aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/drivers/powercap/intel_rapl_common.c (follow)
AgeCommit message (Collapse)AuthorFilesLines
2021-12-17powercap: intel_rapl: support new layout of Psys PowerLimit Register on SPRZhang Rui1-2/+59
On Sapphire Rapids, the layout of the Psys domain Power Limit Register is different from from what it was before. Enhance the code to support the new Psys PL register layout. Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Reported-and-tested-by: Alkattan Dana <dana.alkattan@intel.com> [ rjw: Subject and changelog edits ] Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2021-08-04powercap: intel_rapl: Replace deprecated CPU-hotplug functionsSebastian Andrzej Siewior1-25/+25
The functions get_online_cpus() and put_online_cpus() have been deprecated during the CPU hotplug rework. They map directly to cpus_read_lock() and cpus_read_unlock(). Replace deprecated CPU-hotplug functions with the official version. The behavior remains unchanged. Signed-off-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2021-03-18powercap: Add Hygon Fam18h RAPL supportPu Wen1-0/+1
Enable Hygon Fam18h RAPL support for the power capping framework. Signed-off-by: Pu Wen <puwen@hygon.cn> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2021-02-12powercap: intel_rapl: Use topology interface in rapl_init_domains()Yunfeng Ye1-1/+1
It's not a good idea to access the phys_proc_id of cpuinfo directly. Use topology_physical_package_id(cpu) instead. Signed-off-by: Yunfeng Ye <yeyunfeng@huawei.com> [ rjw: Changelog edits ] Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2021-02-12powercap: intel_rapl: Use topology interface in rapl_add_package()Yunfeng Ye1-3/+3
It's not a good idea to access phys_proc_id and cpu_die_id directly. Use topology_physical_package_id(cpu) and topology_die_id(cpu) instead. Signed-off-by: Yunfeng Ye <yeyunfeng@huawei.com> [ rjw: Changelog edits ] Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2021-01-27powercap/intel_rapl: add support for AlderLake MobileZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add intel_rapl support for the AlderLake Mobile platform. Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-11-10powercap: RAPL: Add AMD Fam19h RAPL supportKim Phillips1-0/+1
AMD Family 19h's RAPL MSRs are identical to Family 17h's. Extend Family 17h's support to Family 19h. Signed-off-by: Kim Phillips <kim.phillips@amd.com> Signed-off-by: Victor Ding <victording@google.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-11-10powercap: Add AMD Fam17h RAPL supportVictor Ding1-0/+6
Enable AMD Fam17h RAPL support for the power capping framework. The support is as per AMD Fam17h Model31h (Zen2) and model 00-ffh (Zen1) PPR. Tested by comparing the results of following two sysfs entries and the values directly read from corresponding MSRs via /dev/cpu/[x]/msr: /sys/class/powercap/intel-rapl/intel-rapl:0/energy_uj /sys/class/powercap/intel-rapl/intel-rapl:0/intel-rapl:0:0/energy_uj Signed-off-by: Victor Ding <victording@google.com> Acked-by: Kim Phillips <kim.phillips@amd.com> [ rjw: Changelog edits ] Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-11-02powercap/intel_rapl: remove unneeded semicolonTom Rix1-1/+1
A semicolon is not needed after a switch statement. Signed-off-by: Tom Rix <trix@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-10-16powercap/intel_rapl: enumerate Psys RAPL domain together with package RAPL domainZhang Rui1-66/+14
On multi-package systems, the Psys MSR is only valid for CPUs on specific package (master package). The current code makes the assumption that package 0 is the master package, but this is not true on new platforms like SPR. Fix the problem by emuerating the Psys RAPL domain for every package, so CPUs in slave packages will read 0 for the Psys energy counter and only CPUs in master packages can get a valid reading and register the Psys RAPL domain. The sysfs I/F for the Psys RAPL domain is not changed. Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> [ rjw: Subject and changelog edits ] Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-10-16powercap/intel_rapl: Fix domain detectionZhang Rui1-1/+1
As only the low 32 bits of the RAPL_DOMAIN_REG_STATUS register represents the energy counter, and the high 32 bits are reserved, detect the existence of a RAPL domain by checking the low 32 bits only. Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-09-16powercap: RAPL: Add support for LakefieldRicardo Neri1-0/+1
Simply add Lakefield model ID. No additional changes are needed. Signed-off-by: Ricardo Neri <ricardo.neri-calderon@linux.intel.com> [ rjw: Minor subject edit ] Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-09-10powercap/intel_rapl: add support for AlderLakeZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add intel_rapl support for the AlderLake platform. Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-09-10powercap/intel_rapl: add support for RocketLakeZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add intel_rapl support for the RocketLake platform. Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-09-10powercap/intel_rapl: add support for TigerLake DesktopZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add intel_rapl support for the TigerLake desktop platform. Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-07-27powercap: Add Power Limit4 supportSumeet Pawnikar1-2/+52
Modern Intel Mobile platforms support power limit4 (PL4), which is the SoC package level maximum power limit (in Watts). It can be used to preemptively limits potential SoC power to prevent power spikes from tripping the power adapter and battery over-current protection. This patch enables this feature by exposing package level peak power capping control to userspace via RAPL sysfs interface. With this, application like DTPF can modify PL4 power limit, the similar way of other package power limit (PL1). As this feature is not tested on previous generations, here it is enabled only for the platform that has been verified to work, for safety concerns. Signed-off-by: Sumeet Pawnikar <sumeet.r.pawnikar@intel.com> Co-developed-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Reviewed-by: Srinivas Pandruvada <srinivas.pandruvada@linux.intel.com> Tested-by: Srinivas Pandruvada <srinivas.pandruvada@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-06-30powercap: intel_rapl: add support for Sapphire RapidsZhang Rui1-1/+22
RAPL on SPR behaves similar to Haswell server, except that SPR uses a fixed energy unit (1 Joule) for the PSYS RAPL domain. Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-05-25powercap: RAPL: remove unused local MSR defineSumeet Pawnikar1-3/+0
Remove unused PLATFORM_POWER_LIMIT MSR local definition from file intel_rapl_common.c. This was missed while splitting old RAPL code intel_rapl.c file into two new files intel_rapl_msr.c and intel_rapl_common.c as per the commit 3382388d7148 ("intel_rapl: abstract RAPL common code"). Currently, this #define entry is being used only in intel_rapl_msr.c file and local definition present in this file. Signed-off-by: Sumeet Pawnikar <sumeet.r.pawnikar@intel.com> Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-05-15powercap/intel_rapl: add support for ElkhartLakeJacob Pan1-0/+1
Add intel_rapl support for ElkhartLake platform. Signed-off-by: Jacob Pan <jacob.jun.pan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-03-24powercap/intel_rapl: Convert to new X86 CPU match macrosThomas Gleixner1-44/+43
The new macro set has a consistent namespace and uses C99 initializers instead of the grufty C89 ones. Get rid the of the local macro wrappers for consistency. Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de> Reviewed-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200320131510.501728797@linutronix.de
2020-01-13Merge back power capping changes for v5.6.Rafael J. Wysocki1-0/+2
2020-01-07powercap: intel_rapl: add NULL pointer check to rapl_mmio_cpu_online()Harry Pan1-0/+3
RAPL MMIO support depends on the RAPL common driver. During CPU initialization rapl_mmio_cpu_online() is called via CPU hotplug to initialize the MMIO RAPL for the new CPU, but if that CPU is not present in the common RAPL driver's support list, rapl_defaults is NULL and the kernel crashes on an attempt to dereference it: [ 4.188566] BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000020 ...snip... [ 4.189555] RIP: 0010:rapl_add_package+0x223/0x574 [ 4.189555] Code: b5 a0 31 c0 49 8b 4d 78 48 01 d9 48 8b 0c c1 49 89 4c c6 10 48 ff c0 48 83 f8 05 75 e7 49 83 ff 03 75 15 48 8b 05 09 bc 18 01 <8b> 70 20 41 89 b6 0c 05 00 00 85 f6 75 1a 49 81 c6 18 9 [ 4.189555] RSP: 0000:ffffb3adc00b3d90 EFLAGS: 00010246 [ 4.189555] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000098 RCX: 0000000000000000 [ 4.267161] usb 1-1: New USB device found, idVendor=2109, idProduct=2812, bcdDevice= b.e0 [ 4.189555] RDX: 0000000000001000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: ffff9340caafd000 [ 4.189555] RBP: ffffb3adc00b3df8 R08: ffffffffa0246e28 R09: ffff9340caafc000 [ 4.189555] R10: 000000000000024a R11: ffffffff9ff1f6f2 R12: 00000000ffffffed [ 4.189555] R13: ffff9340caa94800 R14: ffff9340caafc518 R15: 0000000000000003 [ 4.189555] FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff9340ce200000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 4.189555] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [ 4.189555] CR2: 0000000000000020 CR3: 0000000302c14001 CR4: 00000000003606f0 [ 4.189555] Call Trace: [ 4.189555] ? __switch_to_asm+0x40/0x70 [ 4.189555] rapl_mmio_cpu_online+0x47/0x64 [ 4.189555] ? rapl_mmio_write_raw+0x33/0x33 [ 4.281059] usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=0 [ 4.189555] cpuhp_invoke_callback+0x29f/0x66f [ 4.189555] ? __schedule+0x46d/0x6a0 [ 4.189555] cpuhp_thread_fun+0xb9/0x11c [ 4.189555] smpboot_thread_fn+0x17d/0x22f [ 4.297006] usb 1-1: Product: USB2.0 Hub [ 4.189555] ? cpu_report_death+0x43/0x43 [ 4.189555] kthread+0x137/0x13f [ 4.189555] ? cpu_report_death+0x43/0x43 [ 4.189555] ? kthread_blkcg+0x2e/0x2e [ 4.312951] usb 1-1: Manufacturer: VIA Labs, Inc. [ 4.189555] ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x40 [ 4.189555] Modules linked in: [ 4.189555] CR2: 0000000000000020 [ 4.189555] ---[ end trace 01bb812aabc791f4 ]--- To avoid that problem, check rapl_defaults NULL upfront and return an error code if it is NULL. [Note that it does not make sense to even try to allocate memory in that case, because it is not going to be used anyway.] Fixes: 555c45fe0d04 ("int340X/processor_thermal_device: add support for MMIO RAPL") Cc: 5.3+ <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 5.3+ Signed-off-by: Harry Pan <harry.pan@intel.com> [ rjw: Subject & changelog ] Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-12-20powercap/intel_rapl: add support for JasperLakeZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add intel_rapl support for Jasper Lake. Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-12-17powercap/intel_rapl: add support for TigerLake MobileZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add TigerLake Mobile support in intel_rapl driver. Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-11-04powercap/intel_rapl: add support for Cometlake desktopZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add CometLake desktop support in intel_rapl driver Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-11-04powercap/intel_rapl: add support for CometLake MobileZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add CometLake Mobile support in intel_rapl driver Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-08-28x86/intel: Aggregate microserver namingPeter Zijlstra1-4/+4
Currently big microservers have _XEON_D while small microservers have _X, Make it uniformly: _D. for i in `git grep -l "\(INTEL_FAM6_\|VULNWL_INTEL\|INTEL_CPU_FAM6\).*_\(X\|XEON_D\)"` do sed -i -e 's/\(\(INTEL_FAM6_\|VULNWL_INTEL\|INTEL_CPU_FAM6\).*ATOM.*\)_X/\1_D/g' \ -e 's/\(\(INTEL_FAM6_\|VULNWL_INTEL\|INTEL_CPU_FAM6\).*\)_XEON_D/\1_D/g' ${i} done Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: x86@kernel.org Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190827195122.677152989@infradead.org
2019-08-28x86/intel: Aggregate big core graphics namingPeter Zijlstra1-2/+2
Currently big core clients with extra graphics on have: - _G - _GT3E Make it uniformly: _G for i in `git grep -l "\(INTEL_FAM6_\|VULNWL_INTEL\|INTEL_CPU_FAM6\).*_GT3E"` do sed -i -e 's/\(\(INTEL_FAM6_\|VULNWL_INTEL\|INTEL_CPU_FAM6\).*\)_GT3E/\1_G/g' ${i} done Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: x86@kernel.org Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190827195122.622802314@infradead.org
2019-08-28x86/intel: Aggregate big core mobile namingPeter Zijlstra1-5/+5
Currently big core mobile chips have either: - _L - _ULT - _MOBILE Make it uniformly: _L. for i in `git grep -l "\(INTEL_FAM6_\|VULNWL_INTEL\|INTEL_CPU_FAM6\).*_\(MOBILE\|ULT\)"` do sed -i -e 's/\(\(INTEL_FAM6_\|VULNWL_INTEL\|INTEL_CPU_FAM6\).*\)_\(MOBILE\|ULT\)/\1_L/g' ${i} done Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: x86@kernel.org Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com> Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190827195122.568978530@infradead.org
2019-08-28x86/intel: Aggregate big core client namingPeter Zijlstra1-5/+5
Currently the big core client models either have: - no OPTDIFF - _CORE - _DESKTOP Make it uniformly: 'no OPTDIFF'. for i in `git grep -l "\(INTEL_FAM6_\|VULNWL_INTEL\|INTEL_CPU_FAM6\).*_\(CORE\|DESKTOP\)"` do sed -i -e 's/\(\(INTEL_FAM6_\|VULNWL_INTEL\|INTEL_CPU_FAM6\).*\)_\(CORE\|DESKTOP\)/\1/g' ${i} done Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: x86@kernel.org Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com> Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190827195122.513945586@infradead.org
2019-07-22powercap: Invoke powercap_init() and rapl_init() earlierZhang Rui1-1/+1
The MMIO RAPL interface driver depends on both powercap subsystem and the intel_rapl_common code. But when all of them are built-in, the MMIO RAPL interface driver can be loaded before the other two and this breaks the system during boot. Fix this by adjusting the init order of the powercap subsystem and the intel_rapl_common code, so that it can be initialized first. Fixes: 555c45fe0d04 ("int340X/processor_thermal_device: add support for MMIO RAPL") Reported-by: Kenneth R. Crudup <kenny@panix.com> Tested-by: Kenneth R. Crudup <kenny@panix.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> [ rjw: Subject & changelog ] Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-07-11powercap/rapl: Add Ice Lake NNPI support to RAPL driverRajneesh Bhardwaj1-0/+1
Enables support for ICL-NNPI, which is a neural network processor for deep learning inference. From RAPL point of view it is same as Ice Lake Mobile processor. Link: https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/6/5/1034 Signed-off-by: Rajneesh Bhardwaj <rajneesh.bhardwaj@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-07-11powercap/intel_rapl: add support for ICX-DZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add ICX-D support in intel_rapl driver Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-07-11powercap/intel_rapl: add support for ICXZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add ICX support in intel_rapl driver Signed-off-by: Jacob Pan <jacob.jun.pan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rajneesh Bhardwaj <rajneesh.bhardwaj@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-07-11powercap/intel_rapl: add support for IceLake desktopZhang Rui1-0/+1
Add IceLake desktop support in intel_rapl driver Signed-off-by: Gayatri Kammela <gayatri.kammela@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Joe Konno <joe.konno@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-07-11intel_rapl: Fix module autoloading issueZhang Rui1-17/+28
intel_rapl driver used to have a list of cpuids, which is used to 1. check if the processor support RAPL MSRs 2. do some cpu model specific setting 3. module autoloading Now, the cpu model specific setting are moved to intel_rapl_common.c as part of the common code, because the setup is also needed by RAPL MMIO interface on those platforms. But removing the cpuid list from intel_rapl MSR interface driver results in that the driver can not be loaded automatically. Maintaining another copy of the cpuid list in intel_rapl_msr.c does not make sense because it increases the complexity when enabling RAPL support on a new cpu model. Fix the problem by creating an "intel_rapl_msr" platform device in the common code, and make RAPL MSR interface driver (intel_rapl_msr.c) probe the platform device directly. Reviewed-by: Pandruvada, Srinivas <srinivas.pandruvada@intel.com> Tested-by: Pandruvada, Srinivas <srinivas.pandruvada@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-07-11intel_rapl: support two power limits for every RAPL domainZhang Rui1-47/+25
RAPL MSR interface supports 2 power limits for package domain, and 1 power limit for other domains, while RAPL MMIO interface supports 2 power limits for both package and dram domains. And when 2 power limits are supported, the FW_LOCK bit is in bit 63 of the register, instead of bit 31. Remove the assumption that only pakcage domain supports 2 power limits. And allow the RAPL interface driver to specify the number of power limits supported, for every single RAPL domain it owns.. Reviewed-by: Pandruvada, Srinivas <srinivas.pandruvada@intel.com> Tested-by: Pandruvada, Srinivas <srinivas.pandruvada@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-07-11intel_rapl: support 64 bit registerZhang Rui1-3/+3
RAPL MMIO interface uses 64 bit registers, thus force use 64 bit register for all the RAPL code. Reviewed-by: Pandruvada, Srinivas <srinivas.pandruvada@intel.com> Tested-by: Pandruvada, Srinivas <srinivas.pandruvada@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2019-07-11intel_rapl: abstract RAPL common codeZhang Rui1-0/+1469
Split intel_rapl.c to intel_rapl_common.c and intel_rapl_msr.c, where intel_rapl_common.c contains the common code that can be used by both MSR and MMIO interface. intel_rapl_msr.c contains the implementation of RAPL MSR interface. Reviewed-by: Pandruvada, Srinivas <srinivas.pandruvada@intel.com> Tested-by: Pandruvada, Srinivas <srinivas.pandruvada@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Copyright © 1996 – 2023 Jason A. Donenfeld. All Rights Reverse Engineered.