| Age | Commit message (Collapse) | Author | Files | Lines |
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The install_special_mapping routine (used, for example, to setup the
vdso) skips the security check before insert_vm_struct, allowing a local
attacker to bypass the mmap_min_addr security restriction by limiting
the available pages for special mappings.
bprm_mm_init() also skips the check, and although I don't think this can
be used to bypass any restrictions, I don't see any reason not to have
the security check.
$ uname -m
x86_64
$ cat /proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr
65536
$ cat install_special_mapping.s
section .bss
resb BSS_SIZE
section .text
global _start
_start:
mov eax, __NR_pause
int 0x80
$ nasm -D__NR_pause=29 -DBSS_SIZE=0xfffed000 -f elf -o install_special_mapping.o install_special_mapping.s
$ ld -m elf_i386 -Ttext=0x10000 -Tbss=0x11000 -o install_special_mapping install_special_mapping.o
$ ./install_special_mapping &
[1] 14303
$ cat /proc/14303/maps
0000f000-00010000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
00010000-00011000 r-xp 00001000 00:19 2453665 /home/taviso/install_special_mapping
00011000-ffffe000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
It's worth noting that Red Hat are shipping with mmap_min_addr set to
4096.
Signed-off-by: Tavis Ormandy <taviso@google.com>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <kees@ubuntu.com>
Acked-by: Robert Swiecki <swiecki@google.com>
[ Changed to not drop the error code - akpm ]
Reviewed-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Note: this patch targets 2.6.37 and tries to be as simple as possible.
That is why it adds more copy-and-paste horror into fs/compat.c and
uglifies fs/exec.c, this will be cleanuped later.
compat_copy_strings() plays with bprm->vma/mm directly and thus has
two problems: it lacks the RLIMIT_STACK check and argv/envp memory
is not visible to oom killer.
Export acct_arg_size() and get_arg_page(), change compat_copy_strings()
to use get_arg_page(), change compat_do_execve() to do acct_arg_size(0)
as do_execve() does.
Add the fatal_signal_pending/cond_resched checks into compat_count() and
compat_copy_strings(), this matches the code in fs/exec.c and certainly
makes sense.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Brad Spengler published a local memory-allocation DoS that
evades the OOM-killer (though not the virtual memory RLIMIT):
http://www.grsecurity.net/~spender/64bit_dos.c
execve()->copy_strings() can allocate a lot of memory, but
this is not visible to oom-killer, nobody can see the nascent
bprm->mm and take it into account.
With this patch get_arg_page() increments current's MM_ANONPAGES
counter every time we allocate the new page for argv/envp. When
do_execve() succeds or fails, we change this counter back.
Technically this is not 100% correct, we can't know if the new
page is swapped out and turn MM_ANONPAGES into MM_SWAPENTS, but
I don't think this really matters and everything becomes correct
once exec changes ->mm or fails.
Reported-by: Brad Spengler <spender@grsecurity.net>
Reviewed-and-discussed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Presently do_execve() turns PF_KTHREAD off before search_binary_handler().
THis has a theorical risk of PF_KTHREAD getting lost. We don't have to
turn PF_KTHREAD off in the ENOEXEC case.
This patch moves this flag modification to after the finding of the
executable file.
This is only a theorical issue because kthreads do not call do_execve()
directly. But fixing would be better.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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We met a parameter truncated issue, consider following:
> echo "|/root/core_pattern_pipe_test %p /usr/libexec/blah-blah-blah \
%s %c %p %u %g 11 12345678901234567890123456789012345678 %t" > \
/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
This is okay because the strings is less than CORENAME_MAX_SIZE. "cat
/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern" shows the whole string. but after we run
core_pattern_pipe_test in man page, we found last parameter was truncated
like below:
argc[10]=<12807486>
The root cause is core_pattern allows % specifiers, which need to be
replaced during parse time, but the replace may expand the strings to
larger than CORENAME_MAX_SIZE. So if the last parameter is % specifiers,
the replace code is using snprintf(out_ptr, out_end - out_ptr, ...), this
will write out of corename array.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Xiaotian Feng <dfeng@redhat.com>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Oleg Nesterov pointed out we have to prevent multiple-threads-inside-exec
itself and we can reuse ->cred_guard_mutex for it. Yes, concurrent
execve() has no worth.
Let's move ->cred_guard_mutex from task_struct to signal_struct. It
naturally prevent multiple-threads-inside-exec.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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It's pointless to kill a task if another thread sharing its mm cannot be
killed to allow future memory freeing. A subsequent patch will prevent
kills in such cases, but first it's necessary to have a way to flag a task
that shares memory with an OOM_DISABLE task that doesn't incur an
additional tasklist scan, which would make select_bad_process() an O(n^2)
function.
This patch adds an atomic counter to struct mm_struct that follows how
many threads attached to it have an oom_score_adj of OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN.
They cannot be killed by the kernel, so their memory cannot be freed in
oom conditions.
This only requires task_lock() on the task that we're operating on, it
does not require mm->mmap_sem since task_lock() pins the mm and the
operation is atomic.
[rientjes@google.com: changelog and sys_unshare() code]
[rientjes@google.com: protect oom_disable_count with task_lock in fork]
[rientjes@google.com: use old_mm for oom_disable_count in exec]
Signed-off-by: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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If you build aout support as a module, you'll want these exported.
Reported-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Tony Luck reports that the addition of the access_ok() check in commit
0eead9ab41da ("Don't dump task struct in a.out core-dumps") broke the
ia64 compile due to missing the necessary header file includes.
Rather than add yet another include (<asm/unistd.h>) to make everything
happy, just uninline the silly core dump helper functions and move the
bodies to fs/exec.c where they make a lot more sense.
dump_seek() in particular was too big to be an inline function anyway,
and none of them are in any way performance-critical. And we really
don't need to mess up our include file headers more than they already
are.
Reported-and-tested-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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An execve with a very large total of argument/environment strings
can take a really long time in the execve system call. It runs
uninterruptibly to count and copy all the strings. This change
makes it abort the exec quickly if sent a SIGKILL.
Note that this is the conservative change, to interrupt only for
SIGKILL, by using fatal_signal_pending(). It would be perfectly
correct semantics to let any signal interrupt the string-copying in
execve, i.e. use signal_pending() instead of fatal_signal_pending().
We'll save that change for later, since it could have user-visible
consequences, such as having a timer set too quickly make it so that
an execve can never complete, though it always happened to work before.
Signed-off-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This adds a preemption point during the copying of the argument and
environment strings for execve, in copy_strings(). There is already
a preemption point in the count() loop, so this doesn't add any new
points in the abstract sense.
When the total argument+environment strings are very large, the time
spent copying them can be much more than a normal user time slice.
So this change improves the interactivity of the rest of the system
when one process is doing an execve with very large arguments.
Signed-off-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The CONFIG_STACK_GROWSDOWN variant of setup_arg_pages() does not
check the size of the argument/environment area on the stack.
When it is unworkably large, shift_arg_pages() hits its BUG_ON.
This is exploitable with a very large RLIMIT_STACK limit, to
create a crash pretty easily.
Check that the initial stack is not too large to make it possible
to map in any executable. We're not checking that the actual
executable (or intepreter, for binfmt_elf) will fit. So those
mappings might clobber part of the initial stack mapping. But
that is just userland lossage that userland made happen, not a
kernel problem.
Signed-off-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs-2.6:
fs: brlock vfsmount_lock
fs: scale files_lock
lglock: introduce special lglock and brlock spin locks
tty: fix fu_list abuse
fs: cleanup files_lock locking
fs: remove extra lookup in __lookup_hash
fs: fs_struct rwlock to spinlock
apparmor: use task path helpers
fs: dentry allocation consolidation
fs: fix do_lookup false negative
mbcache: Limit the maximum number of cache entries
hostfs ->follow_link() braino
hostfs: dumb (and usually harmless) tpyo - strncpy instead of strlcpy
remove SWRITE* I/O types
kill BH_Ordered flag
vfs: update ctime when changing the file's permission by setfacl
cramfs: only unlock new inodes
fix reiserfs_evict_inode end_writeback second call
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fs: fs_struct rwlock to spinlock
struct fs_struct.lock is an rwlock with the read-side used to protect root and
pwd members while taking references to them. Taking a reference to a path
typically requires just 2 atomic ops, so the critical section is very small.
Parallel read-side operations would have cacheline contention on the lock, the
dentry, and the vfsmount cachelines, so the rwlock is unlikely to ever give a
real parallelism increase.
Replace it with a spinlock to avoid one or two atomic operations in typical
path lookup fastpath.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Make do_execve() take a const filename pointer so that kernel_execve() compiles
correctly on ARM:
arch/arm/kernel/sys_arm.c:88: warning: passing argument 1 of 'do_execve' discards qualifiers from pointer target type
This also requires the argv and envp arguments to be consted twice, once for
the pointer array and once for the strings the array points to. This is
because do_execve() passes a pointer to the filename (now const) to
copy_strings_kernel(). A simpler alternative would be to cast the filename
pointer in do_execve() when it's passed to copy_strings_kernel().
do_execve() may not change any of the strings it is passed as part of the argv
or envp lists as they are some of them in .rodata, so marking these strings as
const should be fine.
Further kernel_execve() and sys_execve() need to be changed to match.
This has been test built on x86_64, frv, arm and mips.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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* 'for-linus' of git://git.infradead.org/users/eparis/notify: (132 commits)
fanotify: use both marks when possible
fsnotify: pass both the vfsmount mark and inode mark
fsnotify: walk the inode and vfsmount lists simultaneously
fsnotify: rework ignored mark flushing
fsnotify: remove global fsnotify groups lists
fsnotify: remove group->mask
fsnotify: remove the global masks
fsnotify: cleanup should_send_event
fanotify: use the mark in handler functions
audit: use the mark in handler functions
dnotify: use the mark in handler functions
inotify: use the mark in handler functions
fsnotify: send fsnotify_mark to groups in event handling functions
fsnotify: Exchange list heads instead of moving elements
fsnotify: srcu to protect read side of inode and vfsmount locks
fsnotify: use an explicit flag to indicate fsnotify_destroy_mark has been called
fsnotify: use _rcu functions for mark list traversal
fsnotify: place marks on object in order of group memory address
vfs/fsnotify: fsnotify_close can delay the final work in fput
fsnotify: store struct file not struct path
...
Fix up trivial delete/modify conflict in fs/notify/inotify/inotify.c.
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* 'bkl/core' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/frederic/random-tracing:
do_coredump: Do not take BKL
init: Remove the BKL from startup code
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fanotify, the upcoming notification system actually needs a struct path so it can
do opens in the context of listeners, and it needs a file so it can get f_flags
from the original process. Close was the only operation that already was passing
a struct file to the notification hook. This patch passes a file for access,
modify, and open as well as they are easily available to these hooks.
Signed-off-by: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com>
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core_pattern is not actually protected and hasn't been
ever since we introduced procfs support for sysctl -- a
_long_ time. Don't take it here either.
Also nothing inside do_coredump appears to require bkl
protection.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
[ remove smp_lock.h headers ]
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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Add the capacility to track data mmap()s. This can be used together
with PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR for data profiling.
Signed-off-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
[Updated code for stable perf ABI]
Signed-off-by: Eric B Munson <ebmunson@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
LKML-Reference: <1274193049-25997-1-git-send-email-ebmunson@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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de_thread() and __exit_signal() use signal_struct->count/notify_count for
synchronization. We can simplify the code and use ->notify_count only.
Instead of comparing these two counters, we can change de_thread() to set
->notify_count = nr_of_sub_threads, then change __exit_signal() to
dec-and-test this counter and notify group_exit_task.
Note that __exit_signal() checks "notify_count > 0" just for symmetry with
exit_notify(), we could just check it is != 0.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Veaceslav Falico <vfalico@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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- move the cprm.mm_flags checks up, before we take mmap_sem
- move down_write(mmap_sem) and ->core_state check from do_coredump()
to coredump_wait()
This simplifies the code and makes the locking symmetrical.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Given that do_coredump() calls put_cred() on exit path, it is a bit ugly
to do put_cred() + "goto fail" twice, just add the new "fail_creds" label.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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- kill "int dump_count", argv_split(argcp) accepts argcp == NULL.
- move "int dump_count" under " if (ispipe)" branch, fail_dropcount
can check ispipe.
- move "char **helper_argv" as well, change the code to do argv_free()
right after call_usermodehelper_fns().
- If call_usermodehelper_fns() fails goto close_fail label instead
of closing the file by hand.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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do_coredump() does a lot of file checks after it opens the file or calls
usermode helper. But all of these checks are only needed in !ispipe case.
Move this code into the "else" branch and kill the ugly repetitive ispipe
checks.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The first patch in this series introduced an init function to the
call_usermodehelper api so that processes could be customized by caller.
This patch takes advantage of that fact, by customizing the helper in
do_coredump to create the pipe and set its core limit to one (for our
recusrsion check). This lets us clean up the previous uglyness in the
usermodehelper internals and factor call_usermodehelper out entirely.
While I'm at it, we can also modify the helper setup to look for a core
limit value of 1 rather than zero for our recursion check
Signed-off-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Reviewed-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Page migration requires rmap to be able to find all ptes mapping a page
at all times, otherwise the migration entry can be instantiated, but it
is possible to leave one behind if the second rmap_walk fails to find
the page. If this page is later faulted, migration_entry_to_page() will
call BUG because the page is locked indicating the page was migrated by
the migration PTE not cleaned up. For example
kernel BUG at include/linux/swapops.h:105!
invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
...
Call Trace:
[<ffffffff810e951a>] handle_mm_fault+0x3f8/0x76a
[<ffffffff8130c7a2>] do_page_fault+0x44a/0x46e
[<ffffffff813099b5>] page_fault+0x25/0x30
[<ffffffff8114de33>] load_elf_binary+0x152a/0x192b
[<ffffffff8111329b>] search_binary_handler+0x173/0x313
[<ffffffff81114896>] do_execve+0x219/0x30a
[<ffffffff8100a5c6>] sys_execve+0x43/0x5e
[<ffffffff8100320a>] stub_execve+0x6a/0xc0
RIP [<ffffffff811094ff>] migration_entry_wait+0xc1/0x129
There is a race between shift_arg_pages and migration that triggers this
bug. A temporary stack is setup during exec and later moved. If
migration moves a page in the temporary stack and the VMA is then removed
before migration completes, the migration PTE may not be found leading to
a BUG when the stack is faulted.
This patch causes pages within the temporary stack during exec to be
skipped by migration. It does this by marking the VMA covering the
temporary stack with an otherwise impossible combination of VMA flags.
These flags are cleared when the temporary stack is moved to its final
location.
[kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: idea for having migration skip temporary stacks]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Originally, commit d899bf7b ("procfs: provide stack information for
threads") attempted to introduce a new feature for showing where the
threadstack was located and how many pages are being utilized by the
stack.
Commit c44972f1 ("procfs: disable per-task stack usage on NOMMU") was
applied to fix the NO_MMU case.
Commit 89240ba0 ("x86, fs: Fix x86 procfs stack information for threads on
64-bit") was applied to fix a bug in ia32 executables being loaded.
Commit 9ebd4eba7 ("procfs: fix /proc/<pid>/stat stack pointer for kernel
threads") was applied to fix a bug which had kernel threads printing a
userland stack address.
Commit 1306d603f ('proc: partially revert "procfs: provide stack
information for threads"') was then applied to revert the stack pages
being used to solve a significant performance regression.
This patch nearly undoes the effect of all these patches.
The reason for reverting these is it provides an unusable value in
field 28. For x86_64, a fork will result in the task->stack_start
value being updated to the current user top of stack and not the stack
start address. This unpredictability of the stack_start value makes
it worthless. That includes the intended use of showing how much stack
space a thread has.
Other architectures will get different values. As an example, ia64
gets 0. The do_fork() and copy_process() functions appear to treat the
stack_start and stack_size parameters as architecture specific.
I only partially reverted c44972f1 ("procfs: disable per-task stack usage
on NOMMU") . If I had completely reverted it, I would have had to change
mm/Makefile only build pagewalk.o when CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR is
configured. Since I could not test the builds without significant effort,
I decided to not change mm/Makefile.
I only partially reverted 89240ba0 ("x86, fs: Fix x86 procfs stack
information for threads on 64-bit") . I left the KSTK_ESP() change in
place as that seemed worthwhile.
Signed-off-by: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Cc: Stefani Seibold <stefani@seibold.net>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Modify uid check in do_coredump so as to not apply it in the case of
pipes.
This just got noticed in testing. The end of do_coredump validates the
uid of the inode for the created file against the uid of the crashing
process to ensure that no one can pre-create a core file with different
ownership and grab the information contained in the core when they
shouldn' tbe able to. This causes failures when using pipes for a core
dumps if the crashing process is not root, which is the uid of the pipe
when it is created.
The fix is simple. Since the check for matching uid's isn't relevant for
pipes (a process can't create a pipe that the uermodehelper code will open
anyway), we can just just skip it in the event ispipe is non-zero
Reverts a pipe-affecting change which was accidentally made in
: commit c46f739dd39db3b07ab5deb4e3ec81e1c04a91af
: Author: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
: AuthorDate: Wed Nov 28 13:59:18 2007 +0100
: Commit: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@woody.linux-foundation.org>
: CommitDate: Wed Nov 28 10:58:01 2007 -0800
:
: vfs: coredumping fix
Signed-off-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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User visible change.
do_coredump() kills all threads which share the same ->mm but only the
coredumping process gets the proper exit_code. Other tasks which share
the same ->mm die "silently" and return status == 0 to parent.
This is historical behaviour, not actually a bug. But I think Frank
Heckenbach rightly dislikes the current behaviour. Simple test-case:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
int main(void)
{
int stat;
if (!fork()) {
if (!vfork())
kill(getpid(), SIGQUIT);
}
wait(&stat);
printf("stat=%x\n", stat);
return 0;
}
Before this patch it prints "stat=0" despite the fact the child was killed
by SIGQUIT. After this patch the output is "stat=3" which obviously makes
more sense.
Even with this patch, only the task which originates the coredumping gets
"|= 0x80" if the core was actually dumped, but at least the coredumping
signal is visible to do_wait/etc.
Reported-by: Frank Heckenbach <f.heckenbach@fh-soft.de>
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Pass mm->flags as a coredump parameter for consistency.
---
1787 if (mm->core_state || !get_dumpable(mm)) { <- (1)
1788 up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
1789 put_cred(cred);
1790 goto fail;
1791 }
1792
[...]
1798 if (get_dumpable(mm) == 2) { /* Setuid core dump mode */ <-(2)
1799 flag = O_EXCL; /* Stop rewrite attacks */
1800 cred->fsuid = 0; /* Dump root private */
1801 }
---
Since dumpable bits are not protected by lock, there is a chance to change
these bits between (1) and (2).
To solve this issue, this patch copies mm->flags to
coredump_params.mm_flags at the beginning of do_coredump() and uses it
instead of get_dumpable() while dumping core.
This copy is also passed to binfmt->core_dump, since elf*_core_dump() uses
dump_filter bits in mm->flags.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix merge]
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Hidehiro Kawai <hidehiro.kawai.ez@hitachi.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Currently we create the initial stack based on the PAGE_SIZE. This is
unnecessary.
This creates this initial stack independent of the PAGE_SIZE.
It also bumps up the number of 4k pages allocated from 20 to 32, to
align with 64K page systems.
Signed-off-by: Michael Neuling <mikey@neuling.org>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Americo Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Cc: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Make sure compiler won't do weird things with limits. E.g. fetching them
twice may return 2 different values after writable limits are implemented.
I.e. either use rlimit helpers added in commit 3e10e716abf3 ("resource:
add helpers for fetching rlimits") or ACCESS_ONCE if not applicable.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
The old anon_vma code can lead to scalability issues with heavily forking
workloads. Specifically, each anon_vma will be shared between the parent
process and all its child processes.
In a workload with 1000 child processes and a VMA with 1000 anonymous
pages per process that get COWed, this leads to a system with a million
anonymous pages in the same anon_vma, each of which is mapped in just one
of the 1000 processes. However, the current rmap code needs to walk them
all, leading to O(N) scanning complexity for each page.
This can result in systems where one CPU is walking the page tables of
1000 processes in page_referenced_one, while all other CPUs are stuck on
the anon_vma lock. This leads to catastrophic failure for a benchmark
like AIM7, where the total number of processes can reach in the tens of
thousands. Real workloads are still a factor 10 less process intensive
than AIM7, but they are catching up.
This patch changes the way anon_vmas and VMAs are linked, which allows us
to associate multiple anon_vmas with a VMA. At fork time, each child
process gets its own anon_vmas, in which its COWed pages will be
instantiated. The parents' anon_vma is also linked to the VMA, because
non-COWed pages could be present in any of the children.
This reduces rmap scanning complexity to O(1) for the pages of the 1000
child processes, with O(N) complexity for at most 1/N pages in the system.
This reduces the average scanning cost in heavily forking workloads from
O(N) to 2.
The only real complexity in this patch stems from the fact that linking a
VMA to anon_vmas now involves memory allocations. This means vma_adjust
can fail, if it needs to attach a VMA to anon_vma structures. This in
turn means error handling needs to be added to the calling functions.
A second source of complexity is that, because there can be multiple
anon_vmas, the anon_vma linking in vma_adjust can no longer be done under
"the" anon_vma lock. To prevent the rmap code from walking up an
incomplete VMA, this patch introduces the VM_LOCK_RMAP VMA flag. This bit
flag uses the same slot as the NOMMU VM_MAPPED_COPY, with an ifdef in mm.h
to make sure it is impossible to compile a kernel that needs both symbolic
values for the same bitflag.
Some test results:
Without the anon_vma changes, when AIM7 hits around 9.7k users (on a test
box with 16GB RAM and not quite enough IO), the system ends up running
>99% in system time, with every CPU on the same anon_vma lock in the
pageout code.
With these changes, AIM7 hits the cross-over point around 29.7k users.
This happens with ~99% IO wait time, there never seems to be any spike in
system time. The anon_vma lock contention appears to be resolved.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Considering the nature of per mm stats, it's the shared object among
threads and can be a cache-miss point in the page fault path.
This patch adds per-thread cache for mm_counter. RSS value will be
counted into a struct in task_struct and synchronized with mm's one at
events.
Now, in this patch, the event is the number of calls to handle_mm_fault.
Per-thread value is added to mm at each 64 calls.
rough estimation with small benchmark on parallel thread (2threads) shows
[before]
4.5 cache-miss/faults
[after]
4.0 cache-miss/faults
Anyway, the most contended object is mmap_sem if the number of threads grows.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
803bf5ec259941936262d10ecc84511b76a20921 ("fs/exec.c: restrict initial
stack space expansion to rlimit") attempts to limit the initial stack to
20*PAGE_SIZE. Unfortunately, in attempting ensure the stack is not
reduced in size, we ended up not changing the stack at all.
This size reduction check is not necessary as the expand_stack call does
this already.
This caused a regression in UML resulting in most guest processes being
killed.
Signed-off-by: Michael Neuling <mikey@neuling.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Cc: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Jouni Malinen <j@w1.fi>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
When reserving stack space for a new process, make sure we're not
attempting to expand the stack by more than rlimit allows.
This fixes a bug caused by b6a2fea39318e43fee84fa7b0b90d68bed92d2ba ("mm:
variable length argument support") and unmasked by
fc63cf237078c86214abcb2ee9926d8ad289da9b ("exec: setup_arg_pages() fails
to return errors").
This bug means that when limiting the stack to less the 20*PAGE_SIZE (eg.
80K on 4K pages or 'ulimit -s 79') all processes will be killed before
they start. This is particularly bad with 64K pages, where a ulimit below
1280K will kill every process.
To test, do:
'ulimit -s 15; ls'
before and after the patch is applied. Before it's applied, 'ls' should
be killed. After the patch is applied, 'ls' should no longer be killed.
A stack limit of 15KB since it's small enough to trigger 20*PAGE_SIZE.
Also 15KB not a multiple of PAGE_SIZE, which is a trickier case to handle
correctly with this code.
4K pages should be fine to test with.
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: cleanup]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanup cleanup]
Signed-off-by: Michael Neuling <mikey@neuling.org>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Americo Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Cc: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Commit 221af7f87b9 ("Split 'flush_old_exec' into two functions") split
the function at the point of no return - ie right where there were no
more error cases to check. That made sense from a technical standpoint,
but when we then also combined it with the actual personality setting
going in between flush_old_exec() and setup_new_exec(), it needs to be a
bit more careful.
In particular, we need to make sure that we really flush the old
personality bits in the 'flush' stage, rather than later in the 'setup'
stage, since otherwise we might be flushing the _new_ personality state
that we're just setting up.
So this moves the flags and personality flushing (and 'flush_thread()',
which is the arch-specific function that generally resets lazy FP state
etc) of the old process into flush_old_exec(), so that it doesn't affect
any state that execve() is setting up for the new process environment.
This was reported by Michal Simek as breaking his Microblaze qemu
environment.
Reported-and-tested-by: Michal Simek <michal.simek@petalogix.com>
Cc: Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
'flush_old_exec()' is the point of no return when doing an execve(), and
it is pretty badly misnamed. It doesn't just flush the old executable
environment, it also starts up the new one.
Which is very inconvenient for things like setting up the new
personality, because we want the new personality to affect the starting
of the new environment, but at the same time we do _not_ want the new
personality to take effect if flushing the old one fails.
As a result, the x86-64 '32-bit' personality is actually done using this
insane "I'm going to change the ABI, but I haven't done it yet" bit
(TIF_ABI_PENDING), with SET_PERSONALITY() not actually setting the
personality, but just the "pending" bit, so that "flush_thread()" can do
the actual personality magic.
This patch in no way changes any of that insanity, but it does split the
'flush_old_exec()' function up into a preparatory part that can fail
(still called flush_old_exec()), and a new part that will actually set
up the new exec environment (setup_new_exec()). All callers are changed
to trivially comply with the new world order.
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Introduce coredump parameter data structure (struct coredump_params) to
simplify binfmt->core_dump() arguments.
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@redhat.com>
Suggested-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Hidehiro Kawai <hidehiro.kawai.ez@hitachi.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Thanks to Roland who pointed out de_thread() issues.
Currently we add sub-threads to ->real_parent->children list. This buys
nothing but slows down do_wait().
With this patch ->children contains only main threads (group leaders).
The only complication is that forget_original_parent() should iterate over
sub-threads by hand, and de_thread() needs another list_replace() when it
changes ->group_leader.
Henceforth do_wait_thread() can never see task_detached() && !EXIT_DEAD
tasks, we can remove this check (and we can unify do_wait_thread() and
ptrace_do_wait()).
This change can confuse the optimistic search in mm_update_next_owner(),
but this is fixable and minor.
Perhaps badness() and oom_kill_process() should be updated, but they
should be fixed in any case.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Ratan Nalumasu <rnalumasu@gmail.com>
Cc: Vitaly Mayatskikh <vmayatsk@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Setting a thread's comm to be something unique is a very useful ability
and is helpful for debugging complicated threaded applications. However
currently the only way to set a thread name is for the thread to name
itself via the PR_SET_NAME prctl.
However, there may be situations where it would be advantageous for a
thread dispatcher to be naming the threads its managing, rather then
having the threads self-describe themselves. This sort of behavior is
available on other systems via the pthread_setname_np() interface.
This patch exports a task's comm via proc/pid/comm and
proc/pid/task/tid/comm interfaces, and allows thread siblings to write to
these values.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <johnstul@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Cc: Mike Fulton <fultonm@ca.ibm.com>
Cc: Sean Foley <Sean_Foley@ca.ibm.com>
Cc: Darren Hart <dvhltc@us.ibm.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
|
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In setup_arg_pages we work hard to assign a value to ret, but on exit we
always return 0.
Also remove a now duplicated exit path and branch to out_unlock instead.
Signed-off-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Acked-by: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Based on discussions on LKML and LSM, where there are consecutive
security_ and ima_ calls in the vfs layer, move the ima_ calls to
the existing security_ hooks.
Signed-off-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
|
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Because the binfmt is not different between threads in the same process,
it can be moved from task_struct to mm_struct. And binfmt moudle is
handled per mm_struct instead of task_struct.
Signed-off-by: Hiroshi Shimamoto <h-shimamoto@ct.jp.nec.com>
Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Acked-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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sys_delete_module() can set MODULE_STATE_GOING after
search_binary_handler() does try_module_get(). In this case
set_binfmt()->try_module_get() fails but since none of the callers
check the returned error, the task will run with the wrong old
->binfmt.
The proper fix should change all ->load_binary() methods, but we can
rely on fact that the caller must hold a reference to binfmt->module
and use __module_get() which never fails.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Hiroshi Shimamoto <h-shimamoto@ct.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Allow core_pattern pipes to wait for user space to complete
One of the things that user space processes like to do is look at metadata
for a crashing process in their /proc/<pid> directory. this is racy
however, since do_coredump in the kernel doesn't wait for the user space
process to complete before it reaps the crashing process. This patch
corrects that. Allowing the kernel to wait for the user space process to
complete before cleaning up the crashing process. This is a bit tricky to
do for a few reasons:
1) The user space process isn't our child, so we can't sys_wait4 on it
2) We need to close the pipe before waiting for the user process to complete,
since the user process may rely on an EOF condition
I've discussed several solutions with Oleg Nesterov off-list about this,
and this is the one we've come up with. We add ourselves as a pipe reader
(to prevent premature cleanup of the pipe_inode_info), and remove
ourselves as a writer (to provide an EOF condition to the writer in user
space), then we iterate until the user space process exits (which we
detect by pipe->readers == 1, hence the > 1 check in the loop). When we
exit the loop, we restore the proper reader/writer values, then we return
and let filp_close in do_coredump clean up the pipe data properly.
Signed-off-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Reported-by: Earl Chew <earl_chew@agilent.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Introduce core pipe limiting sysctl.
Since we can dump cores to pipe, rather than directly to the filesystem,
we create a condition in which a user can create a very high load on the
system simply by running bad applications.
If the pipe reader specified in core_pattern is poorly written, we can
have lots of ourstandig resources and processes in the system.
This sysctl introduces an ability to limit that resource consumption.
core_pipe_limit defines how many in-flight dumps may be run in parallel,
dumps beyond this value are skipped and a note is made in the kernel log.
A special value of 0 in core_pipe_limit denotes unlimited core dumps may
be handled (this is the default value).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Reported-by: Earl Chew <earl_chew@agilent.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Change how we detect recursive dumps.
Currently we have a mechanism by which we try to compare pathnames of the
crashing process to the core_pattern path. This is broken for a dozen
reasons, and just doesn't work in any sort of robust way.
I'm replacing it with the use of a 0 RLIMIT_CORE value. Since helper apps
set RLIMIT_CORE to zero, we don't write out core files for any process
with that particular limit set. It the core_pattern is a pipe, any
non-zero limit is translated to RLIM_INFINITY.
This allows complete dumps to be captured, but prevents infinite recursion
in the event that the core_pattern process itself crashes.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Reported-by: Earl Chew <earl_chew@agilent.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
Tavis Ormandy
Oleg Nesterov
KOSAKI Motohiro
Xiaotian Feng
Ying Han
Linus Torvalds
Roland McGrath
Nick Piggin
David Howells
Eric Paris
Arnd Bergmann
Eric B Munson
Neil Horman
Mel Gorman
Robin Holt
Masami Hiramatsu
Michael Neuling
Jiri Slaby
Rik van Riel
KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki
john stultz
James Morris
Anton Blanchard
Mimi Zohar
Hiroshi Shimamoto