| Age | Commit message (Collapse) | Author | Files | Lines |
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It is easy to foobar setting a kernel parameter on the command line
without realizing it, there's not much output that you can use to assess
what the kernel did with that parameter by default.
Make it a little more explicit which parameters on the command line
_looked_ like a valid parameter for the kernel, but did not match anything
and ultimately got tossed to init. This is very similar to the unknown
parameter message received when loading a module.
This assumes the parameters are processed in a normal fashion, some
parameters (dyndbg= for example) don't register their parameter with the
rest of the kernel's parameters, and therefore always show up in this list
(and are also given to init - like the rest of this list).
Another example is BOOT_IMAGE= is highlighted as an offender, which it
technically is, but is passed by LILO and GRUB so most systems will see
that complaint.
An example output where "foobared" and "unrecognized" are intentionally
invalid parameters:
Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.12-dirty debug log_buf_len=4M foobared unrecognized=foo
Unknown command line parameters: foobared BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.12-dirty unrecognized=foo
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210511211009.42259-1-ahalaney@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Andrew Halaney <ahalaney@redhat.com>
Suggested-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Suggested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Acked-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This commit in sched/urgent moved the cfs_rq_is_decayed() function:
a7b359fc6a37: ("sched/fair: Correctly insert cfs_rq's to list on unthrottle")
and this fresh commit in sched/core modified it in the old location:
9e077b52d86a: ("sched/pelt: Check that *_avg are null when *_sum are")
Merge the two variants.
Conflicts:
kernel/sched/fair.c
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
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Move the checksum calculation function into the header for sharing it
with tools/bootconfig.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/162262197470.264090.16325743685807878807.stgit@devnote2
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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During boot, kernel_init_freeable() initializes `cad_pid` to the init
task's struct pid. Later on, we may change `cad_pid` via a sysctl, and
when this happens proc_do_cad_pid() will increment the refcount on the
new pid via get_pid(), and will decrement the refcount on the old pid
via put_pid(). As we never called get_pid() when we initialized
`cad_pid`, we decrement a reference we never incremented, can therefore
free the init task's struct pid early. As there can be dangling
references to the struct pid, we can later encounter a use-after-free
(e.g. when delivering signals).
This was spotted when fuzzing v5.13-rc3 with Syzkaller, but seems to
have been around since the conversion of `cad_pid` to struct pid in
commit 9ec52099e4b8 ("[PATCH] replace cad_pid by a struct pid") from the
pre-KASAN stone age of v2.6.19.
Fix this by getting a reference to the init task's struct pid when we
assign it to `cad_pid`.
Full KASAN splat below.
==================================================================
BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in ns_of_pid include/linux/pid.h:153 [inline]
BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in task_active_pid_ns+0xc0/0xc8 kernel/pid.c:509
Read of size 4 at addr ffff23794dda0004 by task syz-executor.0/273
CPU: 1 PID: 273 Comm: syz-executor.0 Not tainted 5.12.0-00001-g9aef892b2d15 #1
Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
Call trace:
ns_of_pid include/linux/pid.h:153 [inline]
task_active_pid_ns+0xc0/0xc8 kernel/pid.c:509
do_notify_parent+0x308/0xe60 kernel/signal.c:1950
exit_notify kernel/exit.c:682 [inline]
do_exit+0x2334/0x2bd0 kernel/exit.c:845
do_group_exit+0x108/0x2c8 kernel/exit.c:922
get_signal+0x4e4/0x2a88 kernel/signal.c:2781
do_signal arch/arm64/kernel/signal.c:882 [inline]
do_notify_resume+0x300/0x970 arch/arm64/kernel/signal.c:936
work_pending+0xc/0x2dc
Allocated by task 0:
slab_post_alloc_hook+0x50/0x5c0 mm/slab.h:516
slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:2907 [inline]
slab_alloc mm/slub.c:2915 [inline]
kmem_cache_alloc+0x1f4/0x4c0 mm/slub.c:2920
alloc_pid+0xdc/0xc00 kernel/pid.c:180
copy_process+0x2794/0x5e18 kernel/fork.c:2129
kernel_clone+0x194/0x13c8 kernel/fork.c:2500
kernel_thread+0xd4/0x110 kernel/fork.c:2552
rest_init+0x44/0x4a0 init/main.c:687
arch_call_rest_init+0x1c/0x28
start_kernel+0x520/0x554 init/main.c:1064
0x0
Freed by task 270:
slab_free_hook mm/slub.c:1562 [inline]
slab_free_freelist_hook+0x98/0x260 mm/slub.c:1600
slab_free mm/slub.c:3161 [inline]
kmem_cache_free+0x224/0x8e0 mm/slub.c:3177
put_pid.part.4+0xe0/0x1a8 kernel/pid.c:114
put_pid+0x30/0x48 kernel/pid.c:109
proc_do_cad_pid+0x190/0x1b0 kernel/sysctl.c:1401
proc_sys_call_handler+0x338/0x4b0 fs/proc/proc_sysctl.c:591
proc_sys_write+0x34/0x48 fs/proc/proc_sysctl.c:617
call_write_iter include/linux/fs.h:1977 [inline]
new_sync_write+0x3ac/0x510 fs/read_write.c:518
vfs_write fs/read_write.c:605 [inline]
vfs_write+0x9c4/0x1018 fs/read_write.c:585
ksys_write+0x124/0x240 fs/read_write.c:658
__do_sys_write fs/read_write.c:670 [inline]
__se_sys_write fs/read_write.c:667 [inline]
__arm64_sys_write+0x78/0xb0 fs/read_write.c:667
__invoke_syscall arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c:37 [inline]
invoke_syscall arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c:49 [inline]
el0_svc_common.constprop.1+0x16c/0x388 arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c:129
do_el0_svc+0xf8/0x150 arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c:168
el0_svc+0x28/0x38 arch/arm64/kernel/entry-common.c:416
el0_sync_handler+0x134/0x180 arch/arm64/kernel/entry-common.c:432
el0_sync+0x154/0x180 arch/arm64/kernel/entry.S:701
The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff23794dda0000
which belongs to the cache pid of size 224
The buggy address is located 4 bytes inside of
224-byte region [ffff23794dda0000, ffff23794dda00e0)
The buggy address belongs to the page:
page:(____ptrval____) refcount:1 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x0 pfn:0x4dda0
head:(____ptrval____) order:1 compound_mapcount:0
flags: 0x3fffc0000010200(slab|head)
raw: 03fffc0000010200 dead000000000100 dead000000000122 ffff23794d40d080
raw: 0000000000000000 0000000000190019 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000
page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
Memory state around the buggy address:
ffff23794dd9ff00: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
ffff23794dd9ff80: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
>ffff23794dda0000: fa fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb
^
ffff23794dda0080: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fc fc fc fc
ffff23794dda0100: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
==================================================================
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210524172230.38715-1-mark.rutland@arm.com
Fixes: 9ec52099e4b8678a ("[PATCH] replace cad_pid by a struct pid")
Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Acked-by: Christian Brauner <christian.brauner@ubuntu.com>
Cc: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com>
Cc: Christian Brauner <christian@brauner.io>
Cc: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Extend 8fb12156b8db ("init: Pin init task to the boot CPU, initially")
to cover the new PF_NO_SETAFFINITY requirement.
While there, move wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done) into kernel_init()
to make it absolutely clear it is the very first thing done by the init
thread.
Fixes: 570a752b7a9b ("lib/smp_processor_id: Use is_percpu_thread() instead of nr_cpus_allowed")
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Valentin Schneider <valentin.schneider@arm.com>
Tested-by: Valentin Schneider <valentin.schneider@arm.com>
Tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/YLS4mbKUrA3Gnb4t@hirez.programming.kicks-ass.net
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As pointed out by commit
de9b8f5dcbd9 ("sched: Fix crash trying to dequeue/enqueue the idle thread")
init_idle() can and will be invoked more than once on the same idle
task. At boot time, it is invoked for the boot CPU thread by
sched_init(). Then smp_init() creates the threads for all the secondary
CPUs and invokes init_idle() on them.
As the hotplug machinery brings the secondaries to life, it will issue
calls to idle_thread_get(), which itself invokes init_idle() yet again.
In this case it's invoked twice more per secondary: at _cpu_up(), and at
bringup_cpu().
Given smp_init() already initializes the idle tasks for all *possible*
CPUs, no further initialization should be required. Now, removing
init_idle() from idle_thread_get() exposes some interesting expectations
with regards to the idle task's preempt_count: the secondary startup always
issues a preempt_disable(), requiring some reset of the preempt count to 0
between hot-unplug and hotplug, which is currently served by
idle_thread_get() -> idle_init().
Given the idle task is supposed to have preemption disabled once and never
see it re-enabled, it seems that what we actually want is to initialize its
preempt_count to PREEMPT_DISABLED and leave it there. Do that, and remove
init_idle() from idle_thread_get().
Secondary startups were patched via coccinelle:
@begone@
@@
-preempt_disable();
...
cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_AP_ONLINE_IDLE);
Signed-off-by: Valentin Schneider <valentin.schneider@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210512094636.2958515-1-valentin.schneider@arm.com
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Once srcu_init() is called, the SRCU core will make use of delayed
workqueues, which rely on timers. However init_timers() is called
several steps after rcu_init(). This means that a call_srcu() after
rcu_init() but before init_timers() would find itself within a dangerously
uninitialized timer core.
This commit therefore creates a separate call to srcu_init() after
init_timer() completes, which ensures that we stay in early SRCU mode
until timers are safe(r).
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <frederic@kernel.org>
Cc: Uladzislau Rezki <urezki@gmail.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <jiangshanlai@gmail.com>
Cc: Neeraj Upadhyay <neeraju@codeaurora.org>
Cc: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Cc: Joel Fernandes <joel@joelfernandes.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
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Merge yet more updates from Andrew Morton:
"This is everything else from -mm for this merge window.
90 patches.
Subsystems affected by this patch series: mm (cleanups and slub),
alpha, procfs, sysctl, misc, core-kernel, bitmap, lib, compat,
checkpatch, epoll, isofs, nilfs2, hpfs, exit, fork, kexec, gcov,
panic, delayacct, gdb, resource, selftests, async, initramfs, ipc,
drivers/char, and spelling"
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (90 commits)
mm: fix typos in comments
mm: fix typos in comments
treewide: remove editor modelines and cruft
ipc/sem.c: spelling fix
fs: fat: fix spelling typo of values
kernel/sys.c: fix typo
kernel/up.c: fix typo
kernel/user_namespace.c: fix typos
kernel/umh.c: fix some spelling mistakes
include/linux/pgtable.h: few spelling fixes
mm/slab.c: fix spelling mistake "disired" -> "desired"
scripts/spelling.txt: add "overflw"
scripts/spelling.txt: Add "diabled" typo
scripts/spelling.txt: add "overlfow"
arm: print alloc free paths for address in registers
mm/vmalloc: remove vwrite()
mm: remove xlate_dev_kmem_ptr()
drivers/char: remove /dev/kmem for good
mm: fix some typos and code style problems
ipc/sem.c: mundane typo fixes
...
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Patch series "background initramfs unpacking, and CONFIG_MODPROBE_PATH", v3.
These two patches are independent, but better-together.
The second is a rather trivial patch that simply allows the developer to
change "/sbin/modprobe" to something else - e.g. the empty string, so
that all request_module() during early boot return -ENOENT early, without
even spawning a usermode helper, needlessly synchronizing with the
initramfs unpacking.
The first patch delegates decompressing the initramfs to a worker thread,
allowing do_initcalls() in main.c to proceed to the device_ and late_
initcalls without waiting for that decompression (and populating of
rootfs) to finish. Obviously, some of those later calls may rely on the
initramfs being available, so I've added synchronization points in the
firmware loader and usermodehelper paths - there might be other places
that would need this, but so far no one has been able to think of any
places I have missed.
There's not much to win if most of the functionality needed during boot is
only available as modules. But systems with a custom-made .config and
initramfs can boot faster, partly due to utilizing more than one cpu
earlier, partly by avoiding known-futile modprobe calls (which would still
trigger synchronization with the initramfs unpacking, thus eliminating
most of the first benefit).
This patch (of 2):
Most of the boot process doesn't actually need anything from the
initramfs, until of course PID1 is to be executed. So instead of doing
the decompressing and populating of the initramfs synchronously in
populate_rootfs() itself, push that off to a worker thread.
This is primarily motivated by an embedded ppc target, where unpacking
even the rather modest sized initramfs takes 0.6 seconds, which is long
enough that the external watchdog becomes unhappy that it doesn't get
attention soon enough. By doing the initramfs decompression in a worker
thread, we get to do the device_initcalls and hence start petting the
watchdog much sooner.
Normal desktops might benefit as well. On my mostly stock Ubuntu kernel,
my initramfs is a 26M xz-compressed blob, decompressing to around 126M.
That takes almost two seconds:
[ 0.201454] Trying to unpack rootfs image as initramfs...
[ 1.976633] Freeing initrd memory: 29416K
Before this patch, these lines occur consecutively in dmesg. With this
patch, the timestamps on these two lines is roughly the same as above, but
with 172 lines inbetween - so more than one cpu has been kept busy doing
work that would otherwise only happen after the populate_rootfs()
finished.
Should one of the initcalls done after rootfs_initcall time (i.e., device_
and late_ initcalls) need something from the initramfs (say, a kernel
module or a firmware blob), it will simply wait for the initramfs
unpacking to be done before proceeding, which should in theory make this
completely safe.
But if some driver pokes around in the filesystem directly and not via one
of the official kernel interfaces (i.e. request_firmware*(),
call_usermodehelper*) that theory may not hold - also, I certainly might
have missed a spot when sprinkling wait_for_initramfs(). So there is an
escape hatch in the form of an initramfs_async= command line parameter.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210313212528.2956377-1-linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210313212528.2956377-2-linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk
Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Reviewed-by: Luis Chamberlain <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Cc: Jessica Yu <jeyu@kernel.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>
Cc: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Pull tracing updates from Steven Rostedt:
"New feature:
- A new "func-no-repeats" option in tracefs/options directory.
When set the function tracer will detect if the current function
being traced is the same as the previous one, and instead of
recording it, it will keep track of the number of times that the
function is repeated in a row. And when another function is
recorded, it will write a new event that shows the function that
repeated, the number of times it repeated and the time stamp of
when the last repeated function occurred.
Enhancements:
- In order to implement the above "func-no-repeats" option, the ring
buffer timestamp can now give the accurate timestamp of the event
as it is being recorded, instead of having to record an absolute
timestamp for all events. This helps the histogram code which no
longer needs to waste ring buffer space.
- New validation logic to make sure all trace events that access
dereferenced pointers do so in a safe way, and will warn otherwise.
Fixes:
- No longer limit the PIDs of tasks that are recorded for
"saved_cmdlines" to PID_MAX_DEFAULT (32768), as systemd now allows
for a much larger range. This caused the mapping of PIDs to the
task names to be dropped for all tasks with a PID greater than
32768.
- Change trace_clock_global() to never block. This caused a deadlock.
Clean ups:
- Typos, prototype fixes, and removing of duplicate or unused code.
- Better management of ftrace_page allocations"
* tag 'trace-v5.13' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace: (32 commits)
tracing: Restructure trace_clock_global() to never block
tracing: Map all PIDs to command lines
ftrace: Reuse the output of the function tracer for func_repeats
tracing: Add "func_no_repeats" option for function tracing
tracing: Unify the logic for function tracing options
tracing: Add method for recording "func_repeats" events
tracing: Add "last_func_repeats" to struct trace_array
tracing: Define new ftrace event "func_repeats"
tracing: Define static void trace_print_time()
ftrace: Simplify the calculation of page number for ftrace_page->records some more
ftrace: Store the order of pages allocated in ftrace_page
tracing: Remove unused argument from "ring_buffer_time_stamp()
tracing: Remove duplicate struct declaration in trace_events.h
tracing: Update create_system_filter() kernel-doc comment
tracing: A minor cleanup for create_system_filter()
kernel: trace: Mundane typo fixes in the file trace_events_filter.c
tracing: Fix various typos in comments
scripts/recordmcount.pl: Make vim and emacs indent the same
scripts/recordmcount.pl: Make indent spacing consistent
tracing: Add a verifier to check string pointers for trace events
...
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mem_init_print_info() is called in mem_init() on each architecture, and
pass NULL argument, so using void argument and move it into mm_init().
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210317015210.33641-1-wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Acked-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com> [x86]
Reviewed-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr> [powerpc]
Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Anatoly Pugachev <matorola@gmail.com> [sparc64]
Acked-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk> [arm]
Acked-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Guo Ren <guoren@kernel.org>
Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.osdn.me>
Cc: Huacai Chen <chenhuacai@kernel.org>
Cc: Jonas Bonn <jonas@southpole.se>
Cc: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@dabbelt.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: "Peter Zijlstra" <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This changes the awkward approach where architectures provide init
functions to determine which levels they can provide large mappings for,
to one where the arch is queried for each call.
This removes code and indirection, and allows constant-folding of dead
code for unsupported levels.
This also adds a prot argument to the arch query. This is unused
currently but could help with some architectures (e.g., some powerpc
processors can't map uncacheable memory with large pages).
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210317062402.533919-7-npiggin@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Ding Tianhong <dingtianhong@huawei.com>
Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> [arm64]
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Cc: Russell King <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
Cc: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This provides the ability for architectures to enable kernel stack base
address offset randomization. This feature is controlled by the boot
param "randomize_kstack_offset=on/off", with its default value set by
CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT.
This feature is based on the original idea from the last public release
of PaX's RANDKSTACK feature: https://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/randkstack.txt
All the credit for the original idea goes to the PaX team. Note that
the design and implementation of this upstream randomize_kstack_offset
feature differs greatly from the RANDKSTACK feature (see below).
Reasoning for the feature:
This feature aims to make harder the various stack-based attacks that
rely on deterministic stack structure. We have had many such attacks in
past (just to name few):
https://jon.oberheide.org/files/infiltrate12-thestackisback.pdf
https://jon.oberheide.org/files/stackjacking-infiltrate11.pdf
https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2016/06/exploiting-recursion-in-linux-kernel_20.html
As Linux kernel stack protections have been constantly improving
(vmap-based stack allocation with guard pages, removal of thread_info,
STACKLEAK), attackers have had to find new ways for their exploits
to work. They have done so, continuing to rely on the kernel's stack
determinism, in situations where VMAP_STACK and THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK_STRUCT
were not relevant. For example, the following recent attacks would have
been hampered if the stack offset was non-deterministic between syscalls:
https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/125357/2/374717.pdf
(page 70: targeting the pt_regs copy with linear stack overflow)
https://a13xp0p0v.github.io/2020/02/15/CVE-2019-18683.html
(leaked stack address from one syscall as a target during next syscall)
The main idea is that since the stack offset is randomized on each system
call, it is harder for an attack to reliably land in any particular place
on the thread stack, even with address exposures, as the stack base will
change on the next syscall. Also, since randomization is performed after
placing pt_regs, the ptrace-based approach[1] to discover the randomized
offset during a long-running syscall should not be possible.
Design description:
During most of the kernel's execution, it runs on the "thread stack",
which is pretty deterministic in its structure: it is fixed in size,
and on every entry from userspace to kernel on a syscall the thread
stack starts construction from an address fetched from the per-cpu
cpu_current_top_of_stack variable. The first element to be pushed to the
thread stack is the pt_regs struct that stores all required CPU registers
and syscall parameters. Finally the specific syscall function is called,
with the stack being used as the kernel executes the resulting request.
The goal of randomize_kstack_offset feature is to add a random offset
after the pt_regs has been pushed to the stack and before the rest of the
thread stack is used during the syscall processing, and to change it every
time a process issues a syscall. The source of randomness is currently
architecture-defined (but x86 is using the low byte of rdtsc()). Future
improvements for different entropy sources is possible, but out of scope
for this patch. Further more, to add more unpredictability, new offsets
are chosen at the end of syscalls (the timing of which should be less
easy to measure from userspace than at syscall entry time), and stored
in a per-CPU variable, so that the life of the value does not stay
explicitly tied to a single task.
As suggested by Andy Lutomirski, the offset is added using alloca()
and an empty asm() statement with an output constraint, since it avoids
changes to assembly syscall entry code, to the unwinder, and provides
correct stack alignment as defined by the compiler.
In order to make this available by default with zero performance impact
for those that don't want it, it is boot-time selectable with static
branches. This way, if the overhead is not wanted, it can just be
left turned off with no performance impact.
The generated assembly for x86_64 with GCC looks like this:
...
ffffffff81003977: 65 8b 05 02 ea 00 7f mov %gs:0x7f00ea02(%rip),%eax
# 12380 <kstack_offset>
ffffffff8100397e: 25 ff 03 00 00 and $0x3ff,%eax
ffffffff81003983: 48 83 c0 0f add $0xf,%rax
ffffffff81003987: 25 f8 07 00 00 and $0x7f8,%eax
ffffffff8100398c: 48 29 c4 sub %rax,%rsp
ffffffff8100398f: 48 8d 44 24 0f lea 0xf(%rsp),%rax
ffffffff81003994: 48 83 e0 f0 and $0xfffffffffffffff0,%rax
...
As a result of the above stack alignment, this patch introduces about
5 bits of randomness after pt_regs is spilled to the thread stack on
x86_64, and 6 bits on x86_32 (since its has 1 fewer bit required for
stack alignment). The amount of entropy could be adjusted based on how
much of the stack space we wish to trade for security.
My measure of syscall performance overhead (on x86_64):
lmbench: /usr/lib/lmbench/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu/lat_syscall -N 10000 null
randomize_kstack_offset=y Simple syscall: 0.7082 microseconds
randomize_kstack_offset=n Simple syscall: 0.7016 microseconds
So, roughly 0.9% overhead growth for a no-op syscall, which is very
manageable. And for people that don't want this, it's off by default.
There are two gotchas with using the alloca() trick. First,
compilers that have Stack Clash protection (-fstack-clash-protection)
enabled by default (e.g. Ubuntu[3]) add pagesize stack probes to
any dynamic stack allocations. While the randomization offset is
always less than a page, the resulting assembly would still contain
(unreachable!) probing routines, bloating the resulting assembly. To
avoid this, -fno-stack-clash-protection is unconditionally added to
the kernel Makefile since this is the only dynamic stack allocation in
the kernel (now that VLAs have been removed) and it is provably safe
from Stack Clash style attacks.
The second gotcha with alloca() is a negative interaction with
-fstack-protector*, in that it sees the alloca() as an array allocation,
which triggers the unconditional addition of the stack canary function
pre/post-amble which slows down syscalls regardless of the static
branch. In order to avoid adding this unneeded check and its associated
performance impact, architectures need to carefully remove uses of
-fstack-protector-strong (or -fstack-protector) in the compilation units
that use the add_random_kstack() macro and to audit the resulting stack
mitigation coverage (to make sure no desired coverage disappears). No
change is visible for this on x86 because the stack protector is already
unconditionally disabled for the compilation unit, but the change is
required on arm64. There is, unfortunately, no attribute that can be
used to disable stack protector for specific functions.
Comparison to PaX RANDKSTACK feature:
The RANDKSTACK feature randomizes the location of the stack start
(cpu_current_top_of_stack), i.e. including the location of pt_regs
structure itself on the stack. Initially this patch followed the same
approach, but during the recent discussions[2], it has been determined
to be of a little value since, if ptrace functionality is available for
an attacker, they can use PTRACE_PEEKUSR/PTRACE_POKEUSR to read/write
different offsets in the pt_regs struct, observe the cache behavior of
the pt_regs accesses, and figure out the random stack offset. Another
difference is that the random offset is stored in a per-cpu variable,
rather than having it be per-thread. As a result, these implementations
differ a fair bit in their implementation details and results, though
obviously the intent is similar.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/kernel-hardening/2236FBA76BA1254E88B949DDB74E612BA4BC57C1@IRSMSX102.ger.corp.intel.com/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/kernel-hardening/20190329081358.30497-1-elena.reshetova@intel.com/
[3] https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel/2019-June/040741.html
Co-developed-by: Elena Reshetova <elena.reshetova@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Elena Reshetova <elena.reshetova@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210401232347.2791257-4-keescook@chromium.org
|
|
Parameter "cmdline" has no use, drop it.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210311085213.27680-1-jojing64@gmail.com
Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Cao jin <jojing64@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
|
|
Currently breakpoints in kernel .init.text section are not handled
correctly while allowing to remove them even after corresponding pages
have been freed.
Fix it via killing .init.text section breakpoints just prior to initmem
pages being freed.
Doug: "HW breakpoints aren't handled by this patch but it's probably
not such a big deal".
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210224081652.587785-1-sumit.garg@linaro.org
Signed-off-by: Sumit Garg <sumit.garg@linaro.org>
Suggested-by: Doug Anderson <dianders@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Doug Anderson <dianders@chromium.org>
Acked-by: Daniel Thompson <daniel.thompson@linaro.org>
Tested-by: Daniel Thompson <daniel.thompson@linaro.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Jason Wessel <jason.wessel@windriver.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Add a kernel parameter stack_depot_disable to disable stack depot. So
that stack hash table doesn't consume any memory when stack depot is
disabled.
The use case is CONFIG_PAGE_OWNER without page_owner=on. Without this
patch, stackdepot will consume the memory for the hashtable. By default,
it's 8M which is never trivial.
With this option, in CONFIG_PAGE_OWNER configured system, page_owner=off,
stack_depot_disable in kernel command line, we could save the wasted
memory for the hashtable.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_STACKDEPOT=n build]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1611749198-24316-2-git-send-email-vjitta@codeaurora.org
Signed-off-by: Vinayak Menon <vinmenon@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Vijayanand Jitta <vjitta@codeaurora.org>
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Yogesh Lal <ylal@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Patch series "KFENCE: A low-overhead sampling-based memory safety error detector", v7.
This adds the Kernel Electric-Fence (KFENCE) infrastructure. KFENCE is a
low-overhead sampling-based memory safety error detector of heap
use-after-free, invalid-free, and out-of-bounds access errors. This
series enables KFENCE for the x86 and arm64 architectures, and adds
KFENCE hooks to the SLAB and SLUB allocators.
KFENCE is designed to be enabled in production kernels, and has near
zero performance overhead. Compared to KASAN, KFENCE trades performance
for precision. The main motivation behind KFENCE's design, is that with
enough total uptime KFENCE will detect bugs in code paths not typically
exercised by non-production test workloads. One way to quickly achieve a
large enough total uptime is when the tool is deployed across a large
fleet of machines.
KFENCE objects each reside on a dedicated page, at either the left or
right page boundaries. The pages to the left and right of the object
page are "guard pages", whose attributes are changed to a protected
state, and cause page faults on any attempted access to them. Such page
faults are then intercepted by KFENCE, which handles the fault
gracefully by reporting a memory access error.
Guarded allocations are set up based on a sample interval (can be set
via kfence.sample_interval). After expiration of the sample interval,
the next allocation through the main allocator (SLAB or SLUB) returns a
guarded allocation from the KFENCE object pool. At this point, the timer
is reset, and the next allocation is set up after the expiration of the
interval.
To enable/disable a KFENCE allocation through the main allocator's
fast-path without overhead, KFENCE relies on static branches via the
static keys infrastructure. The static branch is toggled to redirect the
allocation to KFENCE.
The KFENCE memory pool is of fixed size, and if the pool is exhausted no
further KFENCE allocations occur. The default config is conservative
with only 255 objects, resulting in a pool size of 2 MiB (with 4 KiB
pages).
We have verified by running synthetic benchmarks (sysbench I/O,
hackbench) and production server-workload benchmarks that a kernel with
KFENCE (using sample intervals 100-500ms) is performance-neutral
compared to a non-KFENCE baseline kernel.
KFENCE is inspired by GWP-ASan [1], a userspace tool with similar
properties. The name "KFENCE" is a homage to the Electric Fence Malloc
Debugger [2].
For more details, see Documentation/dev-tools/kfence.rst added in the
series -- also viewable here:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/google/kasan/kfence/Documentation/dev-tools/kfence.rst
[1] http://llvm.org/docs/GwpAsan.html
[2] https://linux.die.net/man/3/efence
This patch (of 9):
This adds the Kernel Electric-Fence (KFENCE) infrastructure. KFENCE is a
low-overhead sampling-based memory safety error detector of heap
use-after-free, invalid-free, and out-of-bounds access errors.
KFENCE is designed to be enabled in production kernels, and has near
zero performance overhead. Compared to KASAN, KFENCE trades performance
for precision. The main motivation behind KFENCE's design, is that with
enough total uptime KFENCE will detect bugs in code paths not typically
exercised by non-production test workloads. One way to quickly achieve a
large enough total uptime is when the tool is deployed across a large
fleet of machines.
KFENCE objects each reside on a dedicated page, at either the left or
right page boundaries. The pages to the left and right of the object
page are "guard pages", whose attributes are changed to a protected
state, and cause page faults on any attempted access to them. Such page
faults are then intercepted by KFENCE, which handles the fault
gracefully by reporting a memory access error. To detect out-of-bounds
writes to memory within the object's page itself, KFENCE also uses
pattern-based redzones. The following figure illustrates the page
layout:
---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---
| xxxxxxxxx | O : | xxxxxxxxx | : O | xxxxxxxxx |
| xxxxxxxxx | B : | xxxxxxxxx | : B | xxxxxxxxx |
| x GUARD x | J : RED- | x GUARD x | RED- : J | x GUARD x |
| xxxxxxxxx | E : ZONE | xxxxxxxxx | ZONE : E | xxxxxxxxx |
| xxxxxxxxx | C : | xxxxxxxxx | : C | xxxxxxxxx |
| xxxxxxxxx | T : | xxxxxxxxx | : T | xxxxxxxxx |
---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---
Guarded allocations are set up based on a sample interval (can be set
via kfence.sample_interval). After expiration of the sample interval, a
guarded allocation from the KFENCE object pool is returned to the main
allocator (SLAB or SLUB). At this point, the timer is reset, and the
next allocation is set up after the expiration of the interval.
To enable/disable a KFENCE allocation through the main allocator's
fast-path without overhead, KFENCE relies on static branches via the
static keys infrastructure. The static branch is toggled to redirect the
allocation to KFENCE. To date, we have verified by running synthetic
benchmarks (sysbench I/O, hackbench) that a kernel compiled with KFENCE
is performance-neutral compared to the non-KFENCE baseline.
For more details, see Documentation/dev-tools/kfence.rst (added later in
the series).
[elver@google.com: fix parameter description for kfence_object_start()]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106092149.GA2851373@elver.google.com
[elver@google.com: avoid stalling work queue task without allocations]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CADYN=9J0DQhizAGB0-jz4HOBBh+05kMBXb4c0cXMS7Qi5NAJiw@mail.gmail.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201110135320.3309507-1-elver@google.com
[elver@google.com: fix potential deadlock due to wake_up()]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/000000000000c0645805b7f982e4@google.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210104130749.1768991-1-elver@google.com
[elver@google.com: add option to use KFENCE without static keys]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210111091544.3287013-1-elver@google.com
[elver@google.com: add missing copyright and description headers]
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210118092159.145934-1-elver@google.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201103175841.3495947-2-elver@google.com
Signed-off-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Reviewed-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@amazon.de>
Co-developed-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Christopher Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@purestorage.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
SFI-based platforms are gone. So does this framework.
This removes mention of SFI through the drivers and other code as well.
Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Hans de Goede <hdegoede@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
|
|
On ARCH=um, loading a module doesn't result in its constructors getting
called, which breaks module gcov since the debugfs files are never
registered. On the other hand, in-kernel constructors have already been
called by the dynamic linker, so we can't call them again.
Get out of this conundrum by allowing CONFIG_CONSTRUCTORS to be
selected, but avoiding the in-kernel constructor calls.
Also remove the "if !UML" from GCOV selecting CONSTRUCTORS now, since we
really do want CONSTRUCTORS, just not kernel binary ones.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20210120172041.c246a2cac2fb.I1358f584b76f1898373adfed77f4462c8705b736@changeid
Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes.berg@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Peter Oberparleiter <oberpar@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Jessica Yu <jeyu@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
This reverts commit 757055ae8dedf5333af17b3b5b4b70ba9bc9da4e.
The commit caused that ttynull was used as the default console
on several systems[1][2][3]. As a result, the console was
blank even when a better alternative existed.
It happened when there was no console configured
on the command line and ttynull_init() was the first initcall
calling register_console().
Or it happened when /dev/ did not exist when console_on_rootfs()
was called. It was not able to open /dev/console even though
a console driver was registered. It tried to add ttynull console
but it obviously did not help. But ttynull became the preferred
console and was used by /dev/console when it was available later.
The commit tried to fix a historical problem that have been there
for ages. The primary motivation was the commit 3cffa06aeef7ece30f6
("printk/console: Allow to disable console output by using console=""
or console=null"). It provided a clean solution for a workaround
that was widely used and worked only by chance.
This revert causes that the console="" or console=null command line
options will again work only by chance. These options will cause that
a particular console will be preferred and the default (tty) ones
will not get enabled. There will be no console registered at
all. As a result there won't be stdin, stdout, and stderr for
the init process. But it worked exactly this way even before.
The proper solution has to fulfill many conditions:
+ Register ttynull only when explicitly required or as
the ultimate fallback.
+ ttynull should get associated with /dev/console but it must
not become preferred console when used as a fallback.
Especially, it must still be possible to replace it
by a better console later.
Such a change requires clean up of the register_console() code.
Otherwise, it would be even harder to follow. Especially, the use
of has_preferred_console and CON_CONSDEV flag is tricky. The clean
up is risky. The ordering of consoles is not well defined. And
any changes tend to break existing user settings.
Do the revert at the least risky solution for now.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-kselftest/20201221144302.GR4077@smile.fi.intel.com/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/d2a3b3c0-e548-7dd1-730f-59bc5c04e191@synopsys.com/
[3] https://patchwork.ozlabs.org/project/linux-um/patch/20210105120128.10854-1-thomas@m3y3r.de/
Reported-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Reported-by: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com>
Reported-by: Thomas Meyer <thomas@m3y3r.de>
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Acked-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Pull RCU fix from Paul McKenney:
"This is a fix for a regression in the v5.10 merge window, but it was
reported quite late in the v5.10 process, plus generating and testing
the fix took some time.
The regression is due to commit 36dadef23fcc ("kprobes: Init kprobes
in early_initcall") which on powerpc can use RCU Tasks before
initialization, resulting in boot failures.
The fix is straightforward, simply moving initialization of RCU Tasks
before the early_initcall()s. The fix has been exposed to -next and
kbuild test robot testing, and has been tested by the PowerPC guys"
* 'rcu/urgent' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/paulmck/linux-rcu:
rcu-tasks: Move RCU-tasks initialization to before early_initcall()
|
|
Pull printk updates from Petr Mladek:
- Finally allow parallel writes and reads into/from the lockless
ringbuffer. But it is not a complete solution. Readers are still
serialized against each other. And nested writes are still prevented
by printk_safe per-CPU buffers.
- Use ttynull as the ultimate fallback for /dev/console.
- Officially allow disabling console output by using console="" or
console=null
- A few code cleanups
* tag 'printk-for-5.11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/printk/linux:
printk: remove logbuf_lock writer-protection of ringbuffer
printk: inline log_output(),log_store() in vprintk_store()
printk: remove obsolete dead assignment
printk/console: Allow to disable console output by using console="" or console=null
init/console: Use ttynull as a fallback when there is no console
printk: ringbuffer: Reference text_data_ring directly in callees.
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Patch series "cleanup page poisoning", v3.
I have identified a number of issues and opportunities for cleanup with
CONFIG_PAGE_POISON and friends:
- interaction with init_on_alloc and init_on_free parameters depends on
the order of parameters (Patch 1)
- the boot time enabling uses static key, but inefficienty (Patch 2)
- sanity checking is incompatible with hibernation (Patch 3)
- CONFIG_PAGE_POISONING_NO_SANITY can be removed now that we have
init_on_free (Patch 4)
- CONFIG_PAGE_POISONING_ZERO can be most likely removed now that we
have init_on_free (Patch 5)
This patch (of 5):
Enabling page_poison=1 together with init_on_alloc=1 or init_on_free=1
produces a warning in dmesg that page_poison takes precedence. However,
as these warnings are printed in early_param handlers for
init_on_alloc/free, they are not printed if page_poison is enabled later
on the command line (handlers are called in the order of their
parameters), or when init_on_alloc/free is always enabled by the
respective config option - before the page_poison early param handler is
called, it is not considered to be enabled. This is inconsistent.
We can remove the dependency on order by making the init_on_* parameters
only set a boolean variable, and postponing the evaluation after all early
params have been processed. Introduce a new
init_mem_debugging_and_hardening() function for that, and move the related
debug_pagealloc processing there as well.
As a result init_mem_debugging_and_hardening() knows always accurately if
init_on_* and/or page_poison options were enabled. Thus we can also
optimize want_init_on_alloc() and want_init_on_free(). We don't need to
check page_poisoning_enabled() there, we can instead not enable the
init_on_* static keys at all, if page poisoning is enabled. This results
in a simpler and more effective code.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201113104033.22907-1-vbabka@suse.cz
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201113104033.22907-2-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Mateusz Nosek <mateusznosek0@gmail.com>
Cc: Laura Abbott <labbott@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
In the booting phase if CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT is set,
we have following callchain:
start_kernel
...
mm_init
mem_init
memblock_free_all
reset_all_zones_managed_pages
free_low_memory_core_early
...
buffer_init
nr_free_buffer_pages
zone->managed_pages
...
rest_init
kernel_init
kernel_init_freeable
page_alloc_init_late
kthread_run(deferred_init_memmap, NODE_DATA(nid), "pgdatinit%d", nid);
wait_for_completion(&pgdat_init_all_done_comp);
...
files_maxfiles_init
It's clear that buffer_init depends on zone->managed_pages, but it's reset
in reset_all_zones_managed_pages after that pages are readded into
zone->managed_pages, but when buffer_init runs this process is half done
and most of them will finally be added till deferred_init_memmap done. In
large memory couting of nr_free_buffer_pages drifts too much, also
drifting from kernels to kernels on same hardware.
Fix is simple, it delays buffer_init run till deferred_init_memmap all
done.
But as corrected by this patch, max_buffer_heads becomes very large, the
value is roughly as many as 4 times of totalram_pages, formula:
max_buffer_heads = nrpages * (10%) * (PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(struct
buffer_head));
Say in a 64GB memory box we have 16777216 pages, then max_buffer_heads
turns out to be roughly 67,108,864. In common cases, should a buffer_head
be mapped to one page/block(4KB)? So max_buffer_heads never exceeds
totalram_pages. IMO it's likely to make buffer_heads_over_limit bool
value alwasy false, then make codes 'if (buffer_heads_over_limit)' test in
vmscan unnecessary.
So this patch will change the original behavior related to
buffer_heads_over_limit in vmscan since we used a half done value of
zone->managed_pages before, or should we use a smaller factor(<10%) in
previous formula.
akpm: I think this is OK - the max_buffer_heads code is only needed on
highmem machines, to prevent ZONE_NORMAL from being consumed by large
amounts of buffer_heads attached to highmem pagecache. This problem will
not occur on 64-bit machines, so this feature's non-functionality on such
machines is a feature, not a bug.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201123110500.103523-1-linf@wangsu.com
Signed-off-by: Lin Feng <linf@wangsu.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Page owner of pages used by page owner itself used is missing on arm32
targets. The reason is dummy_handle and failure_handle is not initialized
correctly. Buddy allocator is used to initialize these two handles.
However, buddy allocator is not ready when page owner calls it. This
change fixed that by initializing page owner after buddy initialization.
The working flow before and after this change are:
original logic:
1. allocated memory for page_ext(using memblock).
2. invoke the init callback of page_ext_ops like page_owner(using buddy
allocator).
3. initialize buddy.
after this change:
1. allocated memory for page_ext(using memblock).
2. initialize buddy.
3. invoke the init callback of page_ext_ops like page_owner(using buddy
allocator).
with the change, failure/dummy_handle can get its correct value and page
owner output for example has the one for page owner itself:
Page allocated via order 2, mask 0x6202c0(GFP_USER|__GFP_NOWARN), pid 1006, ts 67278156558 ns
PFN 543776 type Unmovable Block 531 type Unmovable Flags 0x0()
init_page_owner+0x28/0x2f8
invoke_init_callbacks_flatmem+0x24/0x34
start_kernel+0x33c/0x5d8
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1603104925-5888-1-git-send-email-zhenhuah@codeaurora.org
Signed-off-by: Zhenhua Huang <zhenhuah@codeaurora.org>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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PowerPC testing encountered boot failures due to RCU Tasks not being
fully initialized until core_initcall() time. This commit therefore
initializes RCU Tasks (along with Rude RCU and RCU Tasks Trace) just
before early_initcall() time, thus allowing waiting on RCU Tasks grace
periods from early_initcall() handlers.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/rcu/87eekfh80a.fsf@dja-thinkpad.axtens.net/
Fixes: 36dadef23fcc ("kprobes: Init kprobes in early_initcall")
Tested-by: Daniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net>
Signed-off-by: Uladzislau Rezki (Sony) <urezki@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>
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Load the size and the checksum fields in the footer as le32
instead of u32. This will allow us to apply bootconfig to the
cross build initrd without caring the endianness.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/160583934457.547349.10504070298990791074.stgit@devnote2
Reported-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Suggested-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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stdin, stdout, and stderr standard I/O stream are created for the init
process. They are not available when there is no console registered
for /dev/console. It might lead to a crash when the init process
tries to use them, see the commit 48021f98130880dd742 ("printk: handle
blank console arguments passed in.").
Normally, ttySX and ttyX consoles are used as a fallback when no consoles
are defined via the command line, device tree, or SPCR. But there
will be no console registered when an invalid console name is configured
or when the configured consoles do not exist on the system.
Users even try to avoid the console intentionally, for example,
by using console="" or console=null. It is used on production
systems where the serial port or terminal are not visible to
users. Pushing messages to these consoles would just unnecessary
slowdown the system.
Make sure that stdin, stdout, stderr, and /dev/console are always
available by a fallback to the existing ttynull driver. It has
been implemented for exactly this purpose but it was used only
when explicitly configured.
Reviewed-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net>
Tested-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net>
Acked-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20201111135450.11214-2-pmladek@suse.com
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Since Grub may align the size of initrd to 4 if user pass
initrd from cpio, we have to check the preceding 3 bytes as well.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/160520205132.303174.4876760192433315429.stgit@devnote2
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 85c46b78da58 ("bootconfig: Add bootconfig magic word for indicating bootconfig explicitly")
Reported-by: Chen Yu <yu.chen.surf@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Chen Yu <yu.chen.surf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Pull more Kunit updates from Shuah Khan:
- add Kunit to kernel_init() and remove KUnit from init calls entirely.
This addresses the concern that Kunit would not work correctly during
late init phase.
- add a linker section where KUnit can put references to its test
suites.
This is the first step in transitioning to dispatching all KUnit
tests from a centralized executor rather than having each as its own
separate late_initcall.
- add a centralized executor to dispatch tests rather than relying on
late_initcall to schedule each test suite separately. Centralized
execution is for built-in tests only; modules will execute tests when
loaded.
- convert bitfield test to use KUnit framework
- Documentation updates for naming guidelines and how
kunit_test_suite() works.
- add test plan to KUnit TAP format
* tag 'linux-kselftest-kunit-5.10-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/shuah/linux-kselftest:
lib: kunit: Fix compilation test when using TEST_BIT_FIELD_COMPILE
lib: kunit: add bitfield test conversion to KUnit
Documentation: kunit: add a brief blurb about kunit_test_suite
kunit: test: add test plan to KUnit TAP format
init: main: add KUnit to kernel init
kunit: test: create a single centralized executor for all tests
vmlinux.lds.h: add linker section for KUnit test suites
Documentation: kunit: Add naming guidelines
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Pull trivial updates from Jiri Kosina:
"The latest advances in computer science from the trivial queue"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial:
xtensa: fix Kconfig typo
spelling.txt: Remove some duplicate entries
mtd: rawnand: oxnas: cleanup/simplify code
selftests: vm: add fragment CONFIG_GUP_BENCHMARK
perf: Fix opt help text for --no-bpf-event
HID: logitech-dj: Fix spelling in comment
bootconfig: Fix kernel message mentioning CONFIG_BOOT_CONFIG
MAINTAINERS: rectify MMP SUPPORT after moving cputype.h
scif: Fix spelling of EACCES
printk: fix global comment
lib/bitmap.c: fix spello
fs: Fix missing 'bit' in comment
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Although we have not seen any actual examples where KUnit doesn't work
because it runs in the late init phase of the kernel, it has been a
concern for some time that this could potentially be an issue in the
future. So, remove KUnit from init calls entirely, instead call directly
from kernel_init() so that KUnit runs after late init.
Co-developed-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Brendan Higgins <brendanhiggins@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Reviewed-by: Luis Chamberlain <mcgrof@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Shuah Khan <skhan@linuxfoundation.org>
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This eliminates the following sparse warning:
init/main.c:306:6: warning: symbol 'xbc_namebuf' was not declared.
Should it be static?
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200915070324.2239473-1-yanaijie@huawei.com
Reported-by: Hulk Robot <hulkci@huawei.com>
Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jason Yan <yanaijie@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Since kprobe_event= cmdline option allows user to put kprobes on the
functions in initmem, kprobe has to make such probes gone after boot.
Currently the probes on the init functions in modules will be handled
by module callback, but the kernel init text isn't handled.
Without this, kprobes may access non-exist text area to disable or
remove it.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/159972810544.428528.1839307531600646955.stgit@devnote2
Fixes: 970988e19eb0 ("tracing/kprobe: Add kprobe_event= boot parameter")
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Shuah Khan <skhan@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Fix up one typo: CONFIG_BOOTCONFIG -> CONFIG_BOOT_CONFIG
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Shaokun Zhang <zhangshaokun@hisilicon.com>
Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
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Pull tracing updates from Steven Rostedt:
- The biggest news in that the tracing ring buffer can now time events
that interrupted other ring buffer events.
Before this change, if an interrupt came in while recording another
event, and that interrupt also had an event, those events would all
have the same time stamp as the event it interrupted.
Now, with the new design, those events will have a unique time stamp
and rightfully display the time for those events that were recorded
while interrupting another event.
- Bootconfig how has an "override" operator that lets the users have a
default config, but then add options to override the default.
- A fix was made to properly filter function graph tracing to the
ftrace PIDs. This came in at the end of the -rc cycle, and needs to
be backported.
- Several clean ups, performance updates, and minor fixes as well.
* tag 'trace-v5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace: (39 commits)
tracing: Add trace_array_init_printk() to initialize instance trace_printk() buffers
kprobes: Fix compiler warning for !CONFIG_KPROBES_ON_FTRACE
tracing: Use trace_sched_process_free() instead of exit() for pid tracing
bootconfig: Fix to find the initargs correctly
Documentation: bootconfig: Add bootconfig override operator
tools/bootconfig: Add testcases for value override operator
lib/bootconfig: Add override operator support
kprobes: Remove show_registers() function prototype
tracing/uprobe: Remove dead code in trace_uprobe_register()
kprobes: Fix NULL pointer dereference at kprobe_ftrace_handler
ftrace: Fix ftrace_trace_task return value
tracepoint: Use __used attribute definitions from compiler_attributes.h
tracepoint: Mark __tracepoint_string's __used
trace : Have tracing buffer info use kvzalloc instead of kzalloc
tracing: Remove outdated comment in stack handling
ftrace: Do not let direct or IPMODIFY ftrace_ops be added to module and set trampolines
ftrace: Setup correct FTRACE_FL_REGS flags for module
tracing/hwlat: Honor the tracing_cpumask
tracing/hwlat: Drop the duplicate assignment in start_kthread()
tracing: Save one trace_event->type by using __TRACE_LAST_TYPE
...
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Merge misc updates from Andrew Morton:
- a few MM hotfixes
- kthread, tools, scripts, ntfs and ocfs2
- some of MM
Subsystems affected by this patch series: kthread, tools, scripts, ntfs,
ocfs2 and mm (hofixes, pagealloc, slab-generic, slab, slub, kcsan,
debug, pagecache, gup, swap, shmem, memcg, pagemap, mremap, mincore,
sparsemem, vmalloc, kasan, pagealloc, hugetlb and vmscan).
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (162 commits)
mm: vmscan: consistent update to pgrefill
mm/vmscan.c: fix typo
khugepaged: khugepaged_test_exit() check mmget_still_valid()
khugepaged: retract_page_tables() remember to test exit
khugepaged: collapse_pte_mapped_thp() protect the pmd lock
khugepaged: collapse_pte_mapped_thp() flush the right range
mm/hugetlb: fix calculation of adjust_range_if_pmd_sharing_possible
mm: thp: replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
mm/page_alloc: fix memalloc_nocma_{save/restore} APIs
mm/page_alloc.c: skip setting nodemask when we are in interrupt
mm/page_alloc: fallbacks at most has 3 elements
mm/page_alloc: silence a KASAN false positive
mm/page_alloc.c: remove unnecessary end_bitidx for [set|get]_pfnblock_flags_mask()
mm/page_alloc.c: simplify pageblock bitmap access
mm/page_alloc.c: extract the common part in pfn_to_bitidx()
mm/page_alloc.c: replace the definition of NR_MIGRATETYPE_BITS with PB_migratetype_bits
mm/shuffle: remove dynamic reconfiguration
mm/memory_hotplug: document why shuffle_zone() is relevant
mm/page_alloc: remove nr_free_pagecache_pages()
mm: remove vm_total_pages
...
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This patch prepares Software Tag-Based KASAN for stack tagging support.
With stack tagging enabled, KASAN tags stack variable in each function in
its prologue. In start_kernel() stack variables get tagged before KASAN
is enabled via setup_arch()->kasan_init(). As the result the tags for
start_kernel()'s stack variables end up in the temporary shadow memory.
Later when KASAN gets enabled, switched to normal shadow, and starts
checking tags, this leads to false-positive reports, as proper tags are
missing in normal shadow.
Disable KASAN instrumentation for start_kernel(). Also disable it for
arm64's setup_arch() as a precaution (it doesn't have any stack variables
right now).
[andreyknvl@google.com: reorder attributes for start_kernel()]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/26fb6165a17abcf61222eda5184c030fb6b133d1.1596544734.git.andreyknvl@google.com
Signed-off-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> [arm64]
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Cc: Elena Petrova <lenaptr@google.com>
Cc: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
Cc: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
Cc: Walter Wu <walter-zh.wu@mediatek.com>
Cc: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/55d432671a92e931ab8234b03dc36b14d4c21bfb.1596199677.git.andreyknvl@google.com
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Pull init and set_fs() cleanups from Al Viro:
"Christoph's 'getting rid of ksys_...() uses under KERNEL_DS' series"
* 'hch.init_path' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (50 commits)
init: add an init_dup helper
init: add an init_utimes helper
init: add an init_stat helper
init: add an init_mknod helper
init: add an init_mkdir helper
init: add an init_symlink helper
init: add an init_link helper
init: add an init_eaccess helper
init: add an init_chmod helper
init: add an init_chown helper
init: add an init_chroot helper
init: add an init_chdir helper
init: add an init_rmdir helper
init: add an init_unlink helper
init: add an init_umount helper
init: add an init_mount helper
init: mark create_dev as __init
init: mark console_on_rootfs as __init
init: initialize ramdisk_execute_command at compile time
devtmpfs: refactor devtmpfsd()
...
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Add a simple helper to grab a reference to a file and install it at
the next available fd, and switch the early init code over to it.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Pull execve updates from Eric Biederman:
"During the development of v5.7 I ran into bugs and quality of
implementation issues related to exec that could not be easily fixed
because of the way exec is implemented. So I have been diggin into
exec and cleaning up what I can.
This cycle I have been looking at different ideas and different
implementations to see what is possible to improve exec, and cleaning
the way exec interfaces with in kernel users. Only cleaning up the
interfaces of exec with rest of the kernel has managed to stabalize
and make it through review in time for v5.9-rc1 resulting in 2 sets of
changes this cycle.
- Implement kernel_execve
- Make the user mode driver code a better citizen
With kernel_execve the code size got a little larger as the copying of
parameters from userspace and copying of parameters from userspace is
now separate. The good news is kernel threads no longer need to play
games with set_fs to use exec. Which when combined with the rest of
Christophs set_fs changes should security bugs with set_fs much more
difficult"
* 'exec-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiederm/user-namespace: (23 commits)
exec: Implement kernel_execve
exec: Factor bprm_stack_limits out of prepare_arg_pages
exec: Factor bprm_execve out of do_execve_common
exec: Move bprm_mm_init into alloc_bprm
exec: Move initialization of bprm->filename into alloc_bprm
exec: Factor out alloc_bprm
exec: Remove unnecessary spaces from binfmts.h
umd: Stop using split_argv
umd: Remove exit_umh
bpfilter: Take advantage of the facilities of struct pid
exit: Factor thread_group_exited out of pidfd_poll
umd: Track user space drivers with struct pid
bpfilter: Move bpfilter_umh back into init data
exec: Remove do_execve_file
umh: Stop calling do_execve_file
umd: Transform fork_usermode_blob into fork_usermode_driver
umd: Rename umd_info.cmdline umd_info.driver_name
umd: For clarity rename umh_info umd_info
umh: Separate the user mode driver and the user mode helper support
umh: Remove call_usermodehelper_setup_file.
...
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Since the parse_args() stops parsing at '--', bootconfig_params()
will never get the '--' as param and initargs_found never be true.
In the result, if we pass some init arguments via the bootconfig,
those are always appended to the kernel command line with '--'
even if the kernel command line already has '--'.
To fix this correctly, check the return value of parse_args()
and set initargs_found true if the return value is not an error
but a valid address.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/159650953285.270383.14822353843556363851.stgit@devnote2
Fixes: f61872bb58a1 ("bootconfig: Use parse_args() to find bootconfig and '--'")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reported-by: Arvind Sankar <nivedita@alum.mit.edu>
Suggested-by: Arvind Sankar <nivedita@alum.mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
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Add a simple helper to check if a file exists based on kernel space file
name and switch the early init code over to it. Note that this
theoretically changes behavior as it always is based on the effective
permissions. But during early init that doesn't make a difference.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
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This helper is only used for the early init code.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
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Set ramdisk_execute_command to "/init" at compile time. The command
line can still override it, but this saves a few instructions and
removes a NULL check.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
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Don't rely on the implicit set_fs(KERNEL_DS) for ksys_open to work, but
instead open a struct file for /dev/console and then install it as FD
0/1/2 manually.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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To allow the kernel not to play games with set_fs to call exec
implement kernel_execve. The function kernel_execve takes pointers
into kernel memory and copies the values pointed to onto the new
userspace stack.
The calls with arguments from kernel space of do_execve are replaced
with calls to kernel_execve.
The calls do_execve and do_execveat are made static as there are now
no callers outside of exec.
The comments that mention do_execve are updated to refer to
kernel_execve or execve depending on the circumstances. In addition
to correcting the comments, this makes it easy to grep for do_execve
and verify it is not used.
Inspired-by: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200627072704.2447163-1-hch@lst.de
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/87wo365ikj.fsf@x220.int.ebiederm.org
Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
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In addition to -ftrivial-auto-var-init=pattern (used by
CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL now) Clang also supports zero initialization for
locals enabled by -ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero. The future of this flag
is still being debated (see https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=45497).
Right now it is guarded by another flag,
-enable-trivial-auto-var-init-zero-knowing-it-will-be-removed-from-clang,
which means it may not be supported by future Clang releases. Another
possible resolution is that -ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero will persist
(as certain users have already started depending on it), but the name
of the guard flag will change.
In the meantime, zero initialization has proven itself as a good
production mitigation measure against uninitialized locals. Unlike pattern
initialization, which has a higher chance of triggering existing bugs,
zero initialization provides safe defaults for strings, pointers, indexes,
and sizes. On the other hand, pattern initialization remains safer for
return values. Chrome OS and Android are moving to using zero
initialization for production builds.
Performance-wise, the difference between pattern and zero initialization
is usually negligible, although the generated code for zero
initialization is more compact.
This patch renames CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL to CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL_PATTERN
and introduces another config option, CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL_ZERO, that
enables zero initialization for locals if the corresponding flags are
supported by Clang.
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200616083435.223038-1-glider@google.com
Reviewed-by: Maciej Żenczykowski <maze@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
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Merge the state of the locking kcsan branch before the read/write_once()
and the atomics modifications got merged.
Squash the fallout of the rebase on top of the read/write once and atomic
fallback work into the merge. The history of the original branch is
preserved in tag locking-kcsan-2020-06-02.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
|
Andrew Halaney
Ingo Molnar
Masami Hiramatsu
Mark Rutland
Peter Zijlstra
Valentin Schneider
Frederic Weisbecker
Linus Torvalds
Rasmus Villemoes
Kefeng Wang
Nicholas Piggin
Kees Cook
Cao jin
Sumit Garg
Vijayanand Jitta
Alexander Potapenko
Andy Shevchenko
Johannes Berg
Petr Mladek
Vlastimil Babka
Lin Feng
Zhenhua Huang
Uladzislau Rezki (Sony)
Brendan Higgins
Jason Yan
Shaokun Zhang
Andrey Konovalov
Christoph Hellwig
Eric W. Biederman
Thomas Gleixner