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2012-04-05perf hists: Catch and handle out-of-date hist entry maps.David Miller1-0/+12
When a process exec()'s, all the maps are retired, but we keep the hist entries around which hold references to those outdated maps. If the same library gets mapped in for which we have hist entries, a new map will be created. But when we take a perf entry hit within that map, we'll find the existing hist entry with the older map. This causes symbol translations to be done incorrectly. For example, the perf entry processing will lookup the correct uptodate map entry and use that to calculate the symbol and DSO relative address. But later when we update the histogram we'll translate the address using the outdated map file instead leading to conditions such as out-of-range offsets in symbol__inc_addr_samples(). Therefore, update the map of the hist_entry dynamically at lookup/ creation time. Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: stable@kernel.org Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120327.031418.1220315351537060808.davem@davemloft.net Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-04-05perf annotate: Fix hist decayArnaldo Carvalho de Melo1-8/+4
We were only decaying the entries for the offsets that were associated with an objdump line. That way, when we accrued the whole instruction addr range, more than 100% was appearing in some cases in the live annotation TUI. Fix it by not traversing the source code line at all, just iterate thru the complete addr range decaying each one. Reported-by: Mike Galbraith <mgalbraith@suse.de> Cc: David Ahern <dsahern@gmail.com> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-hcae5oxa22syjrnalsxz7s6n@git.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-04-05perf top: Add intel_idle to the skip listArnaldo Carvalho de Melo1-0/+1
TODO: Accrue the cycles in the skip_list to an idle total, and show this on the 'top' UI, as suggested by Steven. Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-9nfecmgghgl5747rjxqpc28f@git.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-04-04perf tools: Fix getrusage() related build failure on glibc trunkMarkus Trippelsdorf1-0/+1
On a system running glibc trunk perf doesn't build: CC builtin-sched.o builtin-sched.c: In function ‘get_cpu_usage_nsec_parent’: builtin-sched.c:399:16: error: storage size of ‘ru’ isn’t known builtin-sched.c:403:2: error: implicit declaration of function ‘getrusage’ [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration] [...] Fix it by including sys/resource.h. Signed-off-by: Markus Trippelsdorf <markus@trippelsdorf.de> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120404084527.GA294@x4 Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2012-04-03perf/x86/p4: Add format attributesPeter Zijlstra1-0/+13
Steven reported his P4 not booting properly, the missing format attributes cause a NULL ptr deref. Cure this by adding the missing format specification. I took the format description out of the comment near p4_config_pack*() and hope that comment is still relatively accurate. Reported-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Reported-by: Bruno Prémont <bonbons@linux-vserver.org> Tested-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com> Cc: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@openvz.org> Cc: Lin Ming <ming.m.lin@intel.com> Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1332859842.16159.227.camel@twins Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2012-03-31tracing, sched, vfs: Fix 'old_pid' usage in trace_sched_process_exec()Oleg Nesterov2-4/+5
1. TRACE_EVENT(sched_process_exec) forgets to actually use the old pid argument, it sets ->old_pid = p->pid. 2. search_binary_handler() uses the wrong pid number. tracepoint needs the global pid_t from the root namespace, while old_pid is the virtual pid number as it seen by the tracer/parent. With this patch we have two pid_t's in search_binary_handler(), not really nice. Perhaps we should switch to "struct pid*", but in this case it would be better to cleanup the current code first and move the "depth == 0" code outside. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: David Smith <dsmith@redhat.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120330162636.GA4857@redhat.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2012-03-30perf tools: Remove auto-generated bison/flex filesIngo Molnar9-8476/+30
These should not be in the Git history - they are auto-generated. Extend the Makefile rules of the parser files to include the generation run. Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120327183335.GA27621@gmail.com [ committer note: Fixed up O= handling ] Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-03-29perf annotate: Fix off by one symbol hist size allocation and hit accountingArnaldo Carvalho de Melo1-3/+3
We were not noticing it because symbol__inc_addr_samples was erroneously dropping samples that hit the last byte in a function. Working on a fix for a problem reported by David Miller, Stephane Eranian and Sorin Dumitru, where addresses < sym->start were causing problems, I noticed this other problem. Cc: David Ahern <dsahern@gmail.com> Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Sorin Dumitru <dumitru.sorin87@gmail.com> Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-pqjaq4cr1xs2xen73pjhbav4@git.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-03-29perf tools: Add missing ref-cycles event back to event parserNamhyung Kim1-0/+1
The commit 89812fc81f8d ("perf tools: Add parser generator for events parsing") changed event parsing engine but missed the ref-cycles event. Add it. Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung.kim@lge.com> Acked-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com> Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1333016517-10591-1-git-send-email-namhyung.kim@lge.com Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-03-28perf annotate: addr2line wants addresses in same format as objdumpDavid Miller1-1/+1
Therefore, in symbol__get_source_line(), use map__rip_2objdump instead of calling map->unmap_ip() unconditionally. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120325.162812.59519424882536855.davem@davemloft.net Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-03-28perf probe: Finder fails to resolve function name to addressPrashanth Nageshappa1-1/+3
If DIE entries corresponding to declarations appear before definition entry, probe finder returns error instead of continuing to look further for a definition entry. This patch ensures we reach to the DIE entry corresponding to the definition and get the function address. V2: A simpler solution based on Masami's suggestion. Signed-off-by: Prashanth Nageshappa <prashanth@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com> Cc: Ananth N Mavinakayanahalli <ananth@in.ibm.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <masami.hiramatsu.pt@hitachi.com> Cc: Srikar Dronamraju <srikar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/4F703FB9.9020407@linux.vnet.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-03-27tracing: Fix ent_size in trace outputSteven Rostedt1-0/+4
When reading the trace file, the records of each of the per_cpu buffers are examined to find the next event to print out. At the point of looking at the event, the size of the event is recorded. But if the first event is chosen, the other events in the other CPU buffers will reset the event size that is stored in the iterator descriptor, causing the event size passed to the output functions to be incorrect. In most cases this is not a problem, but for the case of stack traces, it is. With the change to the stack tracing to record a dynamic number of back traces, the output depends on the size of the entry instead of the fixed 8 back traces. When the entry size is not correct, the back traces would not be fully printed. Note, reading from the per-cpu trace files were not affected. Reported-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Tested-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2012-03-27perf symbols: Handle NULL dso in dso__name_lenDavid Miller1-0/+2
We should use "[unknown]" in this case, in concert with the code in _hist_entry__dso_snprintf(). Otherwise we'll crash when recomputing the histogram column lengths in hists__calc_col_len(). Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120325.162822.2267799792062571623.davem@davemloft.net Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-03-27perf symbols: Do not include libgen.hDavid Miller1-1/+0
That causes us to end up using the XPG version of basename which can modify it's argument. Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120327.000301.1122788061724345175.davem@davemloft.net Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-03-26perf tools: Fix bug in raw sample parsingStephane Eranian1-0/+2
In perf_event__parse_sample(), the array variable was not incremented by the amount of data used by the raw_data. That was okay until we added PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK which depends on the array variable pointing to the beginning of the branch stack data. But that was not the case if branch stack was combined with raw mode sampling. That led to bogus branch stack addresses and count. The bug would show up with: $ perf record -R -b foo This patch fixes the problem by correctly moving the array pointer forward for RAW samples. Signed-off-by: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com> Cc: David Ahern <dsahern@gmail.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120317222317.GA8803@quad [ committer note: Fix also later submitted by Jiri Olsa ] Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-03-26perf tools: Fix display of first level of callchainsFrederic Weisbecker1-64/+93
The callchain stdio mode display was written using a sorted by symbol report. In this mode we have only one callchain root per hist so we forgot to handle cases where we have multiple callchain root, as in per dso sorting for example. Fix this by handling these roots like any other branch, with the hist as the parent. Before: 1.97% libpthread-2.12.1.so | --- __libc_write create_worker bench_sched_messaging cmd_bench run_builtin main __libc_start_main | --- __libc_read create_worker bench_sched_messaging cmd_bench run_builtin main __libc_start_main After: 1.97% libpthread-2.12.1.so | |--36.97%-- __libc_write | create_worker | bench_sched_messaging | cmd_bench | run_builtin | main | __libc_start_main | |--31.47%-- __libc_read | create_worker | bench_sched_messaging | cmd_bench | run_builtin | main | __libc_start_main ... Single roots keep their entry without percentage because they have the same overhead than the hist they refer to. ie: 100% in fractal mode and the percentage of the hist in graph mode: 0.00% [k] reschedule_interrupt | --- default_idle amd_e400_idle cpu_idle start_secondary Reported-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: David Ahern <dsahern@gmail.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Stephane Eranian <eranian@google.com> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1332526010-15400-1-git-send-email-fweisbec@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
2012-03-26perf tools: Switch module.h into export.hJiri Olsa2-1/+1
When merged to Linus's latest tree the perf build is broken due to following change in lib/rbtree.c object: lib: reduce the use of module.h wherever possible commit 8bc3bcc93a2b4e47d5d410146f6546bca6171663 Author: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com> Date: Wed Nov 16 21:29:17 2011 -0500 We need to move module.h header into export.h. Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com> Cc: acme@redhat.com Cc: a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl Cc: paulus@samba.org Cc: cjashfor@linux.vnet.ibm.com Cc: fweisbec@gmail.com Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1332753425-3299-1-git-send-email-jolsa@redhat.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2012-03-24Fix potential endless loop in kswapd when compaction is not enabledRik van Riel1-1/+2
We should only test compaction_suitable if the kernel is built with CONFIG_COMPACTION, otherwise the stub compaction_suitable function will always return COMPACT_SKIPPED and send kswapd into an infinite loop. Reported-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org> Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-24xen/acpi: Fix Kconfig dependency on CPU_FREQKonrad Rzeszutek Wilk1-1/+1
The functions: "acpi_processor_*" sound like they depend on CONFIG_ACPI_PROCESSOR but in reality they are exposed when CONFIG_CPU_FREQ=[y|m]. As such update the Kconfig to have this dependency and fix compile issues: ERROR: "acpi_processor_unregister_performance" [drivers/xen/xen-acpi-processor.ko] undefined! ERROR: "acpi_processor_notify_smm" [drivers/xen/xen-acpi-processor.ko] undefined! ERROR: "acpi_processor_register_performance" [drivers/xen/xen-acpi-processor.ko] undefined! ERROR: "acpi_processor_preregister_performance" [drivers/xen/xen-acpi-processor.ko] undefined! Note: We still need the CONFIG_ACPI Reported-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net> Signed-off-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
2012-03-24perf: Move mmap page data_head offset assertion out of headerJiri Olsa2-7/+7
Having the build time assertion in header is making the perf build fail on x86 with: ../../include/linux/perf_event.h:411:32: error: variably modified \ ‘__assert_mmap_data_head_offset’ at file scope [-Werror] I'm moving the build time validation out of the header, because I think it's better than to lessen the perf build warn/error check. Signed-off-by: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com> Cc: acme@redhat.com Cc: a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl Cc: paulus@samba.org Cc: cjashfor@linux.vnet.ibm.com Cc: fweisbec@gmail.com Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1332513680-7870-1-git-send-email-jolsa@redhat.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2012-03-23seq_file: add seq_set_overflow(), seq_overflow()KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki1-10/+26
It is undocumented but a seq_file's overflow state is indicated by m->count == m->size. Add seq_set_overflow() and seq_overflow() to set/check overflow status explicitly. Based on an idea from Eric Dumazet. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak code comment] Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23proc-ns: use d_set_d_op() API to set dentry ops in proc_ns_instantiate().Pravin B Shelar1-1/+1
The namespace cleanup path leaks a dentry which holds a reference count on a network namespace. Keeping that network namespace from being freed when the last user goes away. Leaving things like vlan devices in the leaked network namespace. If you use ip netns add for much real work this problem becomes apparent pretty quickly. It light testing the problem hides because frequently you simply don't notice the leak. Use d_set_d_op() so that DCACHE_OP_* flags are set correctly. This issue exists back to 3.0. Acked-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Reported-by: Justin Pettit <jpettit@nicira.com> Signed-off-by: Pravin B Shelar <pshelar@nicira.com> Signed-off-by: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com> Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23procfs: speed up /proc/pid/stat, statmKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki3-56/+86
Process accounting applications as top, ps visit some files under /proc/<pid>. With seq_put_decimal_ull(), we can optimize /proc/<pid>/stat and /proc/<pid>/statm files. This patch adds - seq_put_decimal_ll() for signed values. - allow delimiter == 0. - convert seq_printf() to seq_put_decimal_ull/ll in /proc/stat, statm. Test result on a system with 2000+ procs. Before patch: [kamezawa@bluextal test]$ top -b -n 1 | wc -l 2223 [kamezawa@bluextal test]$ time top -b -n 1 > /dev/null real 0m0.675s user 0m0.044s sys 0m0.121s [kamezawa@bluextal test]$ time ps -elf > /dev/null real 0m0.236s user 0m0.056s sys 0m0.176s After patch: kamezawa@bluextal ~]$ time top -b -n 1 > /dev/null real 0m0.657s user 0m0.052s sys 0m0.100s [kamezawa@bluextal ~]$ time ps -elf > /dev/null real 0m0.198s user 0m0.050s sys 0m0.145s Considering top, ps tend to scan /proc periodically, this will reduce cpu consumption by top/ps to some extent. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes] Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23procfs: add num_to_str() to speed up /proc/statKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki5-29/+84
== stat_check.py num = 0 with open("/proc/stat") as f: while num < 1000 : data = f.read() f.seek(0, 0) num = num + 1 == perf shows 20.39% stat_check.py [kernel.kallsyms] [k] format_decode 13.41% stat_check.py [kernel.kallsyms] [k] number 12.61% stat_check.py [kernel.kallsyms] [k] vsnprintf 10.85% stat_check.py [kernel.kallsyms] [k] memcpy 4.85% stat_check.py [kernel.kallsyms] [k] radix_tree_lookup 4.43% stat_check.py [kernel.kallsyms] [k] seq_printf This patch removes most of calls to vsnprintf() by adding num_to_str() and seq_print_decimal_ull(), which prints decimal numbers without rich functions provided by printf(). On my 8cpu box. == Before patch == [root@bluextal test]# time ./stat_check.py real 0m0.150s user 0m0.026s sys 0m0.121s == After patch == [root@bluextal test]# time ./stat_check.py real 0m0.055s user 0m0.022s sys 0m0.030s [akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove incorrect comment, use less statck in num_to_str(), move comment from .h to .c, simplify seq_put_decimal_ull()] [andrea@betterlinux.com: avoid breaking the ABI in /proc/stat] Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Andrea Righi <andrea@betterlinux.com> Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com> Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Paul Turner <pjt@google.com> Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23proc: speed up /proc/stat handlingEric Dumazet1-2/+5
On a typical 16 cpus machine, "cat /proc/stat" gives more than 4096 bytes, and is slow : # strace -T -o /tmp/STRACE cat /proc/stat | wc -c 5826 # grep "cpu " /tmp/STRACE read(0, "cpu 1949310 19 2144714 12117253"..., 32768) = 5826 <0.001504> Thats partly because show_stat() must be called twice since initial buffer size is too small (4096 bytes for less than 32 possible cpus) Fix this by : 1) Taking into account nr_irqs in the initial buffer sizing. 2) Using ksize() to allow better filling of initial buffer. Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com> Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com> Cc: Russell King - ARM Linux <linux@arm.linux.org.uk> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Paul Turner <pjt@google.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23fs/proc/kcore.c: make get_sparsemem_vmemmap_info() staticDjalal Harouni1-2/+4
get_sparsemem_vmemmap_info() is only used inside fs/proc/kcore.c Signed-off-by: Djalal Harouni <tixxdz@opendz.org> Reviewed-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23coredump: add VM_NODUMP, MADV_NODUMP, MADV_CLEAR_NODUMPJason Baron8-0/+32
Since we no longer need the VM_ALWAYSDUMP flag, let's use the freed bit for 'VM_NODUMP' flag. The idea is is to add a new madvise() flag: MADV_DONTDUMP, which can be set by applications to specifically request memory regions which should not dump core. The specific application I have in mind is qemu: we can add a flag there that wouldn't dump all of guest memory when qemu dumps core. This flag might also be useful for security sensitive apps that want to absolutely make sure that parts of memory are not dumped. To clear the flag use: MADV_DODUMP. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/MADV_NODUMP/MADV_DONTDUMP/, s/MADV_CLEAR_NODUMP/MADV_DODUMP/, per Roland] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix up the architectures which broke] Signed-off-by: Jason Baron <jbaron@redhat.com> Acked-by: Roland McGrath <roland@hack.frob.com> Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com> Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net> Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru> Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com> Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@parisc-linux.org> Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23coredump: remove VM_ALWAYSDUMP flagJason Baron15-69/+40
The motivation for this patchset was that I was looking at a way for a qemu-kvm process, to exclude the guest memory from its core dump, which can be quite large. There are already a number of filter flags in /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter, however, these allow one to specify 'types' of kernel memory, not specific address ranges (which is needed in this case). Since there are no more vma flags available, the first patch eliminates the need for the 'VM_ALWAYSDUMP' flag. The flag is used internally by the kernel to mark vdso and vsyscall pages. However, it is simple enough to check if a vma covers a vdso or vsyscall page without the need for this flag. The second patch then replaces the 'VM_ALWAYSDUMP' flag with a new 'VM_NODUMP' flag, which can be set by userspace using new madvise flags: 'MADV_DONTDUMP', and unset via 'MADV_DODUMP'. The core dump filters continue to work the same as before unless 'MADV_DONTDUMP' is set on the region. The qemu code which implements this features is at: http://people.redhat.com/~jbaron/qemu-dump/qemu-dump.patch In my testing the qemu core dump shrunk from 383MB -> 13MB with this patch. I also believe that the 'MADV_DONTDUMP' flag might be useful for security sensitive apps, which might want to select which areas are dumped. This patch: The VM_ALWAYSDUMP flag is currently used by the coredump code to indicate that a vma is part of a vsyscall or vdso section. However, we can determine if a vma is in one these sections by checking it against the gate_vma and checking for a non-NULL return value from arch_vma_name(). Thus, freeing a valuable vma bit. Signed-off-by: Jason Baron <jbaron@redhat.com> Acked-by: Roland McGrath <roland@hack.frob.com> Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com> Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23kmod: make __request_module() killableOleg Nesterov1-2/+24
As Tetsuo Handa pointed out, request_module() can stress the system while the oom-killed caller sleeps in TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE. The task T uses "almost all" memory, then it does something which triggers request_module(). Say, it can simply call sys_socket(). This in turn needs more memory and leads to OOM. oom-killer correctly chooses T and kills it, but this can't help because it sleeps in TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE and after that oom-killer becomes "disabled" by the TIF_MEMDIE task T. Make __request_module() killable. The only necessary change is that call_modprobe() should kmalloc argv and module_name, they can't live in the stack if we use UMH_KILLABLE. This memory is freed via call_usermodehelper_freeinfo()->cleanup. Reported-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23kmod: introduce call_modprobe() helperOleg Nesterov1-8/+16
No functional changes. Move the call_usermodehelper code from __request_module() into the new simple helper, call_modprobe(). Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23usermodehelper: ____call_usermodehelper() doesn't need do_exit()Oleg Nesterov1-1/+1
Minor cleanup. ____call_usermodehelper() can simply return, no need to call do_exit() explicitely. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23usermodehelper: kill umh_wait, renumber UMH_* constantsOleg Nesterov3-18/+10
No functional changes. It is not sane to use UMH_KILLABLE with enum umh_wait, but obviously we do not want another argument in call_usermodehelper_* helpers. Kill this enum, use the plain int. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23usermodehelper: implement UMH_KILLABLEOleg Nesterov2-2/+27
Implement UMH_KILLABLE, should be used along with UMH_WAIT_EXEC/PROC. The caller must ensure that subprocess_info->path/etc can not go away until call_usermodehelper_freeinfo(). call_usermodehelper_exec(UMH_KILLABLE) does wait_for_completion_killable. If it fails, it uses xchg(&sub_info->complete, NULL) to serialize with umh_complete() which does the same xhcg() to access sub_info->complete. If call_usermodehelper_exec wins, it can safely return. umh_complete() should get NULL and call call_usermodehelper_freeinfo(). Otherwise we know that umh_complete() was already called, in this case call_usermodehelper_exec() falls back to wait_for_completion() which should succeed "very soon". Note: UMH_NO_WAIT == -1 but it obviously should not be used with UMH_KILLABLE. We delay the neccessary cleanup to simplify the back porting. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23usermodehelper: introduce umh_complete(sub_info)Oleg Nesterov1-2/+7
Preparation. Add the new trivial helper, umh_complete(). Currently it simply does complete(sub_info->complete). Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23usermodehelper: use UMH_WAIT_PROC consistentlyOleg Nesterov5-6/+6
A few call_usermodehelper() callers use the hardcoded constant instead of the proper UMH_WAIT_PROC, fix them. Reported-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Lars Ellenberg <drbd-dev@lists.linbit.com> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: Michal Januszewski <spock@gentoo.org> Cc: Florian Tobias Schandinat <FlorianSchandinat@gmx.de> Cc: Kentaro Takeda <takedakn@nttdata.co.jp> Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23signal: zap_pid_ns_processes: s/SEND_SIG_NOINFO/SEND_SIG_FORCED/Oleg Nesterov1-6/+2
Change zap_pid_ns_processes() to use SEND_SIG_FORCED, it looks more clear compared to SEND_SIG_NOINFO which relies on from_ancestor_ns logic send_signal(). It is also more efficient if we need to kill a lot of tasks because it doesn't alloc sigqueue. While at it, add the __fatal_signal_pending(task) check as a minor optimization. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Anton Vorontsov <anton.vorontsov@linaro.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23signal: oom_kill_task: use SEND_SIG_FORCED instead of force_sig()Oleg Nesterov1-2/+2
Change oom_kill_task() to use do_send_sig_info(SEND_SIG_FORCED) instead of force_sig(SIGKILL). With the recent changes we do not need force_ to kill the CLONE_NEWPID tasks. And this is more correct. force_sig() can race with the exiting thread even if oom_kill_task() checks p->mm != NULL, while do_send_sig_info(group => true) kille the whole process. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Anton Vorontsov <anton.vorontsov@linaro.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23signal: cosmetic, s/from_ancestor_ns/force/ in prepare_signal() pathsOleg Nesterov1-8/+7
Cosmetic, rename the from_ancestor_ns argument in prepare_signal() paths. After the previous change it doesn't match the reality. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Anton Vorontsov <anton.vorontsov@linaro.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23signal: give SEND_SIG_FORCED more power to beat SIGNAL_UNKILLABLEOleg Nesterov1-1/+2
force_sig_info() and friends have the special semantics for synchronous signals, this interface should not be used if the target is not current. And it needs the fixes, in particular the clearing of SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE is not exactly right. However there are callers which have to use force_ exactly because it clears SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE and thus it can kill the CLONE_NEWPID tasks, although this is almost always is wrong by various reasons. With this patch SEND_SIG_FORCED ignores SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE, like we do if the signal comes from the ancestor namespace. This makes the naming in prepare_signal() paths insane, fixed by the next cleanup. Note: this only affects SIGKILL/SIGSTOP, but this is enough for force_sig() abusers. Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Anton Vorontsov <anton.vorontsov@linaro.org> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23Hexagon: use set_current_blocked() and block_sigmask()Matt Fleming1-10/+2
As described in e6fa16ab9c1e ("signal: sigprocmask() should do retarget_shared_pending()") the modification of current->blocked is incorrect as we need to check whether the signal we're about to block is pending in the shared queue. Also, use the new helper function introduced in commit 5e6292c0f28f ("signal: add block_sigmask() for adding sigmask to current->blocked") which centralises the code for updating current->blocked after successfully delivering a signal and reduces the amount of duplicate code across architectures. In the past some architectures got this code wrong, so using this helper function should stop that from happening again. Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Acked-by: Richard Kuo <rkuo@codeaurora.org> Signed-off-by: Matt Fleming <matt.fleming@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23ptrace: remove PTRACE_SEIZE_DEVEL bitDenys Vlasenko2-19/+1
PTRACE_SEIZE code is tested and ready for production use, remove the code which requires special bit in data argument to make PTRACE_SEIZE work. Strace team prepares for a new release of strace, and we would like to ship the code which uses PTRACE_SEIZE, preferably after this change goes into released kernel. Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com> Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Pedro Alves <palves@redhat.com> Cc: Jan Kratochvil <jan.kratochvil@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23ptrace: renumber PTRACE_EVENT_STOP so that future new options and events can matchDenys Vlasenko1-1/+2
PTRACE_EVENT_foo and PTRACE_O_TRACEfoo used to match. New PTRACE_EVENT_STOP is the first event which has no corresponding PTRACE_O_TRACE option. If we will ever want to add another such option, its PTRACE_EVENT's value will collide with PTRACE_EVENT_STOP's value. This patch changes PTRACE_EVENT_STOP value to prevent this. While at it, added a comment - the one atop PTRACE_EVENT block, saying "Wait extended result codes for the above trace options", is not true for PTRACE_EVENT_STOP. Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Pedro Alves <palves@redhat.com> Cc: Jan Kratochvil <jan.kratochvil@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23ptrace: make PTRACE_SEIZE set ptrace options specified in 'data' parameterDenys Vlasenko1-10/+21
This can be used to close a few corner cases in strace where we get unwanted racy behavior after attach, but before we have a chance to set options (the notorious post-execve SIGTRAP comes to mind), and removes the need to track "did we set opts for this task" state in strace internals. While we are at it: Make it possible to extend SEIZE in the future with more functionality by passing non-zero 'addr' parameter. To that end, error out if 'addr' is non-zero. PTRACE_ATTACH did not (and still does not) have such check, and users (strace) do pass garbage there... let's avoid repeating this mistake with SEIZE. Set all task->ptrace bits in one operation - before this change, we were adding PT_SEIZED and PT_PTRACE_CAP with task->ptrace |= BIT ops. This was probably ok (not a bug), but let's be on a safer side. Changes since v2: use (unsigned long) casts instead of (long) ones, move PTRACE_SEIZE_DEVEL-related code to separate lines of code. Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com> Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Pedro Alves <palves@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Jan Kratochvil <jan.kratochvil@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23ptrace: simplify PTRACE_foo constants and PTRACE_SETOPTIONS codeDenys Vlasenko2-41/+23
Exchange PT_TRACESYSGOOD and PT_PTRACE_CAP bit positions, which makes PT_option bits contiguous and therefore makes code in ptrace_setoptions() much simpler. Every PTRACE_O_TRACEevent is defined to (1 << PTRACE_EVENT_event) instead of using explicit numeric constants, to ensure we don't mess up relationship between bit positions and event ids. PT_EVENT_FLAG_SHIFT was not particularly useful, PT_OPT_FLAG_SHIFT with value of PT_EVENT_FLAG_SHIFT-1 is easier to use. PT_TRACE_MASK constant is nuked, the only its use is replaced by (PTRACE_O_MASK << PT_OPT_FLAG_SHIFT). Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com> Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Pedro Alves <palves@redhat.com> Cc: Jan Kratochvil <jan.kratochvil@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23ptrace: don't modify flags on PTRACE_SETOPTIONS failureDenys Vlasenko1-1/+4
On ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS, pid, 0, <opts>), we used to set those option bits which are known, and then fail with -EINVAL if there are some unknown bits in <opts>. This is inconsistent with typical error handling, which does not change any state if input is invalid. This patch changes PTRACE_SETOPTIONS behavior so that in this case, we return -EINVAL and don't change any bits in task->ptrace. It's very unlikely that there is userspace code in the wild which will be affected by this change: it should have the form ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS, pid, 0, PTRACE_O_BOGUSOPT) where PTRACE_O_BOGUSOPT is a constant unknown to the kernel. But kernel headers, naturally, don't contain any PTRACE_O_BOGUSOPTs, thus the only way userspace can use one if it defines one itself. I can't see why anyone would do such a thing deliberately. Signed-off-by: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com> Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Pedro Alves <palves@redhat.com> Cc: Jan Kratochvil <jan.kratochvil@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23ptrace: don't send SIGTRAP on exec if SEIZEDOleg Nesterov1-2/+3
ptrace_event(PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC) sends SIGTRAP if PT_TRACE_EXEC is not set. This is because this SIGTRAP predates PTRACE_O_TRACEEXEC option, we do not need/want this with PT_SEIZED which can set the options during attach. Suggested-by: Pedro Alves <palves@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Chris Evans <scarybeasts@gmail.com> Cc: Indan Zupancic <indan@nul.nu> Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Pedro Alves <palves@redhat.com> Cc: Jan Kratochvil <jan.kratochvil@redhat.com> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23ptrace: the killed tracee should not enter the syscallOleg Nesterov1-4/+5
Another old/known problem. If the tracee is killed after it reports syscall_entry, it starts the syscall and debugger can't control this. This confuses the users and this creates the security problems for ptrace jailers. Change tracehook_report_syscall_entry() to return non-zero if killed, this instructs syscall_trace_enter() to abort the syscall. Reported-by: Chris Evans <scarybeasts@gmail.com> Tested-by: Indan Zupancic <indan@nul.nu> Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Denys Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Pedro Alves <palves@redhat.com> Cc: Jan Kratochvil <jan.kratochvil@redhat.com> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23fat: fix bug in enforcing Long File Name lengthNamjae Jeon1-1/+1
Since '*outlen' is initialized to zero, it is currently possible to create a filename of length (FAT_LFN_LEN + 1) when utf8 is not enabled. To enforce the FAT_LFN_LEN limit, we must perform one less iteration. Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <linkinjeon@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Ravishankar N <cyberax82@gmail.com> Acked-by: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23fat: clean up xlate_to_uni()Namjae Jeon1-47/+36
xlate_to_uni() is called by vfat_build_slots() with sbi->nls_io as the final argument. nls_io can never be null at this point because the check is already being done in fat_fill_super() wherein the mount fails if it is null. Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <linkinjeon@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Ravishankar N <cyberax82@gmail.com> Acked-by: OGAWA Hirofumi <hirofumi@mail.parknet.co.jp> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-03-23rtc: ds1307: generalise ram size and offsetAustin Boyle1-31/+47
Generalise NVRAM to support RAM with other size and offset, such as the 64 bytes of SRAM on the mcp7941x. [rdunlap@xenotime.net: fix printk format warning] Signed-off-by: Austin Boyle <Austin.Boyle@aviatnet.com> Signed-off-by: Wolfram Sang <w.sang@pengutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net> Cc: David Anders <danders.dev@gmail.com> Cc: Alessandro Zummo <alessandro.zummo@towertech.it> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>