 0x178 - - \_\_le64 - - s\_kbytes\_written - - Number of KiB written to this filesystem over its lifetime. - * - 0x180 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_snapshot\_inum - - inode number of active snapshot. (Not used in e2fsprogs/Linux.) - * - 0x184 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_snapshot\_id - - Sequential ID of active snapshot. (Not used in e2fsprogs/Linux.) - * - 0x188 - - \_\_le64 - - s\_snapshot\_r\_blocks\_count - - Number of blocks reserved for active snapshot's future use. (Not used in - e2fsprogs/Linux.) - * - 0x190 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_snapshot\_list - - inode number of the head of the on-disk snapshot list. (Not used in - e2fsprogs/Linux.) - * - 0x194 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_error\_count - - Number of errors seen. - * - 0x198 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_first\_error\_time - - First time an error happened, in seconds since the epoch. - * - 0x19C - - \_\_le32 - - s\_first\_error\_ino - - inode involved in first error. - * - 0x1A0 - - \_\_le64 - - s\_first\_error\_block - - Number of block involved of first error. - * - 0x1A8 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_first\_error\_func[32] - - Name of function where the error happened. - * - 0x1C8 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_first\_error\_line - - Line number where error happened. - * - 0x1CC - - \_\_le32 - - s\_last\_error\_time - - Time of most recent error, in seconds since the epoch. - * - 0x1D0 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_last\_error\_ino - - inode involved in most recent error. - * - 0x1D4 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_last\_error\_line - - Line number where most recent error happened. - * - 0x1D8 - - \_\_le64 - - s\_last\_error\_block - - Number of block involved in most recent error. - * - 0x1E0 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_last\_error\_func[32] - - Name of function where the most recent error happened. - * - 0x200 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_mount\_opts[64] - - ASCIIZ string of mount options. - * - 0x240 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_usr\_quota\_inum - - Inode number of user `quota <quota>`__ file. - * - 0x244 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_grp\_quota\_inum - - Inode number of group `quota <quota>`__ file. - * - 0x248 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_overhead\_blocks - - Overhead blocks/clusters in fs. (Huh? This field is always zero, which - means that the kernel calculates it dynamically.) - * - 0x24C - - \_\_le32 - - s\_backup\_bgs[2] - - Block groups containing superblock backups (if sparse\_super2) - * - 0x254 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_encrypt\_algos[4] - - Encryption algorithms in use. There can be up to four algorithms in use - at any time; valid algorithm codes are given in the super_encrypt_ table - below. - * - 0x258 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_encrypt\_pw\_salt[16] - - Salt for the string2key algorithm for encryption. - * - 0x268 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_lpf\_ino - - Inode number of lost+found - * - 0x26C - - \_\_le32 - - s\_prj\_quota\_inum - - Inode that tracks project quotas. - * - 0x270 - - \_\_le32 - - s\_checksum\_seed - - Checksum seed used for metadata\_csum calculations. This value is - crc32c(~0, $orig\_fs\_uuid). - * - 0x274 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_wtime_hi - - Upper 8 bits of the s_wtime field. - * - 0x275 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_wtime_hi - - Upper 8 bits of the s_mtime field. - * - 0x276 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_mkfs_time_hi - - Upper 8 bits of the s_mkfs_time field. - * - 0x277 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_lastcheck_hi - - Upper 8 bits of the s_lastcheck_hi field. - * - 0x278 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_first_error_time_hi - - Upper 8 bits of the s_first_error_time_hi field. - * - 0x279 - - \_\_u8 - - s\_last_error_time_hi - - Upper 8 bits of the s_last_error_time_hi field. - * - 0x27A - - \_\_u8[2] - - s\_pad - - Zero padding. - * - 0x27C - - \_\_le32 - - s\_reserved[96] - - Padding to the end of the block. - * - 0x3FC - - \_\_le32 - - s\_checksum - - Superblock checksum. - -.. _super_state: - -The superblock state is some combination of the following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 0x0001 - - Cleanly umounted - * - 0x0002 - - Errors detected - * - 0x0004 - - Orphans being recovered - -.. _super_errors: - -The superblock error policy is one of the following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 1 - - Continue - * - 2 - - Remount read-only - * - 3 - - Panic - -.. _super_creator: - -The filesystem creator is one of the following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 0 - - Linux - * - 1 - - Hurd - * - 2 - - Masix - * - 3 - - FreeBSD - * - 4 - - Lites - -.. _super_revision: - -The superblock revision is one of the following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 0 - - Original format - * - 1 - - v2 format w/ dynamic inode sizes - -Note that ``EXT4_DYNAMIC_REV`` refers to a revision 1 or newer filesystem. - -.. _super_compat: - -The superblock compatible features field is a combination of any of the -following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 0x1 - - Directory preallocation (COMPAT\_DIR\_PREALLOC). - * - 0x2 - - “imagic inodes”. Not clear from the code what this does - (COMPAT\_IMAGIC\_INODES). - * - 0x4 - - Has a journal (COMPAT\_HAS\_JOURNAL). - * - 0x8 - - Supports extended attributes (COMPAT\_EXT\_ATTR). - * - 0x10 - - Has reserved GDT blocks for filesystem expansion - (COMPAT\_RESIZE\_INODE). Requires RO\_COMPAT\_SPARSE\_SUPER. - * - 0x20 - - Has directory indices (COMPAT\_DIR\_INDEX). - * - 0x40 - - “Lazy BG”. Not in Linux kernel, seems to have been for uninitialized - block groups? (COMPAT\_LAZY\_BG) - * - 0x80 - - “Exclude inode”. Not used. (COMPAT\_EXCLUDE\_INODE). - * - 0x100 - - “Exclude bitmap”. Seems to be used to indicate the presence of - snapshot-related exclude bitmaps? Not defined in kernel or used in - e2fsprogs (COMPAT\_EXCLUDE\_BITMAP). - * - 0x200 - - Sparse Super Block, v2. If this flag is set, the SB field s\_backup\_bgs - points to the two block groups that contain backup superblocks - (COMPAT\_SPARSE\_SUPER2). - -.. _super_incompat: - -The superblock incompatible features field is a combination of any of the -following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 0x1 - - Compression (INCOMPAT\_COMPRESSION). - * - 0x2 - - Directory entries record the file type. See ext4\_dir\_entry\_2 below - (INCOMPAT\_FILETYPE). - * - 0x4 - - Filesystem needs recovery (INCOMPAT\_RECOVER). - * - 0x8 - - Filesystem has a separate journal device (INCOMPAT\_JOURNAL\_DEV). - * - 0x10 - - Meta block groups. See the earlier discussion of this feature - (INCOMPAT\_META\_BG). - * - 0x40 - - Files in this filesystem use extents (INCOMPAT\_EXTENTS). - * - 0x80 - - Enable a filesystem size of 2^64 blocks (INCOMPAT\_64BIT). - * - 0x100 - - Multiple mount protection. Not implemented (INCOMPAT\_MMP). - * - 0x200 - - Flexible block groups. See the earlier discussion of this feature - (INCOMPAT\_FLEX\_BG). - * - 0x400 - - Inodes can be used to store large extended attribute values - (INCOMPAT\_EA\_INODE). - * - 0x1000 - - Data in directory entry (INCOMPAT\_DIRDATA). (Not implemented?) - * - 0x2000 - - Metadata checksum seed is stored in the superblock. This feature enables - the administrator to change the UUID of a metadata\_csum filesystem - while the filesystem is mounted; without it, the checksum definition - requires all metadata blocks to be rewritten (INCOMPAT\_CSUM\_SEED). - * - 0x4000 - - Large directory >2GB or 3-level htree (INCOMPAT\_LARGEDIR). Prior to - this feature, directories could not be larger than 4GiB and could not - have an htree more than 2 levels deep. If this feature is enabled, - directories can be larger than 4GiB and have a maximum htree depth of 3. - * - 0x8000 - - Data in inode (INCOMPAT\_INLINE\_DATA). - * - 0x10000 - - Encrypted inodes are present on the filesystem. (INCOMPAT\_ENCRYPT). - -.. _super_rocompat: - -The superblock read-only compatible features field is a combination of any of -the following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 0x1 - - Sparse superblocks. See the earlier discussion of this feature - (RO\_COMPAT\_SPARSE\_SUPER). - * - 0x2 - - This filesystem has been used to store a file greater than 2GiB - (RO\_COMPAT\_LARGE\_FILE). - * - 0x4 - - Not used in kernel or e2fsprogs (RO\_COMPAT\_BTREE\_DIR). - * - 0x8 - - This filesystem has files whose sizes are represented in units of - logical blocks, not 512-byte sectors. This implies a very large file - indeed! (RO\_COMPAT\_HUGE\_FILE) - * - 0x10 - - Group descriptors have checksums. In addition to detecting corruption, - this is useful for lazy formatting with uninitialized groups - (RO\_COMPAT\_GDT\_CSUM). - * - 0x20 - - Indicates that the old ext3 32,000 subdirectory limit no longer applies - (RO\_COMPAT\_DIR\_NLINK). A directory's i\_links\_count will be set to 1 - if it is incremented past 64,999. - * - 0x40 - - Indicates that large inodes exist on this filesystem - (RO\_COMPAT\_EXTRA\_ISIZE). - * - 0x80 - - This filesystem has a snapshot (RO\_COMPAT\_HAS\_SNAPSHOT). - * - 0x100 - - `Quota <Quota>`__ (RO\_COMPAT\_QUOTA). - * - 0x200 - - This filesystem supports “bigalloc”, which means that file extents are - tracked in units of clusters (of blocks) instead of blocks - (RO\_COMPAT\_BIGALLOC). - * - 0x400 - - This filesystem supports metadata checksumming. - (RO\_COMPAT\_METADATA\_CSUM; implies RO\_COMPAT\_GDT\_CSUM, though - GDT\_CSUM must not be set) - * - 0x800 - - Filesystem supports replicas. This feature is neither in the kernel nor - e2fsprogs. (RO\_COMPAT\_REPLICA) - * - 0x1000 - - Read-only filesystem image; the kernel will not mount this image - read-write and most tools will refuse to write to the image. - (RO\_COMPAT\_READONLY) - * - 0x2000 - - Filesystem tracks project quotas. (RO\_COMPAT\_PROJECT) - -.. _super_def_hash: - -The ``s_def_hash_version`` field is one of the following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 0x0 - - Legacy. - * - 0x1 - - Half MD4. - * - 0x2 - - Tea. - * - 0x3 - - Legacy, unsigned. - * - 0x4 - - Half MD4, unsigned. - * - 0x5 - - Tea, unsigned. - -.. _super_mountopts: - -The ``s_default_mount_opts`` field is any combination of the following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 0x0001 - - Print debugging info upon (re)mount. (EXT4\_DEFM\_DEBUG) - * - 0x0002 - - New files take the gid of the containing directory (instead of the fsgid - of the current process). (EXT4\_DEFM\_BSDGROUPS) - * - 0x0004 - - Support userspace-provided extended attributes. (EXT4\_DEFM\_XATTR\_USER) - * - 0x0008 - - Support POSIX access control lists (ACLs). (EXT4\_DEFM\_ACL) - * - 0x0010 - - Do not support 32-bit UIDs. (EXT4\_DEFM\_UID16) - * - 0x0020 - - All data and metadata are commited to the journal. - (EXT4\_DEFM\_JMODE\_DATA) - * - 0x0040 - - All data are flushed to the disk before metadata are committed to the - journal. (EXT4\_DEFM\_JMODE\_ORDERED) - * - 0x0060 - - Data ordering is not preserved; data may be written after the metadata - has been written. (EXT4\_DEFM\_JMODE\_WBACK) - * - 0x0100 - - Disable write flushes. (EXT4\_DEFM\_NOBARRIER) - * - 0x0200 - - Track which blocks in a filesystem are metadata and therefore should not - be used as data blocks. This option will be enabled by default on 3.18, - hopefully. (EXT4\_DEFM\_BLOCK\_VALIDITY) - * - 0x0400 - - Enable DISCARD support, where the storage device is told about blocks - becoming unused. (EXT4\_DEFM\_DISCARD) - * - 0x0800 - - Disable delayed allocation. (EXT4\_DEFM\_NODELALLOC) - -.. _super_flags: - -The ``s_flags`` field is any combination of the following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 0x0001 - - Signed directory hash in use. - * - 0x0002 - - Unsigned directory hash in use. - * - 0x0004 - - To test development code. - -.. _super_encrypt: - -The ``s_encrypt_algos`` list can contain any of the following: - -.. list-table:: - :widths: 1 79 - :header-rows: 1 - - * - Value - - Description - * - 0 - - Invalid algorithm (ENCRYPTION\_MODE\_INVALID). - * - 1 - - 256-bit AES in XTS mode (ENCRYPTION\_MODE\_AES\_256\_XTS). - * - 2 - - 256-bit AES in GCM mode (ENCRYPTION\_MODE\_AES\_256\_GCM). - * - 3 - - 256-bit AES in CBC mode (ENCRYPTION\_MODE\_AES\_256\_CBC). - -Total size of the superblock is 1024 bytes. |