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Elaborate the API for calling cpuset_zone_allowed(), so that users have to
explicitly choose between the two variants:
cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall()
cpuset_zone_allowed_softwall()
Until now, whether or not you got the hardwall flavor depended solely on
whether or not you or'd in the __GFP_HARDWALL gfp flag to the gfp_mask
argument.
If you didn't specify __GFP_HARDWALL, you implicitly got the softwall
version.
Unfortunately, this meant that users would end up with the softwall version
without thinking about it. Since only the softwall version might sleep,
this led to bugs with possible sleeping in interrupt context on more than
one occassion.
The hardwall version requires that the current tasks mems_allowed allows
the node of the specified zone (or that you're in interrupt or that
__GFP_THISNODE is set or that you're on a one cpuset system.)
The softwall version, depending on the gfp_mask, might allow a node if it
was allowed in the nearest enclusing cpuset marked mem_exclusive (which
requires taking the cpuset lock 'callback_mutex' to evaluate.)
This patch removes the cpuset_zone_allowed() call, and forces the caller to
explicitly choose between the hardwall and the softwall case.
If the caller wants the gfp_mask to determine this choice, they should (1)
be sure they can sleep or that __GFP_HARDWALL is set, and (2) invoke the
cpuset_zone_allowed_softwall() routine.
This adds another 100 or 200 bytes to the kernel text space, due to the few
lines of nearly duplicate code at the top of both cpuset_zone_allowed_*
routines. It should save a few instructions executed for the calls that
turned into calls of cpuset_zone_allowed_hardwall, thanks to not having to
set (before the call) then check (within the call) the __GFP_HARDWALL flag.
For the most critical call, from get_page_from_freelist(), the same
instructions are executed as before -- the old cpuset_zone_allowed()
routine it used to call is the same code as the
cpuset_zone_allowed_softwall() routine that it calls now.
Not a perfect win, but seems worth it, to reduce this chance of hitting a
sleeping with irq off complaint again.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Signed-off-by: Josef Sipek <jsipek@fsl.cs.sunysb.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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When using fake NUMA setup, the number of memory nodes can greatly exceed
the number of CPUs. So the current limit in cpuset_common_file_write() is
insufficient.
Signed-off-by: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Acked-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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- move some file_operations structs into the .rodata section
- move static strings from policy_types[] array into the .rodata section
- fix generic seq_operations usages, so that those structs may be defined
as "const" as well
[akpm@osdl.org: couple of fixes]
Signed-off-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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There was lots of #ifdef noise in the kernel due to hotcpu_notifier(fn,
prio) not correctly marking 'fn' as used in the !HOTPLUG_CPU case, and thus
generating compiler warnings of unused symbols, hence forcing people to add
#ifdefs.
the compiler can skip truly unused functions just fine:
text data bss dec hex filename
1624412 728710 3674856 6027978 5bfaca vmlinux.before
1624412 728710 3674856 6027978 5bfaca vmlinux.after
[akpm@osdl.org: topology.c fix]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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A couple of minor code simplifications to the kernel/cpuset.c code. No
functional change. Just a little less code and a little more readable.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This is mostly included for parity with dec_nlink(), where we will have some
more hooks. This one should stay pretty darn straightforward for now.
Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Fix obscure race condition in kernel/cpuset.c attach_task() code.
There is basically zero chance of anyone accidentally being harmed by this
race.
It requires a special 'micro-stress' load and a special timing loop hacks
in the kernel to hit in less than an hour, and even then you'd have to hit
it hundreds or thousands of times, followed by some unusual and senseless
cpuset configuration requests, including removing the top cpuset, to cause
any visibly harm affects.
One could, with perhaps a few days or weeks of such effort, get the
reference count on the top cpuset below zero, and manage to crash the
kernel by asking to remove the top cpuset.
I found it by code inspection.
The race was introduced when 'the_top_cpuset_hack' was introduced, and one
piece of code was not updated. An old check for a possibly null task
cpuset pointer needed to be changed to a check for a task marked
PF_EXITING. The pointer can't be null anymore, thanks to
the_top_cpuset_hack (documented in kernel/cpuset.c). But the task could
have gone into PF_EXITING state after it was found in the task_list scan.
If a task is PF_EXITING in this code, it is possible that its task->cpuset
pointer is pointing to the top cpuset due to the_top_cpuset_hack, rather
than because the top_cpuset was that tasks last valid cpuset. In that
case, the wrong cpuset reference counter would be decremented.
The fix is trivial. Instead of failing the system call if the tasks cpuset
pointer is null here, fail it if the task is in PF_EXITING state.
The code for 'the_top_cpuset_hack' that changes an exiting tasks cpuset to
the top_cpuset is done without locking, so could happen at anytime. But it
is done during the exit handling, after the PF_EXITING flag is set. So if
we verify that a task is still not PF_EXITING after we copy out its cpuset
pointer (into 'oldcs', below), we know that 'oldcs' is not one of these
hack references to the top_cpuset.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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The cpuset code handling hot unplug of CPUs or Memory Nodes was incorrect -
it could remove a CPU or Node from the top cpuset, while leaving it still
in some child cpusets.
One basic rule of cpusets is that each cpusets cpus and mems are subsets of
its parents. The cpuset hot unplug code violated this rule.
So the cpuset hotunplug handler must walk down the tree, removing any
removed CPU or Node from all cpusets.
However, it is not allowed to make a cpusets cpus or mems become empty.
They can only transition from empty to non-empty, not back.
So if the last CPU or Node would be removed from a cpuset by the above
walk, we scan back up the cpuset hierarchy, finding the nearest ancestor
that still has something online, and copy its CPU or Memory placement.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Cc: Nathan Lynch <ntl@pobox.com>
Cc: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Change the list of memory nodes allowed to tasks in the top (root) nodeset
to dynamically track what cpus are online, using a call to a cpuset hook
from the memory hotplug code. Make this top cpus file read-only.
On systems that have cpusets configured in their kernel, but that aren't
actively using cpusets (for some distros, this covers the majority of
systems) all tasks end up in the top cpuset.
If that system does support memory hotplug, then these tasks cannot make
use of memory nodes that are added after system boot, because the memory
nodes are not allowed in the top cpuset. This is a surprising regression
over earlier kernels that didn't have cpusets enabled.
One key motivation for this change is to remain consistent with the
behaviour for the top_cpuset's 'cpus', which is also read-only, and which
automatically tracks the cpu_online_map.
This change also has the minor benefit that it fixes a long standing,
little noticed, minor bug in cpusets. The cpuset performance tweak to
short circuit the cpuset_zone_allowed() check on systems with just a single
cpuset (see 'number_of_cpusets', in linux/cpuset.h) meant that simply
changing the 'mems' of the top_cpuset had no affect, even though the change
(the write system call) appeared to succeed. With the following change,
that write to the 'mems' file fails -EACCES, and the 'mems' file stubbornly
refuses to be changed via user space writes. Thus no one should be mislead
into thinking they've changed the top_cpusets's 'mems' when in affect they
haven't.
In order to keep the behaviour of cpusets consistent between systems
actively making use of them and systems not using them, this patch changes
the behaviour of the 'mems' file in the top (root) cpuset, making it read
only, and making it automatically track the value of node_online_map. Thus
tasks in the top cpuset will have automatic use of hot plugged memory nodes
allowed by their cpuset.
[akpm@osdl.org: build fix]
[bunk@stusta.de: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This is an updated version of Eric Biederman's is_init() patch.
(http://lkml.org/lkml/2006/2/6/280). It applies cleanly to 2.6.18-rc3 and
replaces a few more instances of ->pid == 1 with is_init().
Further, is_init() checks pid and thus removes dependency on Eric's other
patches for now.
Eric's original description:
There are a lot of places in the kernel where we test for init
because we give it special properties. Most significantly init
must not die. This results in code all over the kernel test
->pid == 1.
Introduce is_init to capture this case.
With multiple pid spaces for all of the cases affected we are
looking for only the first process on the system, not some other
process that has pid == 1.
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Serge Hallyn <serue@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Cedric Le Goater <clg@fr.ibm.com>
Cc: <lxc-devel@lists.sourceforge.net>
Acked-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This eliminates the i_blksize field from struct inode. Filesystems that want
to provide a per-inode st_blksize can do so by providing their own getattr
routine instead of using the generic_fillattr() function.
Note that some filesystems were providing pretty much random (and incorrect)
values for i_blksize.
[bunk@stusta.de: cleanup]
[akpm@osdl.org: generic_fillattr() fix]
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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There are many places where we need to determine the node of a zone.
Currently we use a difficult to read sequence of pointer dereferencing.
Put that into an inline function and use throughout VM. Maybe we can find
a way to optimize the lookup in the future.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Add a new gfp flag __GFP_THISNODE to avoid fallback to other nodes. This
flag is essential if a kernel component requires memory to be located on a
certain node. It will be needed for alloc_pages_node() to force allocation
on the indicated node and for alloc_pages() to force allocation on the
current node.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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cpuset_excl_nodes_overlap always returns 0 if current is exiting. This caused
customer's systems to panic in the OOM killer when processes were having
trouble getting memory for the final put_user in mm_release. Even though
there were lots of processes to kill.
Change to returning 1 in this case. This achieves parity with !CONFIG_CPUSETS
case, and was observed to fix the problem.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Acked-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Change the list of cpus allowed to tasks in the top (root) cpuset to
dynamically track what cpus are online, using a CPU hotplug notifier. Make
this top cpus file read-only.
On systems that have cpusets configured in their kernel, but that aren't
actively using cpusets (for some distros, this covers the majority of
systems) all tasks end up in the top cpuset.
If that system does support CPU hotplug, then these tasks cannot make use
of CPUs that are added after system boot, because the CPUs are not allowed
in the top cpuset. This is a surprising regression over earlier kernels
that didn't have cpusets enabled.
In order to keep the behaviour of cpusets consistent between systems
actively making use of them and systems not using them, this patch changes
the behaviour of the 'cpus' file in the top (root) cpuset, making it read
only, and making it automatically track the value of cpu_online_map. Thus
tasks in the top cpuset will have automatic use of hot plugged CPUs allowed
by their cpuset.
Thanks to Anton Blanchard and Nathan Lynch for reporting this problem,
driving the fix, and earlier versions of this patch.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Cc: Nathan Lynch <ntl@pobox.com>
Cc: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Fix ABBA deadlock between lock_cpu_hotplug() and the cpuset
callback_mutex lock.
It only happens on cpu_exclusive cpusets, due to the dynamic
sched domain code trying to take the cpu hotplug lock inside
the cpuset callback_mutex lock.
This bug has apparently been here for several months, but didn't
get hit until the right customer load on a large system.
This fix appears right from inspection, but it will take a few
more days running it on that customers workload to be confident
we nailed it. We don't have any other reproducible test case.
The cpu_hotplug_lock() tends to cover large runs of code.
The other places that hold both that lock and the cpuset callback
mutex lock always nest the cpuset lock inside the hotplug lock.
This place tries to do the reverse, risking an ABBA deadlock.
This is in the cpuset_rmdir() code, where we:
* take the callback_mutex lock
* mark the cpuset CS_REMOVED
* call update_cpu_domains for cpu_exclusive cpusets
* in that call, take the cpu_hotplug lock if the
cpuset is marked for removal.
Thanks to Jack Steiner for identifying this deadlock.
The fix is to tear down the dynamic sched domain before we grab
the cpuset callback_mutex lock. This way, the two locks are
serialized, with the hotplug lock taken and released before
trying for the cpuset lock.
I suspect that this bug was introduced when I changed the
cpuset locking from one lock to two. The dynamic sched domain
dependency on cpu_exclusive cpusets and its hotplug hooks were
added to this code earlier, when cpusets had only a single lock.
It may well have been fine then.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Signed-off-by: Jörn Engel <joern@wohnheim.fh-wedel.de>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
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Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
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Incrementally update my proc-dont-lock-task_structs-indefinitely patches so
that they work with struct pid instead of struct task_ref.
Mostly this is a straight 1-1 substitution.
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Every inode in /proc holds a reference to a struct task_struct. If a
directory or file is opened and remains open after the the task exits this
pinning continues. With 8K stacks on a 32bit machine the amount pinned per
file descriptor is about 10K.
Normally I would figure a reasonable per user process limit is about 100
processes. With 80 processes, with a 1000 file descriptors each I can trigger
the 00M killer on a 32bit kernel, because I have pinned about 800MB of useless
data.
This patch replaces the struct task_struct pointer with a pointer to a struct
task_ref which has a struct task_struct pointer. The so the pinning of dead
tasks does not happen.
The code now has to contend with the fact that the task may now exit at any
time. Which is a little but not muh more complicated.
With this change it takes about 1000 processes each opening up 1000 file
descriptors before I can trigger the OOM killer. Much better.
[mlp@google.com: task_mmu small fixes]
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Cc: Albert Cahalan <acahalan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Prasanna Meda <mlp@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Add a security hook call to enable security modules to control the ability
to attach a task to a cpuset. While limited control over this operation is
possible via permission checks on the pseudo fs interface, those checks are
not sufficient to control access to the target task, which is looked up in
this function. The existing task_setscheduler hook is re-used for this
operation since this falls under the same class of operations.
Signed-off-by: David Quigley <dpquigl@tycho.nsa.gov>
Acked-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Acked-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Extend the get_sb() filesystem operation to take an extra argument that
permits the VFS to pass in the target vfsmount that defines the mountpoint.
The filesystem is then required to manually set the superblock and root dentry
pointers. For most filesystems, this should be done with simple_set_mnt()
which will set the superblock pointer and then set the root dentry to the
superblock's s_root (as per the old default behaviour).
The get_sb() op now returns an integer as there's now no need to return the
superblock pointer.
This patch permits a superblock to be implicitly shared amongst several mount
points, such as can be done with NFS to avoid potential inode aliasing. In
such a case, simple_set_mnt() would not be called, and instead the mnt_root
and mnt_sb would be set directly.
The patch also makes the following changes:
(*) the get_sb_*() convenience functions in the core kernel now take a vfsmount
pointer argument and return an integer, so most filesystems have to change
very little.
(*) If one of the convenience function is not used, then get_sb() should
normally call simple_set_mnt() to instantiate the vfsmount. This will
always return 0, and so can be tail-called from get_sb().
(*) generic_shutdown_super() now calls shrink_dcache_sb() to clean up the
dcache upon superblock destruction rather than shrink_dcache_anon().
This is required because the superblock may now have multiple trees that
aren't actually bound to s_root, but that still need to be cleaned up. The
currently called functions assume that the whole tree is rooted at s_root,
and that anonymous dentries are not the roots of trees which results in
dentries being left unculled.
However, with the way NFS superblock sharing are currently set to be
implemented, these assumptions are violated: the root of the filesystem is
simply a dummy dentry and inode (the real inode for '/' may well be
inaccessible), and all the vfsmounts are rooted on anonymous[*] dentries
with child trees.
[*] Anonymous until discovered from another tree.
(*) The documentation has been adjusted, including the additional bit of
changing ext2_* into foo_* in the documentation.
[akpm@osdl.org: convert ipath_fs, do other stuff]
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Nathan Scott <nathans@sgi.com>
Cc: Roland Dreier <rolandd@cisco.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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It's too easy to incorrectly call cpuset_zone_allowed() in an atomic
context without __GFP_HARDWALL set, and when done, it is not noticed until
a tight memory situation forces allocations to be tried outside the current
cpuset.
Add a 'might_sleep_if()' check, to catch this earlier on, instead of
waiting for a similar check in the mutex_lock() code, which is only rarely
invoked.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Update the kernel/cpuset.c:cpuset_zone_allowed() comment.
The rule for when mm/page_alloc.c should call cpuset_zone_allowed()
was intended to be:
Don't call cpuset_zone_allowed() if you can't sleep, unless you
pass in the __GFP_HARDWALL flag set in gfp_flag, which disables
the code that might scan up ancestor cpusets and sleep.
The explanation of this rule in the comment above cpuset_zone_allowed() was
stale, as a result of a restructuring of some __alloc_pages() code in
November 2005.
Rewrite that comment ...
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Fix memory migration so that it works regardless of what cpuset the invoking
task is in.
If a task invoked a memory migration, by doing one of:
1) writing a different nodemask to a cpuset 'mems' file, or
2) writing a tasks pid to a different cpuset's 'tasks' file,
where the cpuset had its 'memory_migrate' option turned on, then the
allocation of the new pages for the migrated task(s) was constrained
by the invoking tasks cpuset.
If this task wasn't in a cpuset that allowed the requested memory nodes, the
memory migration would happen to some other nodes that were in that invoking
tasks cpuset. This was usually surprising and puzzling behaviour: Why didn't
the pages move? Why did the pages move -there-?
To fix this, temporarilly change the invoking tasks 'mems_allowed' task_struct
field to the nodes the migrating tasks is moving to, so that new pages can be
allocated there.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Fix unsafe reference to a tasks mm struct, by moving the reference inside of a
convenient nearby properly guarded code block.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Fix cpuset comment involving case of a tasks cpuset pointer being NULL.
Thanks to "the_top_cpuset_hack", this code no longer sees NULL task->cpuset
pointers.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Remove a useless variable initialization in cpuset __cpuset_zone_allowed().
The local variable 'allowed' is unconditionally set before use, later on
in the code, so does not need to be initialized.
Not that it seems to matter to the code generated any, as the compiler
optimizes out the superfluous assignment anyway.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Drop the atomic_t marking on the cpuset static global
cpuset_mems_generation. Since all access to it is guarded by the global
manage_mutex, there is no need for further serialization of this value.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Remove a no longer needed test for NULL cpuset pointer, with a little
comment explaining why the test isn't needed.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This patch provides the implementation and cpuset interface for an alternative
memory allocation policy that can be applied to certain kinds of memory
allocations, such as the page cache (file system buffers) and some slab caches
(such as inode caches).
The policy is called "memory spreading." If enabled, it spreads out these
kinds of memory allocations over all the nodes allowed to a task, instead of
preferring to place them on the node where the task is executing.
All other kinds of allocations, including anonymous pages for a tasks stack
and data regions, are not affected by this policy choice, and continue to be
allocated preferring the node local to execution, as modified by the NUMA
mempolicy.
There are two boolean flag files per cpuset that control where the kernel
allocates pages for the file system buffers and related in kernel data
structures. They are called 'memory_spread_page' and 'memory_spread_slab'.
If the per-cpuset boolean flag file 'memory_spread_page' is set, then the
kernel will spread the file system buffers (page cache) evenly over all the
nodes that the faulting task is allowed to use, instead of preferring to put
those pages on the node where the task is running.
If the per-cpuset boolean flag file 'memory_spread_slab' is set, then the
kernel will spread some file system related slab caches, such as for inodes
and dentries evenly over all the nodes that the faulting task is allowed to
use, instead of preferring to put those pages on the node where the task is
running.
The implementation is simple. Setting the cpuset flags 'memory_spread_page'
or 'memory_spread_cache' turns on the per-process flags PF_SPREAD_PAGE or
PF_SPREAD_SLAB, respectively, for each task that is in the cpuset or
subsequently joins that cpuset. In subsequent patches, the page allocation
calls for the affected page cache and slab caches are modified to perform an
inline check for these flags, and if set, a call to a new routine
cpuset_mem_spread_node() returns the node to prefer for the allocation.
The cpuset_mem_spread_node() routine is also simple. It uses the value of a
per-task rotor cpuset_mem_spread_rotor to select the next node in the current
tasks mems_allowed to prefer for the allocation.
This policy can provide substantial improvements for jobs that need to place
thread local data on the corresponding node, but that need to access large
file system data sets that need to be spread across the several nodes in the
jobs cpuset in order to fit. Without this patch, especially for jobs that
might have one thread reading in the data set, the memory allocation across
the nodes in the jobs cpuset can become very uneven.
A couple of Copyright year ranges are updated as well. And a couple of email
addresses that can be found in the MAINTAINERS file are removed.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Replace pairs of calls to <atomic_inc, atomic_read>, with a single call
atomic_inc_return, saving a few bytes of source and kernel text.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Since the test_bit() bit operator is boolean (return 0 or 1), the double not
"!!" operations needed to convert a scalar (zero or not zero) to a boolean are
not needed.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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convert cpuset.c's callback_sem and manage_sem to mutexes.
Build and boot tested by Ingo.
Build, boot, unit and stress tested by pj.
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Fix a latent bug in cpuset_exit() handling. If a task tried to allocate
memory after calling cpuset_exit(), it oops'd in
cpuset_update_task_memory_state() on a NULL cpuset pointer.
So set the exiting tasks cpuset to the root cpuset instead of to NULL.
A distro kernel hit this with an added kernel package that had just such a
hook (allocating memory) in the exit code path.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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kernel/cpuset.c:644:38: warning: non-ANSI function declaration of function 'cpuset_update_task_memory_state'
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Acked-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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The problem, reported in:
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5859
and by various other email messages and lkml posts is that the cpuset hook
in the oom (out of memory) code can try to take a cpuset semaphore while
holding the tasklist_lock (a spinlock).
One must not sleep while holding a spinlock.
The fix seems easy enough - move the cpuset semaphore region outside the
tasklist_lock region.
This required a few lines of mechanism to implement. The oom code where
the locking needs to be changed does not have access to the cpuset locks,
which are internal to kernel/cpuset.c only. So I provided a couple more
cpuset interface routines, available to the rest of the kernel, which
simple take and drop the lock needed here (cpusets callback_sem).
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Remove the "inline" keyword from a bunch of big functions in the kernel with
the goal of shrinking it by 30kb to 40kb
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Acked-by: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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This patch converts the inode semaphore to a mutex. I have tested it on
XFS and compiled as much as one can consider on an ia64. Anyway your
luck with it might be different.
Modified-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
(finished the conversion)
Signed-off-by: Jes Sorensen <jes@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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Some long time ago, dentry struct was carefully tuned so that on 32 bits
UP, sizeof(struct dentry) was exactly 128, ie a power of 2, and a multiple
of memory cache lines.
Then RCU was added and dentry struct enlarged by two pointers, with nice
results for SMP, but not so good on UP, because breaking the above tuning
(128 + 8 = 136 bytes)
This patch reverts this unwanted side effect, by using an union (d_u),
where d_rcu and d_child are placed so that these two fields can share their
memory needs.
At the time d_free() is called (and d_rcu is really used), d_child is known
to be empty and not touched by the dentry freeing.
Lockless lookups only access d_name, d_parent, d_lock, d_op, d_flags (so
the previous content of d_child is not needed if said dentry was unhashed
but still accessed by a CPU because of RCU constraints)
As dentry cache easily contains millions of entries, a size reduction is
worth the extra complexity of the ugly C union.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <dada1@cosmosbay.com>
Cc: Dipankar Sarma <dipankar@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Maneesh Soni <maneesh@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Ian Kent <raven@themaw.net>
Cc: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@ftp.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au>
Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Cc: Stephen Smalley <sds@epoch.ncsc.mil>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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For systems that aren't using cpusets, but have them CONFIG_CPUSET enabled in
their kernel (eventually this may be most distribution kernels), this patch
removes even the minimal rcu_read_lock() from the memory page allocation path.
Actually, it removes that rcu call for any task that is in the root cpuset
(top_cpuset), which on systems not actively using cpusets, is all tasks.
We don't need the rcu check for tasks in the top_cpuset, because the
top_cpuset is statically allocated, so at no risk of being freed out from
underneath us.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Mark cpuset global 'number_of_cpusets' as __read_mostly.
This global is accessed everytime a zone is considered in the zonelist loops
beneath __alloc_pages, looking for a free memory page. If number_of_cpusets
is just one, then we can short circuit the mems_allowed check.
Since this global is read alot on a hot path, and written rarely, it is an
excellent candidate for __read_mostly.
Thanks to Christoph Lameter for the suggestion.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Optimize the cpuset impact on page allocation, the most performance critical
cpuset hook in the kernel.
On each page allocation, the cpuset hook needs to check for a possible change
in the current tasks cpuset. It can now handle the common case, of no change,
without taking any spinlock or semaphore, thanks to RCU.
Convert a spinlock on the current task to an rcu_read_lock(), saving
approximately a memory barrier and an atomic op, depending on architecture.
This is done by adding rcu_assign_pointer() and synchronize_rcu() calls to the
write side of the task->cpuset pointer, in cpuset.c:attach_task(), to delay
freeing up a detached cpuset until after any critical sections referencing
that pointer.
Thanks to Andi Kleen, Nick Piggin and Eric Dumazet for ideas.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Remove a couple of more lines of code from the cpuset hooks in the page
allocation code path.
There was a check for a NULL cpuset pointer in the routine
cpuset_update_task_memory_state() that was only needed during system boot,
after the memory subsystem was initialized, before the cpuset subsystem was
initialized, to catch a NULL task->cpuset pointer.
Add a cpuset_init_early() routine, just before the mem_init() call in
init/main.c, that sets up just enough of the init tasks cpuset structure to
render cpuset_update_task_memory_state() calls harmless.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Given the mechanism in the previous patch to handle rebinding the per-vma
mempolicies of all tasks in a cpuset that changes its memory placement, it is
now easier to handle the page migration requirements of such tasks at the same
time.
The previous code didn't actually attempt to migrate the pages of the tasks in
a cpuset whose memory placement changed until the next time each such task
tried to allocate memory. This was undesirable, as users invoking memory page
migration exected to happen when the placement changed, not some unspecified
time later when the task needed more memory.
It is now trivial to handle the page migration at the same time as the per-vma
rebinding is done.
The routine cpuset.c:update_nodemask(), which handles changing a cpusets
memory placement ('mems') now checks for the special case of being asked to
write a placement that is the same as before. It was harmless enough before
to just recompute everything again, even though nothing had changed. But page
migration is a heavy weight operation - moving pages about. So now it is
worth avoiding that if asked to move a cpuset to its current location.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Fix more of longstanding bug in cpuset/mempolicy interaction.
NUMA mempolicies (mm/mempolicy.c) are constrained by the current tasks cpuset
to just the Memory Nodes allowed by that cpuset. The kernel maintains
internal state for each mempolicy, tracking what nodes are used for the
MPOL_INTERLEAVE, MPOL_BIND or MPOL_PREFERRED policies.
When a tasks cpuset memory placement changes, whether because the cpuset
changed, or because the task was attached to a different cpuset, then the
tasks mempolicies have to be rebound to the new cpuset placement, so as to
preserve the cpuset-relative numbering of the nodes in that policy.
An earlier fix handled such mempolicy rebinding for mempolicies attached to a
task.
This fix rebinds mempolicies attached to vma's (address ranges in a tasks
address space.) Due to the need to hold the task->mm->mmap_sem semaphore while
updating vma's, the rebinding of vma mempolicies has to be done when the
cpuset memory placement is changed, at which time mmap_sem can be safely
acquired. The tasks mempolicy is rebound later, when the task next attempts
to allocate memory and notices that its task->cpuset_mems_generation is
out-of-date with its cpusets mems_generation.
Because walking the tasklist to find all tasks attached to a changing cpuset
requires holding tasklist_lock, a spinlock, one cannot update the vma's of the
affected tasks while doing the tasklist scan. In general, one cannot acquire
a semaphore (which can sleep) while already holding a spinlock (such as
tasklist_lock). So a list of mm references has to be built up during the
tasklist scan, then the tasklist lock dropped, then for each mm, its mmap_sem
acquired, and the vma's in that mm rebound.
Once the tasklist lock is dropped, affected tasks may fork new tasks, before
their mm's are rebound. A kernel global 'cpuset_being_rebound' is set to
point to the cpuset being rebound (there can only be one; cpuset modifications
are done under a global 'manage_sem' semaphore), and the mpol_copy code that
is used to copy a tasks mempolicies during fork catches such forking tasks,
and ensures their children are also rebound.
When a task is moved to a different cpuset, it is easier, as there is only one
task involved. It's mm->vma's are scanned, using the same
mpol_rebind_policy() as used above.
It may happen that both the mpol_copy hook and the update done via the
tasklist scan update the same mm twice. This is ok, as the mempolicies of
each vma in an mm keep track of what mems_allowed they are relative to, and
safely no-op a second request to rebind to the same nodes.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Easy little optimization hack to avoid actually having to call
cpuset_zone_allowed() and check mems_allowed, in the main page allocation
routine, __alloc_pages(). This saves several CPU cycles per page allocation
on systems not using cpusets.
A counter is updated each time a cpuset is created or removed, and whenever
there is only one cpuset in the system, it must be the root cpuset, which
contains all CPUs and all Memory Nodes. In that case, when the counter is
one, all allocations are allowed.
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Cleanup, reorganize and make more robust the mempolicy.c code to rebind
mempolicies relative to the containing cpuset after a tasks memory placement
changes.
The real motivator for this cleanup patch is to lay more groundwork for the
upcoming patch to correctly rebind NUMA mempolicies that are attached to vma's
after the containing cpuset memory placement changes.
NUMA mempolicies are constrained by the cpuset their task is a member of.
When either (1) a task is moved to a different cpuset, or (2) the 'mems'
mems_allowed of a cpuset is changed, then the NUMA mempolicies have embedded
node numbers (for MPOL_BIND, MPOL_INTERLEAVE and MPOL_PREFERRED) that need to
be recalculated, relative to their new cpuset placement.
The old code used an unreliable method of determining what was the old
mems_allowed constraining the mempolicy. It just looked at the tasks
mems_allowed value. This sort of worked with the present code, that just
rebinds the -task- mempolicy, and leaves any -vma- mempolicies broken,
referring to the old nodes. But in an upcoming patch, the vma mempolicies
will be rebound as well. Then the order in which the various task and vma
mempolicies are updated will no longer be deterministic, and one can no longer
count on the task->mems_allowed holding the old value for as long as needed.
It's not even clear if the current code was guaranteed to work reliably for
task mempolicies.
So I added a mems_allowed field to each mempolicy, stating exactly what
mems_allowed the policy is relative to, and updated synchronously and reliably
anytime that the mempolicy is rebound.
Also removed a useless wrapper routine, numa_policy_rebind(), and had its
caller, cpuset_update_task_memory_state(), call directly to the rewritten
policy_rebind() routine, and made that rebind routine extern instead of
static, and added a "mpol_" prefix to its name, making it
mpol_rebind_policy().
Signed-off-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Paul Jackson
Josef Sipek
Paul Menage
Helge Deller
Ingo Molnar
Al Viro
Dave Hansen
Sukadev Bhattiprolu
Theodore Ts'o
Christoph Lameter
Nick Piggin
Jörn Engel
Adrian Bunk
Eric W. Biederman
David Quigley
David Howells
Randy Dunlap
Arjan van de Ven
Jes Sorensen
Eric Dumazet