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In preparation for FORTIFY_SOURCE performing compile-time and run-time
field bounds checking for memset(), avoid intentionally writing across
neighboring fields.
Use memset_startat() to avoid confusing memset() about writing beyond
the target struct member.
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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siphash keys use 16 bytes.
Define siphash_aligned_key_t macro so that we can make sure they
are not crossing a cache line boundary.
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
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Syzbot was able to trigger the following warning [1]
No repro found by syzbot yet but I was able to trigger similar issue
by having 2 scripts running in parallel, changing conntrack hash sizes,
and:
for j in `seq 1 1000` ; do unshare -n /bin/true >/dev/null ; done
It would take more than 5 minutes for net_namespace structures
to be cleaned up.
This is because nf_ct_iterate_cleanup() has to restart everytime
a resize happened.
By adding a mutex, we can serialize hash resizes and cleanups
and also make get_next_corpse() faster by skipping over empty
buckets.
Even without resizes in the picture, this patch considerably
speeds up network namespace dismantles.
[1]
INFO: task syz-executor.0:8312 can't die for more than 144 seconds.
task:syz-executor.0 state:R running task stack:25672 pid: 8312 ppid: 6573 flags:0x00004006
Call Trace:
context_switch kernel/sched/core.c:4955 [inline]
__schedule+0x940/0x26f0 kernel/sched/core.c:6236
preempt_schedule_common+0x45/0xc0 kernel/sched/core.c:6408
preempt_schedule_thunk+0x16/0x18 arch/x86/entry/thunk_64.S:35
__local_bh_enable_ip+0x109/0x120 kernel/softirq.c:390
local_bh_enable include/linux/bottom_half.h:32 [inline]
get_next_corpse net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:2252 [inline]
nf_ct_iterate_cleanup+0x15a/0x450 net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:2275
nf_conntrack_cleanup_net_list+0x14c/0x4f0 net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:2469
ops_exit_list+0x10d/0x160 net/core/net_namespace.c:171
setup_net+0x639/0xa30 net/core/net_namespace.c:349
copy_net_ns+0x319/0x760 net/core/net_namespace.c:470
create_new_namespaces+0x3f6/0xb20 kernel/nsproxy.c:110
unshare_nsproxy_namespaces+0xc1/0x1f0 kernel/nsproxy.c:226
ksys_unshare+0x445/0x920 kernel/fork.c:3128
__do_sys_unshare kernel/fork.c:3202 [inline]
__se_sys_unshare kernel/fork.c:3200 [inline]
__x64_sys_unshare+0x2d/0x40 kernel/fork.c:3200
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0x35/0xb0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae
RIP: 0033:0x7f63da68e739
RSP: 002b:00007f63d7c05188 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000110
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00007f63da792f80 RCX: 00007f63da68e739
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000040000000
RBP: 00007f63da6e8cc4 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00007f63da792f80
R13: 00007fff50b75d3f R14: 00007f63d7c05300 R15: 0000000000022000
Showing all locks held in the system:
1 lock held by khungtaskd/27:
#0: ffffffff8b980020 (rcu_read_lock){....}-{1:2}, at: debug_show_all_locks+0x53/0x260 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:6446
2 locks held by kworker/u4:2/153:
#0: ffff888010c69138 ((wq_completion)events_unbound){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: arch_atomic64_set arch/x86/include/asm/atomic64_64.h:34 [inline]
#0: ffff888010c69138 ((wq_completion)events_unbound){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: arch_atomic_long_set include/linux/atomic/atomic-long.h:41 [inline]
#0: ffff888010c69138 ((wq_completion)events_unbound){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: atomic_long_set include/linux/atomic/atomic-instrumented.h:1198 [inline]
#0: ffff888010c69138 ((wq_completion)events_unbound){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: set_work_data kernel/workqueue.c:634 [inline]
#0: ffff888010c69138 ((wq_completion)events_unbound){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: set_work_pool_and_clear_pending kernel/workqueue.c:661 [inline]
#0: ffff888010c69138 ((wq_completion)events_unbound){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: process_one_work+0x896/0x1690 kernel/workqueue.c:2268
#1: ffffc9000140fdb0 ((kfence_timer).work){+.+.}-{0:0}, at: process_one_work+0x8ca/0x1690 kernel/workqueue.c:2272
1 lock held by systemd-udevd/2970:
1 lock held by in:imklog/6258:
#0: ffff88807f970ff0 (&f->f_pos_lock){+.+.}-{3:3}, at: __fdget_pos+0xe9/0x100 fs/file.c:990
3 locks held by kworker/1:6/8158:
1 lock held by syz-executor.0/8312:
2 locks held by kworker/u4:13/9320:
1 lock held by syz-executor.5/10178:
1 lock held by syz-executor.4/10217:
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Reported-by: syzbot <syzkaller@googlegroups.com>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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commit deedb59039f111 ("netfilter: nf_conntrack: add direction support for zones")
removed the zone id from the hash value.
This has implications on hash chain lengths with overlapping tuples, which
can hit 64k entries on released kernels, before upper droplimit was added
in d7e7747ac5c ("netfilter: refuse insertion if chain has grown too large").
With that change reverted, test script coming with this series shows
linear insertion time growth:
10000 entries in 3737 ms (now 10000 total, loop 1)
10000 entries in 16994 ms (now 20000 total, loop 2)
10000 entries in 47787 ms (now 30000 total, loop 3)
10000 entries in 72731 ms (now 40000 total, loop 4)
10000 entries in 95761 ms (now 50000 total, loop 5)
10000 entries in 96809 ms (now 60000 total, loop 6)
inserted 60000 entries from packet path in 333825 ms
With d7e7747ac5c in place, the test fails.
There are three supported zone use cases:
1. Connection is in the default zone (zone 0).
This means to special config (the default).
2. Connection is in a different zone (1 to 2**16).
This means rules are in place to put packets in
the desired zone, e.g. derived from vlan id or interface.
3. Original direction is in zone X and Reply is in zone 0.
3) allows to use of the existing NAT port collision avoidance to provide
connectivity to internet/wan even when the various zones have overlapping
source networks separated via policy routing.
In case the original zone is 0 all three cases are identical.
There is no way to place original direction in zone x and reply in
zone y (with y != 0).
Zones need to be assigned manually via the iptables/nftables ruleset,
before conntrack lookup occurs (raw table in iptables) using the
"CT" target conntrack template support
(-j CT --{zone,zone-orig,zone-reply} X).
Normally zone assignment happens based on incoming interface, but could
also be derived from packet mark, vlan id and so on.
This means that when case 3 is used, the ruleset will typically not even
assign a connection tracking template to the "reply" packets, so lookup
happens in zone 0.
However, it is possible that reply packets also match a ct zone
assignment rule which sets up a template for zone X (X > 0) in original
direction only.
Therefore, after making the zone id part of the hash, we need to do a
second lookup using the reply zone id if we did not find an entry on
the first lookup.
In practice, most deployments will either not use zones at all or the
origin and reply zones are the same, no second lookup is required in
either case.
After this change, packet path insertion test passes with constant
insertion times:
10000 entries in 1064 ms (now 10000 total, loop 1)
10000 entries in 1074 ms (now 20000 total, loop 2)
10000 entries in 1066 ms (now 30000 total, loop 3)
10000 entries in 1079 ms (now 40000 total, loop 4)
10000 entries in 1081 ms (now 50000 total, loop 5)
10000 entries in 1082 ms (now 60000 total, loop 6)
inserted 60000 entries from packet path in 6452 ms
Cc: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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Similar to commit 67d6d681e15b
("ipv4: make exception cache less predictible"):
Use a random drop length to make it harder to detect when entries were
hashed to same bucket list.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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Also add a stat counter for this that gets exported both via old /proc
interface and ctnetlink.
Assuming the old default size of 16536 buckets and max hash occupancy of
64k, this results in 128k insertions (origin+reply), so ~8 entries per
chain on average.
The revised settings in this series will result in about two entries per
bucket on average.
This allows a hard-limit ceiling of 64.
This is not tunable at the moment, but its possible to either increase
nf_conntrack_buckets or decrease nf_conntrack_max to reduce average
lengths.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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Replace jhash in conntrack and nat core with siphash.
While at it, use the netns mix value as part of the input key
rather than abuse the seed value.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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conntrack has two distinct table size settings:
nf_conntrack_max and nf_conntrack_buckets.
The former limits how many conntrack objects are allowed to exist
in each namespace.
The second sets the size of the hashtable.
As all entries are inserted twice (once for original direction, once for
reply), there should be at least twice as many buckets in the table than
the maximum number of conntrack objects that can exist at the same time.
Change the default multiplier to 1 and increase the chosen bucket sizes.
This results in the same nf_conntrack_max settings as before but reduces
the average bucket list length.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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Michal Kubecek reports that conntrack gc is responsible for frequent
wakeups (every 125ms) on idle systems.
On busy systems, timed out entries are evicted during lookup.
The gc worker is only needed to remove entries after system becomes idle
after a busy period.
To resolve this, always scan the entire table.
If the scan is taking too long, reschedule so other work_structs can run
and resume from next bucket.
After a completed scan, wait for 2 minutes before the next cycle.
Heuristics for faster re-schedule are removed.
GC_SCAN_INTERVAL could be exposed as a sysctl in the future to allow
tuning this as-needed or even turn the gc worker off.
Reported-by: Michal Kubecek <mkubecek@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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In case the entry is evicted via garbage collection there is
delay between the timeout value and the eviction event.
This adjusts the stop value based on how much time has passed.
Fixes: b87a2f9199ea82 ("netfilter: conntrack: add gc worker to remove timed-out entries")
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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KCSAN detected an data race with ipc/sem.c that is intentional.
As nf_conntrack_lock() uses the same algorithm: Update
nf_conntrack_core as well:
nf_conntrack_lock() contains
a1) spin_lock()
a2) smp_load_acquire(nf_conntrack_locks_all).
a1) actually accesses one lock from an array of locks.
nf_conntrack_locks_all() contains
b1) nf_conntrack_locks_all=true (normal write)
b2) spin_lock()
b3) spin_unlock()
b2 and b3 are done for every lock.
This guarantees that nf_conntrack_locks_all() prevents any
concurrent nf_conntrack_lock() owners:
If a thread past a1), then b2) will block until that thread releases
the lock.
If the threat is before a1, then b3)+a1) ensure the write b1) is
visible, thus a2) is guaranteed to see the updated value.
But: This is only the latest time when b1) becomes visible.
It may also happen that b1) is visible an undefined amount of time
before the b3). And thus KCSAN will notice a data race.
In addition, the compiler might be too clever.
Solution: Use WRITE_ONCE().
Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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nf_ct_gre_keymap_flush() is useless.
It is called from nf_conntrack_cleanup_net_list() only and tries to remove
nf_ct_gre_keymap entries from pernet gre keymap list. Though:
a) at this point the list should already be empty, all its entries were
deleted during the conntracks cleanup, because
nf_conntrack_cleanup_net_list() executes nf_ct_iterate_cleanup(kill_all)
before nf_conntrack_proto_pernet_fini():
nf_conntrack_cleanup_net_list
+- nf_ct_iterate_cleanup
| nf_ct_put
| nf_conntrack_put
| nf_conntrack_destroy
| destroy_conntrack
| destroy_gre_conntrack
| nf_ct_gre_keymap_destroy
`- nf_conntrack_proto_pernet_fini
nf_ct_gre_keymap_flush
b) Let's say we find that the keymap list is not empty. This means netns
still has a conntrack associated with gre, in which case we should not free
its memory, because this will lead to a double free and related crashes.
However I doubt it could have gone unnoticed for years, obviously
this does not happen in real life. So I think we can remove
both nf_ct_gre_keymap_flush() and nf_conntrack_proto_pernet_fini().
Signed-off-by: Vasily Averin <vvs@virtuozzo.com>
Acked-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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Consolidate call to net_generic(net, nf_conntrack_net_id) in this
wrapper function.
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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Its only needed from slowpath (sysctl, ctnetlink, gc worker) and
when a new conntrack object is allocated.
Furthermore, each write dirties the otherwise read-mostly pernet
data in struct net.ct, which are accessed from packet path.
Move it to the net_generic data. This makes struct netns_ct
read-mostly.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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Creation of a new conntrack entry isn't a frequent operation (compared
to 'ct entry already exists'). Creation of a new entry that is also an
expected (related) connection even less so.
Place this counter in net_generic data.
A followup patch will also move the conntrack count -- this will make
netns_ct a read-mostly structure.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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dwork struct is large (>128 byte) and not needed when conntrack module
is not loaded.
Place it in net_generic data instead. The struct net dwork member is now
obsolete and will be removed in a followup patch.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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The origin skip check needs to re-test the zone. Else, we might skip
a colliding tuple in the reply direction.
This only occurs when using 'directional zones' where origin tuples
reside in different zones but the reply tuples share the same zone.
This causes the new conntrack entry to be dropped at confirmation time
because NAT clash resolution was elided.
Fixes: 4e35c1cb9460240 ("netfilter: nf_nat: skip nat clash resolution for same-origin entries")
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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We can delay refcount increment until we reassign the existing entry to
the current skb.
A 0 refcount can't happen while the nf_conn object is still in the
hash table and parallel mutations are impossible because we hold the
bucket lock.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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There is a misconception about what "insert_failed" means.
We increment this even when a clash got resolved, so it might not indicate
a problem.
Add a dedicated counter for clash resolution and only increment
insert_failed if a clash cannot be resolved.
For the old /proc interface, export this in place of an older stat
that got removed a while back.
For ctnetlink, export this with a new attribute.
Also correct an outdated comment that implies we add a duplicate tuple --
we only add the (unique) reply direction.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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This counter increments when nf_conntrack_in sees a packet that already
has a conntrack attached or when the packet is marked as UNTRACKED.
Neither is an error.
The former is normal for loopback traffic. The second happens for
certain ICMPv6 packets or when nftables/ip(6)tables rules are in place.
In case someone needs to count UNTRACKED packets, or packets
that are marked as untracked before conntrack_in this can be done with
both nftables and ip(6)tables rules.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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The /proc interface for nf_conntrack displays the "error" counter as
"icmp_error".
It makes sense to not increment "invalid" when failing to handle an icmp
packet since those are special.
For example, its possible for conntrack to see partial and/or fragmented
packets inside icmp errors. This should be a separate event and not get
mixed with the "invalid" counter.
Likewise, remove the "error" increment for errors from get_l4proto().
After this, the error counter will only increment for errors coming from
icmp(v6) packet handling.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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Pull locking updates from Thomas Gleixner:
"A set of locking fixes and updates:
- Untangle the header spaghetti which causes build failures in
various situations caused by the lockdep additions to seqcount to
validate that the write side critical sections are non-preemptible.
- The seqcount associated lock debug addons which were blocked by the
above fallout.
seqcount writers contrary to seqlock writers must be externally
serialized, which usually happens via locking - except for strict
per CPU seqcounts. As the lock is not part of the seqcount, lockdep
cannot validate that the lock is held.
This new debug mechanism adds the concept of associated locks.
sequence count has now lock type variants and corresponding
initializers which take a pointer to the associated lock used for
writer serialization. If lockdep is enabled the pointer is stored
and write_seqcount_begin() has a lockdep assertion to validate that
the lock is held.
Aside of the type and the initializer no other code changes are
required at the seqcount usage sites. The rest of the seqcount API
is unchanged and determines the type at compile time with the help
of _Generic which is possible now that the minimal GCC version has
been moved up.
Adding this lockdep coverage unearthed a handful of seqcount bugs
which have been addressed already independent of this.
While generally useful this comes with a Trojan Horse twist: On RT
kernels the write side critical section can become preemtible if
the writers are serialized by an associated lock, which leads to
the well known reader preempts writer livelock. RT prevents this by
storing the associated lock pointer independent of lockdep in the
seqcount and changing the reader side to block on the lock when a
reader detects that a writer is in the write side critical section.
- Conversion of seqcount usage sites to associated types and
initializers"
* tag 'locking-urgent-2020-08-10' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (25 commits)
locking/seqlock, headers: Untangle the spaghetti monster
locking, arch/ia64: Reduce <asm/smp.h> header dependencies by moving XTP bits into the new <asm/xtp.h> header
x86/headers: Remove APIC headers from <asm/smp.h>
seqcount: More consistent seqprop names
seqcount: Compress SEQCNT_LOCKNAME_ZERO()
seqlock: Fold seqcount_LOCKNAME_init() definition
seqlock: Fold seqcount_LOCKNAME_t definition
seqlock: s/__SEQ_LOCKDEP/__SEQ_LOCK/g
hrtimer: Use sequence counter with associated raw spinlock
kvm/eventfd: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
userfaultfd: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
NFSv4: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
iocost: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
raid5: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
vfs: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
timekeeping: Use sequence counter with associated raw spinlock
xfrm: policy: Use sequence counters with associated lock
netfilter: nft_set_rbtree: Use sequence counter with associated rwlock
netfilter: conntrack: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
sched: tasks: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
...
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Pablo Neira Ayuso says:
====================
Netfilter fixes for net
The following patchset contains Netfilter fixes for net:
1) Flush the cleanup xtables worker to make sure destructors
have completed, from Florian Westphal.
2) iifgroup is matching erroneously, also from Florian.
3) Add selftest for meta interface matching, from Florian Westphal.
4) Move nf_ct_offload_timeout() to header, from Roi Dayan.
5) Call nf_ct_offload_timeout() from flow_offload_add() to
make sure garbage collection does not evict offloaded flow,
from Roi Dayan.
====================
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
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To be used by callers from other modules.
[ Rename DAY to NF_CT_DAY to avoid possible symbol name pollution
issue --Pablo ]
Signed-off-by: Roi Dayan <roid@mellanox.com>
Reviewed-by: Oz Shlomo <ozsh@mellanox.com>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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A sequence counter write side critical section must be protected by some
form of locking to serialize writers. A plain seqcount_t does not
contain the information of which lock must be held when entering a write
side critical section.
Use the new seqcount_spinlock_t data type, which allows to associate a
spinlock with the sequence counter. This enables lockdep to verify that
the spinlock used for writer serialization is held when the write side
critical section is entered.
If lockdep is disabled this lock association is compiled out and has
neither storage size nor runtime overhead.
Signed-off-by: Ahmed S. Darwish <a.darwish@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200720155530.1173732-15-a.darwish@linutronix.de
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Simple fixes which require no deep knowledge of the code.
Cc: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
Cc: Jozsef Kadlecsik <kadlec@netfilter.org>
Cc: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Lunn <andrew@lunn.ch>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
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__nf_conntrack_update() might refresh the conntrack object that is
attached to the skbuff. Otherwise, this triggers UAF.
[ 633.200434] ==================================================================
[ 633.200472] BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in nf_conntrack_update+0x34e/0x770 [nf_conntrack]
[ 633.200478] Read of size 1 at addr ffff888370804c00 by task nfqnl_test/6769
[ 633.200487] CPU: 1 PID: 6769 Comm: nfqnl_test Not tainted 5.8.0-rc2+ #388
[ 633.200490] Hardware name: LENOVO 23259H1/23259H1, BIOS G2ET32WW (1.12 ) 05/30/2012
[ 633.200491] Call Trace:
[ 633.200499] dump_stack+0x7c/0xb0
[ 633.200526] ? nf_conntrack_update+0x34e/0x770 [nf_conntrack]
[ 633.200532] print_address_description.constprop.6+0x1a/0x200
[ 633.200539] ? _raw_write_lock_irqsave+0xc0/0xc0
[ 633.200568] ? nf_conntrack_update+0x34e/0x770 [nf_conntrack]
[ 633.200594] ? nf_conntrack_update+0x34e/0x770 [nf_conntrack]
[ 633.200598] kasan_report.cold.9+0x1f/0x42
[ 633.200604] ? call_rcu+0x2c0/0x390
[ 633.200633] ? nf_conntrack_update+0x34e/0x770 [nf_conntrack]
[ 633.200659] nf_conntrack_update+0x34e/0x770 [nf_conntrack]
[ 633.200687] ? nf_conntrack_find_get+0x30/0x30 [nf_conntrack]
Closes: https://bugzilla.netfilter.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1436
Fixes: ee04805ff54a ("netfilter: conntrack: make conntrack userspace helpers work again")
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
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Pablo Neira Ayuso says:
====================
Netfilter updates for net-next
The following patchset contains Netfilter updates for net-next
to extend ctnetlink and the flowtable infrastructure:
1) Extend ctnetlink kernel side netlink dump filtering capabilities,
from Romain Bellan.
2) Generalise the flowtable hook parser to take a hook list.
3) Pass a hook list to the flowtable hook registration/unregistration.
4) Add a helper function to release the flowtable hook list.
5) Update the flowtable event notifier to pass a flowtable hook list.
6) Allow users to add new devices to an existing flowtables.
7) Allow users to remove devices to an existing flowtables.
8) Allow for registering a flowtable with no initial devices.
====================
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
|
|
Conntrack dump does not support kernel side filtering (only get exists,
but it returns only one entry. And user has to give a full valid tuple)
It means that userspace has to implement filtering after receiving many
irrelevant entries, consuming resources (conntrack table is sometimes
very huge, much more than a routing table for example).
This patch adds filtering in kernel side. To achieve this goal, we:
* Add a new CTA_FILTER netlink attributes, actually a flag list to
parametize filtering
* Convert some *nlattr_to_tuple() functions, to allow a partial parsing
of CTA_TUPLE_ORIG and CTA_TUPLE_REPLY (so nf_conntrack_tuple it not
fully set)
Filtering is now possible on:
* IP SRC/DST values
* Ports for TCP and UDP flows
* IMCP(v6) codes types and IDs
Filtering is done as an "AND" operator. For example, when flags
PROTO_SRC_PORT, PROTO_NUM and IP_SRC are sets, only entries matching all
values are dumped.
Changes since v1:
Set NLM_F_DUMP_FILTERED in nlm flags if entries are filtered
Changes since v2:
Move several constants to nf_internals.h
Move a fix on netlink values check in a separate patch
Add a check on not-supported flags
Return EOPNOTSUPP if CDA_FILTER is set in ctnetlink_flush_conntrack
(not yet implemented)
Code style issues
Changes since v3:
Fix compilation warning reported by kbuild test robot
Changes since v4:
Fix a regression introduced in v3 (returned EINVAL for valid netlink
messages without CTA_MARK)
Changes since v5:
Change definition of CTA_FILTER_F_ALL
Fix a regression when CTA_TUPLE_ZONE is not set
Signed-off-by: Romain Bellan <romain.bellan@wifirst.fr>
Signed-off-by: Florent Fourcot <florent.fourcot@wifirst.fr>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c: In function nf_confirm_cthelper:
net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:2117:15: warning: comparison of unsigned expression in < 0 is always false [-Wtype-limits]
2117 | if (protoff < 0 || (frag_off & htons(~0x7)) != 0)
| ^
ipv6_skip_exthdr() returns a signed integer.
Reported-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Fixes: 703acd70f249 ("netfilter: nfnetlink_cthelper: unbreak userspace helper support")
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
Clang warns:
net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:2068:21: warning: variable 'ctinfo' is
uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
nf_ct_set(skb, ct, ctinfo);
^~~~~~
net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:2024:2: note: variable 'ctinfo' is
declared here
enum ip_conntrack_info ctinfo;
^
1 warning generated.
nf_conntrack_update was split up into nf_conntrack_update and
__nf_conntrack_update, where the assignment of ctinfo is in
nf_conntrack_update but it is used in __nf_conntrack_update.
Pass the value of ctinfo from nf_conntrack_update to
__nf_conntrack_update so that uninitialized memory is not used
and everything works properly.
Fixes: ee04805ff54a ("netfilter: conntrack: make conntrack userspace helpers work again")
Link: https://github.com/ClangBuiltLinux/linux/issues/1039
Signed-off-by: Nathan Chancellor <natechancellor@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
Florian Westphal says:
"Problem is that after the helper hook was merged back into the confirm
one, the queueing itself occurs from the confirm hook, i.e. we queue
from the last netfilter callback in the hook-list.
Therefore, on return, the packet bypasses the confirm action and the
connection is never committed to the main conntrack table.
To fix this there are several ways:
1. revert the 'Fixes' commit and have a extra helper hook again.
Works, but has the drawback of adding another indirect call for
everyone.
2. Special case this: split the hooks only when userspace helper
gets added, so queueing occurs at a lower priority again,
and normal enqueue reinject would eventually call the last hook.
3. Extend the existing nf_queue ct update hook to allow a forced
confirmation (plus run the seqadj code).
This goes for 3)."
Fixes: 827318feb69cb ("netfilter: conntrack: remove helper hook again")
Reviewed-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
'rmmod nf_conntrack' can hang forever, because the netns exit
gets stuck in nf_conntrack_cleanup_net_list():
i_see_dead_people:
busy = 0;
list_for_each_entry(net, net_exit_list, exit_list) {
nf_ct_iterate_cleanup(kill_all, net, 0, 0);
if (atomic_read(&net->ct.count) != 0)
busy = 1;
}
if (busy) {
schedule();
goto i_see_dead_people;
}
When nf_ct_iterate_cleanup iterates the conntrack table, all nf_conn
structures can be found twice:
once for the original tuple and once for the conntracks reply tuple.
get_next_corpse() only calls the iterator when the entry is
in original direction -- the idea was to avoid unneeded invocations
of the iterator callback.
When support for clashing entries was added, the assumption that
all nf_conn objects are added twice, once in original, once for reply
tuple no longer holds -- NF_CLASH_BIT entries are only added in
the non-clashing reply direction.
Thus, if at least one NF_CLASH entry is in the list then
nf_conntrack_cleanup_net_list() always skips it completely.
During normal netns destruction, this causes a hang of several
seconds, until the gc worker removes the entry (NF_CLASH entries
always have a 1 second timeout).
But in the rmmod case, the gc worker has already been stopped, so
ct.count never becomes 0.
We can fix this in two ways:
1. Add a second test for CLASH_BIT and call iterator for those
entries as well, or:
2. Skip the original tuple direction and use the reply tuple.
2) is simpler, so do that.
Fixes: 6a757c07e51f80ac ("netfilter: conntrack: allow insertion of clashing entries")
Reported-by: Chen Yi <yiche@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
gcc-10 warns around a suspicious access to an empty struct member:
net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c: In function '__nf_conntrack_alloc':
net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:1522:9: warning: array subscript 0 is outside the bounds of an interior zero-length array 'u8[0]' {aka 'unsigned char[0]'} [-Wzero-length-bounds]
1522 | memset(&ct->__nfct_init_offset[0], 0,
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:37:
include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h:90:5: note: while referencing '__nfct_init_offset'
90 | u8 __nfct_init_offset[0];
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The code is correct but a bit unusual. Rework it slightly in a way that
does not trigger the warning, using an empty struct instead of an empty
array. There are probably more elegant ways to do this, but this is the
smallest change.
Fixes: c41884ce0562 ("netfilter: conntrack: avoid zeroing timer")
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
Add nf_ct_acct_add function to update the conntrack counter
with packets and bytes.
Signed-off-by: wenxu <wenxu@ucloud.cn>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
This function allows you to update the conntrack counters.
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
Sparse reports warnings at nf_conntrack_all_lock()
and nf_conntrack_all_unlock()
warning: context imbalance in nf_conntrack_all_lock()
- wrong count at exit
warning: context imbalance in nf_conntrack_all_unlock()
- unexpected unlock
Add the missing __acquires(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock)
Add missing __releases(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock)
Signed-off-by: Jules Irenge <jbi.octave@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
TEMPLATE_NULLS_VAL is not used after commit 0838aa7fcfcd
("netfilter: fix netns dependencies with conntrack templates")
PFX is not used after commit 8bee4bad03c5b ("netfilter: xt
extensions: use pr_<level>")
Signed-off-by: Li RongQing <lirongqing@baidu.com>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
This patch further relaxes the need to drop an skb due to a clash with
an existing conntrack entry.
Current clash resolution handles the case where the clash occurs between
two identical entries (distinct nf_conn objects with same tuples), i.e.:
Original Reply
existing: 10.2.3.4:42 -> 10.8.8.8:53 10.2.3.4:42 <- 10.0.0.6:5353
clashing: 10.2.3.4:42 -> 10.8.8.8:53 10.2.3.4:42 <- 10.0.0.6:5353
... existing handling will discard the unconfirmed clashing entry and
makes skb->_nfct point to the existing one. The skb can then be
processed normally just as if the clash would not have existed in the
first place.
For other clashes, the skb needs to be dropped.
This frequently happens with DNS resolvers that send A and AAAA queries
back-to-back when NAT rules are present that cause packets to get
different DNAT transformations applied, for example:
-m statistics --mode random ... -j DNAT --dnat-to 10.0.0.6:5353
-m statistics --mode random ... -j DNAT --dnat-to 10.0.0.7:5353
In this case the A or AAAA query is dropped which incurs a costly
delay during name resolution.
This patch also allows this collision type:
Original Reply
existing: 10.2.3.4:42 -> 10.8.8.8:53 10.2.3.4:42 <- 10.0.0.6:5353
clashing: 10.2.3.4:42 -> 10.8.8.8:53 10.2.3.4:42 <- 10.0.0.7:5353
In this case, clash is in original direction -- the reply direction
is still unique.
The change makes it so that when the 2nd colliding packet is received,
the clashing conntrack is tagged with new IPS_NAT_CLASH_BIT, gets a fixed
1 second timeout and is inserted in the reply direction only.
The entry is hidden from 'conntrack -L', it will time out quickly
and it can be early dropped because it will never progress to the
ASSURED state.
To avoid special-casing the delete code path to special case
the ORIGINAL hlist_nulls node, a new helper, "hlist_nulls_add_fake", is
added so hlist_nulls_del() will work.
Example:
CPU A: CPU B:
1. 10.2.3.4:42 -> 10.8.8.8:53 (A)
2. 10.2.3.4:42 -> 10.8.8.8:53 (AAAA)
3. Apply DNAT, reply changed to 10.0.0.6
4. 10.2.3.4:42 -> 10.8.8.8:53 (AAAA)
5. Apply DNAT, reply changed to 10.0.0.7
6. confirm/commit to conntrack table, no collisions
7. commit clashing entry
Reply comes in:
10.2.3.4:42 <- 10.0.0.6:5353 (A)
-> Finds a conntrack, DNAT is reversed & packet forwarded to 10.2.3.4:42
10.2.3.4:42 <- 10.0.0.7:5353 (AAAA)
-> Finds a conntrack, DNAT is reversed & packet forwarded to 10.2.3.4:42
The conntrack entry is deleted from table, as it has the NAT_CLASH
bit set.
In case of a retransmit from ORIGINAL dir, all further packets will get
the DNAT transformation to 10.0.0.6.
I tried to come up with other solutions but they all have worse
problems.
Alternatives considered were:
1. Confirm ct entries at allocation time, not in postrouting.
a. will cause uneccesarry work when the skb that creates the
conntrack is dropped by ruleset.
b. in case nat is applied, ct entry would need to be moved in
the table, which requires another spinlock pair to be taken.
c. breaks the 'unconfirmed entry is private to cpu' assumption:
we would need to guard all nfct->ext allocation requests with
ct->lock spinlock.
2. Make the unconfirmed list a hash table instead of a pcpu list.
Shares drawback c) of the first alternative.
3. Document this is expected and force users to rearrange their
ruleset (e.g. by using "-m cluster" instead of "-m statistics").
nft has the 'jhash' expression which can be used instead of 'numgen'.
Major drawback: doesn't fix what I consider a bug, not very realistic
and I believe its reasonable to have the existing rulesets to 'just
work'.
4. Document this is expected and force users to steer problematic
packets to the same CPU -- this would serialize the "allocate new
conntrack entry/nat table evaluation/perform nat/confirm entry", so
no race can occur. Similar drawback to 3.
Another advantage of this patch compared to 1) and 2) is that there are
no changes to the hot path; things are handled in the udp tracker and
the clash resolution path.
Cc: rcu@vger.kernel.org
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@kernel.org>
Cc: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Cc: Jozsef Kadlecsik <kadlec@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
Followup patch will need a helper function with the 'clashing entries
refer to the identical tuple in both directions' resolution logic.
This patch will add another resolve_clash helper where loser_ct must
not be added to the dying list because it will be inserted into the
table.
Therefore this also moves the stat counters and dying-list insertion
of the losing ct.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
... so it can be re-used from clash resolution in followup patch.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
ctinfo is whats taken from the skb, i.e.
ct = nf_ct_get(skb, &ctinfo).
We do not pass 'ct' and instead re-fetch it from the skb.
Just do the same for both netns and ctinfo.
Also add a comment on what clash resolution is supposed to do.
While at it, one indent level can be removed.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
Convert the uses of kvmalloc_array with __GFP_ZERO to
the equivalent kvcalloc.
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
Pablo Neira Ayuso says:
====================
Netfilter updates for net-next
The following patchset contains Netfilter updates for net-next:
1) Remove #ifdef pollution around nf_ingress(), from Lukas Wunner.
2) Document ingress hook in netdevice, also from Lukas.
3) Remove htons() in tunnel metadata port netlink attributes,
from Xin Long.
4) Missing erspan netlink attribute validation also from Xin Long.
5) Missing erspan version in tunnel, from Xin Long.
6) Missing attribute nest in NFTA_TUNNEL_KEY_OPTS_{VXLAN,ERSPAN}
Patch from Xin Long.
7) Missing nla_nest_cancel() in tunnel netlink dump path,
from Xin Long.
8) Remove two exported conntrack symbols with no clients,
from Florian Westphal.
9) Add nft_meta_get_eval_time() helper to nft_meta, from Florian.
10) Add nft_meta_pkttype helper for loopback, also from Florian.
11) Add nft_meta_socket uid helper, from Florian Westphal.
12) Add nft_meta_cgroup helper, from Florian.
13) Add nft_meta_ifkind helper, from Florian.
14) Group all interface related meta selector, from Florian.
15) Add nft_prandom_u32() helper, from Florian.
16) Add nft_meta_rtclassid helper, from Florian.
17) Add support for matching on the slave device index,
from Florian.
This batch, among other things, contains updates for the netfilter
tunnel netlink interface: This extension is still incomplete and lacking
proper userspace support which is actually my fault, I did not find the
time to go back and finish this. This update is breaking tunnel UAPI in
some aspects to fix it but do it better sooner than never.
====================
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
|
|
Not used anywhere, remove them.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
At this time compiler inlines it, but this code will not be executed
under normal conditions.
Also, no inlining allows to use "nf_ct_resolve_clash%return" perf probe.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
Pablo Neira Ayuso says:
====================
Netfilter/IPVS updates for net-next
The following patchset contains Netfilter/IPVS updates for net-next,
more specifically:
* Updates for ipset:
1) Coding style fix for ipset comment extension, from Jeremy Sowden.
2) De-inline many functions in ipset, from Jeremy Sowden.
3) Move ipset function definition from header to source file.
4) Move ip_set_put_flags() to source, export it as a symbol, remove
inline.
5) Move range_to_mask() to the source file where this is used.
6) Move ip_set_get_ip_port() to the source file where this is used.
* IPVS selftests and netns improvements:
7) Two patches to speedup ipvs netns dismantle, from Haishuang Yan.
8) Three patches to add selftest script for ipvs, also from
Haishuang Yan.
* Conntrack updates and new nf_hook_slow_list() function:
9) Document ct ecache extension, from Florian Westphal.
10) Skip ct extensions from ctnetlink dump, from Florian.
11) Free ct extension immediately, from Florian.
12) Skip access to ecache extension from nf_ct_deliver_cached_events()
this is not correct as reported by Syzbot.
13) Add and use nf_hook_slow_list(), from Florian.
* Flowtable infrastructure updates:
14) Move priority to nf_flowtable definition.
15) Dynamic allocation of per-device hooks in flowtables.
16) Allow to include netdevice only once in flowtable definitions.
17) Rise maximum number of devices per flowtable.
* Netfilter hardware offload infrastructure updates:
18) Add nft_flow_block_chain() helper function.
19) Pass callback list to nft_setup_cb_call().
20) Add nft_flow_cls_offload_setup() helper function.
21) Remove rules for the unregistered device via netdevice event.
22) Support for multiple devices in a basechain definition at the
ingress hook.
22) Add nft_chain_offload_cmd() helper function.
23) Add nft_flow_block_offload_init() helper function.
24) Rewind in case of failing to bind multiple devices to hook.
25) Typo in IPv6 tproxy module description, from Norman Rasmussen.
====================
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
|
|
Instead of waiting for rcu grace period just free it directly.
This is safe because conntrack lookup doesn't consider extensions.
Other accesses happen while ct->ext can't be free'd, either because
a ct refcount was taken or because the conntrack hash bucket lock or
the dying list spinlock have been taken.
This allows to remove __krealloc in a followup patch, netfilter was the
only user.
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
|
As hinted by KCSAN, we need at least one READ_ONCE()
to prevent a compiler optimization.
More details on :
https://github.com/google/ktsan/wiki/READ_ONCE-and-WRITE_ONCE#it-may-improve-performance
sysbot report :
BUG: KCSAN: data-race in __nf_ct_refresh_acct / __nf_ct_refresh_acct
read to 0xffff888123eb4f08 of 4 bytes by interrupt on cpu 0:
__nf_ct_refresh_acct+0xd4/0x1b0 net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:1796
nf_ct_refresh_acct include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h:201 [inline]
nf_conntrack_tcp_packet+0xd40/0x3390 net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_proto_tcp.c:1161
nf_conntrack_handle_packet net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:1633 [inline]
nf_conntrack_in+0x410/0xaa0 net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:1727
ipv4_conntrack_in+0x27/0x40 net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_proto.c:178
nf_hook_entry_hookfn include/linux/netfilter.h:135 [inline]
nf_hook_slow+0x83/0x160 net/netfilter/core.c:512
nf_hook include/linux/netfilter.h:260 [inline]
NF_HOOK include/linux/netfilter.h:303 [inline]
ip_rcv+0x12f/0x1a0 net/ipv4/ip_input.c:523
__netif_receive_skb_one_core+0xa7/0xe0 net/core/dev.c:5004
__netif_receive_skb+0x37/0xf0 net/core/dev.c:5118
netif_receive_skb_internal+0x59/0x190 net/core/dev.c:5208
napi_skb_finish net/core/dev.c:5671 [inline]
napi_gro_receive+0x28f/0x330 net/core/dev.c:5704
receive_buf+0x284/0x30b0 drivers/net/virtio_net.c:1061
virtnet_receive drivers/net/virtio_net.c:1323 [inline]
virtnet_poll+0x436/0x7d0 drivers/net/virtio_net.c:1428
napi_poll net/core/dev.c:6352 [inline]
net_rx_action+0x3ae/0xa50 net/core/dev.c:6418
__do_softirq+0x115/0x33f kernel/softirq.c:292
write to 0xffff888123eb4f08 of 4 bytes by task 7191 on cpu 1:
__nf_ct_refresh_acct+0xfb/0x1b0 net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:1797
nf_ct_refresh_acct include/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack.h:201 [inline]
nf_conntrack_tcp_packet+0xd40/0x3390 net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_proto_tcp.c:1161
nf_conntrack_handle_packet net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:1633 [inline]
nf_conntrack_in+0x410/0xaa0 net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c:1727
ipv4_conntrack_local+0xbe/0x130 net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_proto.c:200
nf_hook_entry_hookfn include/linux/netfilter.h:135 [inline]
nf_hook_slow+0x83/0x160 net/netfilter/core.c:512
nf_hook include/linux/netfilter.h:260 [inline]
__ip_local_out+0x1f7/0x2b0 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:114
ip_local_out+0x31/0x90 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:123
__ip_queue_xmit+0x3a8/0xa40 net/ipv4/ip_output.c:532
ip_queue_xmit+0x45/0x60 include/net/ip.h:236
__tcp_transmit_skb+0xdeb/0x1cd0 net/ipv4/tcp_output.c:1158
__tcp_send_ack+0x246/0x300 net/ipv4/tcp_output.c:3685
tcp_send_ack+0x34/0x40 net/ipv4/tcp_output.c:3691
tcp_cleanup_rbuf+0x130/0x360 net/ipv4/tcp.c:1575
Reported by Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer on:
CPU: 1 PID: 7191 Comm: syz-fuzzer Not tainted 5.3.0+ #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 01/01/2011
Fixes: cc16921351d8 ("netfilter: conntrack: avoid same-timeout update")
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Reported-by: syzbot <syzkaller@googlegroups.com>
Cc: Jozsef Kadlecsik <kadlec@netfilter.org>
Cc: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>
Acked-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <jakub.kicinski@netronome.com>
|
|
when spinlock is locked/unlocked, its elements will be changed,
so marking it as __read_mostly is not suitable.
and remove a duplicate definition of nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock
strange that compiler does not complain.
Signed-off-by: Li RongQing <lirongqing@baidu.com>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
|
Kees Cook
Eric Dumazet
Florian Westphal
Manfred Spraul
Vasily Averin
Pablo Neira Ayuso
Linus Torvalds
David S. Miller
Roi Dayan
Ahmed S. Darwish
Andrew Lunn
Romain Bellan
Nathan Chancellor
Arnd Bergmann
wenxu
Jules Irenge
Li RongQing
Joe Perches