aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/security/smack (follow)
AgeCommit message (Collapse)AuthorFilesLines
2020-09-11Smack: Consolidate uses of secmark into a functionCasey Schaufler1-28/+33
Add a function smack_from_skb() that returns the Smack label identified by a network secmark. Replace the explicit uses of the secmark with this function. Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-08-23treewide: Use fallthrough pseudo-keywordGustavo A. R. Silva1-1/+1
Replace the existing /* fall through */ comments and its variants with the new pseudo-keyword macro fallthrough[1]. Also, remove unnecessary fall-through markings when it is the case. [1] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.7/process/deprecated.html?highlight=fallthrough#implicit-switch-case-fall-through Signed-off-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavoars@kernel.org>
2020-07-27Smack: prevent underflow in smk_set_cipso()Dan Carpenter1-1/+1
We have an upper bound on "maplevel" but forgot to check for negative values. Fixes: e114e473771c ("Smack: Simplified Mandatory Access Control Kernel") Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-07-27Smack: fix another vsscanf out of boundsDan Carpenter1-0/+4
This is similar to commit 84e99e58e8d1 ("Smack: slab-out-of-bounds in vsscanf") where we added a bounds check on "rule". Reported-by: syzbot+a22c6092d003d6fe1122@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Fixes: f7112e6c9abf ("Smack: allow for significantly longer Smack labels v4") Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-07-14Smack: fix use-after-free in smk_write_relabel_self()Eric Biggers1-2/+11
smk_write_relabel_self() frees memory from the task's credentials with no locking, which can easily cause a use-after-free because multiple tasks can share the same credentials structure. Fix this by using prepare_creds() and commit_creds() to correctly modify the task's credentials. Reproducer for "BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in smk_write_relabel_self": #include <fcntl.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <unistd.h> static void *thrproc(void *arg) { int fd = open("/sys/fs/smackfs/relabel-self", O_WRONLY); for (;;) write(fd, "foo", 3); } int main() { pthread_t t; pthread_create(&t, NULL, thrproc, NULL); thrproc(NULL); } Reported-by: syzbot+e6416dabb497a650da40@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Fixes: 38416e53936e ("Smack: limited capability for changing process label") Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v4.4+ Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-06-13Merge tag 'notifications-20200601' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-fsLinus Torvalds1-8/+104
Pull notification queue from David Howells: "This adds a general notification queue concept and adds an event source for keys/keyrings, such as linking and unlinking keys and changing their attributes. Thanks to Debarshi Ray, we do have a pull request to use this to fix a problem with gnome-online-accounts - as mentioned last time: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-online-accounts/merge_requests/47 Without this, g-o-a has to constantly poll a keyring-based kerberos cache to find out if kinit has changed anything. [ There are other notification pending: mount/sb fsinfo notifications for libmount that Karel Zak and Ian Kent have been working on, and Christian Brauner would like to use them in lxc, but let's see how this one works first ] LSM hooks are included: - A set of hooks are provided that allow an LSM to rule on whether or not a watch may be set. Each of these hooks takes a different "watched object" parameter, so they're not really shareable. The LSM should use current's credentials. [Wanted by SELinux & Smack] - A hook is provided to allow an LSM to rule on whether or not a particular message may be posted to a particular queue. This is given the credentials from the event generator (which may be the system) and the watch setter. [Wanted by Smack] I've provided SELinux and Smack with implementations of some of these hooks. WHY === Key/keyring notifications are desirable because if you have your kerberos tickets in a file/directory, your Gnome desktop will monitor that using something like fanotify and tell you if your credentials cache changes. However, we also have the ability to cache your kerberos tickets in the session, user or persistent keyring so that it isn't left around on disk across a reboot or logout. Keyrings, however, cannot currently be monitored asynchronously, so the desktop has to poll for it - not so good on a laptop. This facility will allow the desktop to avoid the need to poll. DESIGN DECISIONS ================ - The notification queue is built on top of a standard pipe. Messages are effectively spliced in. The pipe is opened with a special flag: pipe2(fds, O_NOTIFICATION_PIPE); The special flag has the same value as O_EXCL (which doesn't seem like it will ever be applicable in this context)[?]. It is given up front to make it a lot easier to prohibit splice&co from accessing the pipe. [?] Should this be done some other way? I'd rather not use up a new O_* flag if I can avoid it - should I add a pipe3() system call instead? The pipe is then configured:: ioctl(fds[1], IOC_WATCH_QUEUE_SET_SIZE, queue_depth); ioctl(fds[1], IOC_WATCH_QUEUE_SET_FILTER, &filter); Messages are then read out of the pipe using read(). - It should be possible to allow write() to insert data into the notification pipes too, but this is currently disabled as the kernel has to be able to insert messages into the pipe *without* holding pipe->mutex and the code to make this work needs careful auditing. - sendfile(), splice() and vmsplice() are disabled on notification pipes because of the pipe->mutex issue and also because they sometimes want to revert what they just did - but one or more notification messages might've been interleaved in the ring. - The kernel inserts messages with the wait queue spinlock held. This means that pipe_read() and pipe_write() have to take the spinlock to update the queue pointers. - Records in the buffer are binary, typed and have a length so that they can be of varying size. This allows multiple heterogeneous sources to share a common buffer; there are 16 million types available, of which I've used just a few, so there is scope for others to be used. Tags may be specified when a watchpoint is created to help distinguish the sources. - Records are filterable as types have up to 256 subtypes that can be individually filtered. Other filtration is also available. - Notification pipes don't interfere with each other; each may be bound to a different set of watches. Any particular notification will be copied to all the queues that are currently watching for it - and only those that are watching for it. - When recording a notification, the kernel will not sleep, but will rather mark a queue as having lost a message if there's insufficient space. read() will fabricate a loss notification message at an appropriate point later. - The notification pipe is created and then watchpoints are attached to it, using one of: keyctl_watch_key(KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, fds[1], 0x01); watch_mount(AT_FDCWD, "/", 0, fd, 0x02); watch_sb(AT_FDCWD, "/mnt", 0, fd, 0x03); where in both cases, fd indicates the queue and the number after is a tag between 0 and 255. - Watches are removed if either the notification pipe is destroyed or the watched object is destroyed. In the latter case, a message will be generated indicating the enforced watch removal. Things I want to avoid: - Introducing features that make the core VFS dependent on the network stack or networking namespaces (ie. usage of netlink). - Dumping all this stuff into dmesg and having a daemon that sits there parsing the output and distributing it as this then puts the responsibility for security into userspace and makes handling namespaces tricky. Further, dmesg might not exist or might be inaccessible inside a container. - Letting users see events they shouldn't be able to see. TESTING AND MANPAGES ==================== - The keyutils tree has a pipe-watch branch that has keyctl commands for making use of notifications. Proposed manual pages can also be found on this branch, though a couple of them really need to go to the main manpages repository instead. If the kernel supports the watching of keys, then running "make test" on that branch will cause the testing infrastructure to spawn a monitoring process on the side that monitors a notifications pipe for all the key/keyring changes induced by the tests and they'll all be checked off to make sure they happened. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/keyutils.git/log/?h=pipe-watch - A test program is provided (samples/watch_queue/watch_test) that can be used to monitor for keyrings, mount and superblock events. Information on the notifications is simply logged to stdout" * tag 'notifications-20200601' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-fs: smack: Implement the watch_key and post_notification hooks selinux: Implement the watch_key security hook keys: Make the KEY_NEED_* perms an enum rather than a mask pipe: Add notification lossage handling pipe: Allow buffers to be marked read-whole-or-error for notifications Add sample notification program watch_queue: Add a key/keyring notification facility security: Add hooks to rule on setting a watch pipe: Add general notification queue support pipe: Add O_NOTIFICATION_PIPE security: Add a hook for the point of notification insertion uapi: General notification queue definitions
2020-06-04Merge branch 'exec-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiederm/user-namespaceLinus Torvalds1-6/+3
Pull execve updates from Eric Biederman: "Last cycle for the Nth time I ran into bugs and quality of implementation issues related to exec that could not be easily be fixed because of the way exec is implemented. So I have been digging into exec and cleanup up what I can. I don't think I have exec sorted out enough to fix the issues I started with but I have made some headway this cycle with 4 sets of changes. - promised cleanups after introducing exec_update_mutex - trivial cleanups for exec - control flow simplifications - remove the recomputation of bprm->cred The net result is code that is a bit easier to understand and work with and a decrease in the number of lines of code (if you don't count the added tests)" * 'exec-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiederm/user-namespace: (24 commits) exec: Compute file based creds only once exec: Add a per bprm->file version of per_clear binfmt_elf_fdpic: fix execfd build regression selftests/exec: Add binfmt_script regression test exec: Remove recursion from search_binary_handler exec: Generic execfd support exec/binfmt_script: Don't modify bprm->buf and then return -ENOEXEC exec: Move the call of prepare_binprm into search_binary_handler exec: Allow load_misc_binary to call prepare_binprm unconditionally exec: Convert security_bprm_set_creds into security_bprm_repopulate_creds exec: Factor security_bprm_creds_for_exec out of security_bprm_set_creds exec: Teach prepare_exec_creds how exec treats uids & gids exec: Set the point of no return sooner exec: Move handling of the point of no return to the top level exec: Run sync_mm_rss before taking exec_update_mutex exec: Fix spelling of search_binary_handler in a comment exec: Move the comment from above de_thread to above unshare_sighand exec: Rename flush_old_exec begin_new_exec exec: Move most of setup_new_exec into flush_old_exec exec: In setup_new_exec cache current in the local variable me ...
2020-05-20exec: Factor security_bprm_creds_for_exec out of security_bprm_set_credsEric W. Biederman1-6/+3
Today security_bprm_set_creds has several implementations: apparmor_bprm_set_creds, cap_bprm_set_creds, selinux_bprm_set_creds, smack_bprm_set_creds, and tomoyo_bprm_set_creds. Except for cap_bprm_set_creds they all test bprm->called_set_creds and return immediately if it is true. The function cap_bprm_set_creds ignores bprm->calld_sed_creds entirely. Create a new LSM hook security_bprm_creds_for_exec that is called just before prepare_binprm in __do_execve_file, resulting in a LSM hook that is called exactly once for the entire of exec. Modify the bits of security_bprm_set_creds that only want to be called once per exec into security_bprm_creds_for_exec, leaving only cap_bprm_set_creds behind. Remove bprm->called_set_creds all of it's former users have been moved to security_bprm_creds_for_exec. Add or upate comments a appropriate to bring them up to date and to reflect this change. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/87v9kszrzh.fsf_-_@x220.int.ebiederm.org Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com> # For the LSM and Smack bits Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
2020-05-19smack: Implement the watch_key and post_notification hooksDavid Howells1-1/+82
Implement the watch_key security hook in Smack to make sure that a key grants the caller Read permission in order to set a watch on a key. Also implement the post_notification security hook to make sure that the notification source is granted Write permission by the watch queue. For the moment, the watch_devices security hook is left unimplemented as it's not obvious what the object should be since the queue is global and didn't previously exist. Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-05-19keys: Make the KEY_NEED_* perms an enum rather than a maskDavid Howells1-7/+22
Since the meaning of combining the KEY_NEED_* constants is undefined, make it so that you can't do that by turning them into an enum. The enum is also given some extra values to represent special circumstances, such as: (1) The '0' value is reserved and causes a warning to trap the parameter being unset. (2) The key is to be unlinked and we require no permissions on it, only the keyring, (this replaces the KEY_LOOKUP_FOR_UNLINK flag). (3) An override due to CAP_SYS_ADMIN. (4) An override due to an instantiation token being present. (5) The permissions check is being deferred to later key_permission() calls. The extra values give the opportunity for LSMs to audit these situations. [Note: This really needs overhauling so that lookup_user_key() tells key_task_permission() and the LSM what operation is being done and leaves it to those functions to decide how to map that onto the available permits. However, I don't really want to make these change in the middle of the notifications patchset.] Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> cc: Jarkko Sakkinen <jarkko.sakkinen@linux.intel.com> cc: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com> cc: Stephen Smalley <stephen.smalley.work@gmail.com> cc: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com> cc: keyrings@vger.kernel.org cc: selinux@vger.kernel.org
2020-05-11Smack: Remove unused inline function smk_ad_setfield_u_fs_path_mntYueHaibing1-4/+0
commit a269434d2fb4 ("LSM: separate LSM_AUDIT_DATA_DENTRY from LSM_AUDIT_DATA_PATH") left behind this, remove it. Signed-off-by: YueHaibing <yuehaibing@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-05-06Smack:- Remove redundant inode_smack cacheCasey Schaufler1-8/+1
The inode_smack cache is no longer used. Remove it. Signed-off-by: Vishal Goel <vishal.goel@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-05-06Smack:- Remove mutex lock "smk_lock" from inode_smackCasey Schaufler2-7/+2
"smk_lock" mutex is used during inode instantiation in smack_d_instantiate()function. It has been used to avoid simultaneous access on same inode security structure. Since smack related initialization is done only once i.e during inode creation. If the inode has already been instantiated then smack_d_instantiate() function just returns without doing anything. So it means mutex lock is required only during inode creation. But since 2 processes can't create same inodes or files simultaneously. Also linking or some other file operation can't be done simultaneously when the file is getting created since file lookup will fail before dentry inode linkup which is done after smack initialization. So no mutex lock is required in inode_smack structure. It will save memory as well as improve some performance. If 40000 inodes are created in system, it will save 1.5 MB on 32-bit systems & 2.8 MB on 64-bit systems. Signed-off-by: Vishal Goel <vishal.goel@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-05-06Smack: slab-out-of-bounds in vsscanfCasey Schaufler1-0/+10
Add barrier to soob. Return -EOVERFLOW if the buffer is exceeded. Suggested-by: Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com> Reported-by: syzbot+bfdd4a2f07be52351350@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-05-06smack: remove redundant structure variable from header.Maninder Singh1-1/+0
commit afb1cbe37440 ("LSM: Infrastructure management of the inode security") removed usage of smk_rcu, thus removing it from structure. Signed-off-by: Maninder Singh <maninder1.s@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Vaneet Narang <v.narang@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-05-06smack: avoid unused 'sip' variable warningArnd Bergmann2-23/+8
The mix of IS_ENABLED() and #ifdef checks has left a combination that causes a warning about an unused variable: security/smack/smack_lsm.c: In function 'smack_socket_connect': security/smack/smack_lsm.c:2838:24: error: unused variable 'sip' [-Werror=unused-variable] 2838 | struct sockaddr_in6 *sip = (struct sockaddr_in6 *)sap; Change the code to use C-style checks consistently so the compiler can handle it correctly. Fixes: 87fbfffcc89b ("broken ping to ipv6 linklocal addresses on debian buster") Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2020-02-08Merge branch 'merge.nfs-fs_parse.1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfsLinus Torvalds1-7/+2
Pull vfs file system parameter updates from Al Viro: "Saner fs_parser.c guts and data structures. The system-wide registry of syntax types (string/enum/int32/oct32/.../etc.) is gone and so is the horror switch() in fs_parse() that would have to grow another case every time something got added to that system-wide registry. New syntax types can be added by filesystems easily now, and their namespace is that of functions - not of system-wide enum members. IOW, they can be shared or kept private and if some turn out to be widely useful, we can make them common library helpers, etc., without having to do anything whatsoever to fs_parse() itself. And we already get that kind of requests - the thing that finally pushed me into doing that was "oh, and let's add one for timeouts - things like 15s or 2h". If some filesystem really wants that, let them do it. Without somebody having to play gatekeeper for the variants blessed by direct support in fs_parse(), TYVM. Quite a bit of boilerplate is gone. And IMO the data structures make a lot more sense now. -200LoC, while we are at it" * 'merge.nfs-fs_parse.1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (25 commits) tmpfs: switch to use of invalfc() cgroup1: switch to use of errorfc() et.al. procfs: switch to use of invalfc() hugetlbfs: switch to use of invalfc() cramfs: switch to use of errofc() et.al. gfs2: switch to use of errorfc() et.al. fuse: switch to use errorfc() et.al. ceph: use errorfc() and friends instead of spelling the prefix out prefix-handling analogues of errorf() and friends turn fs_param_is_... into functions fs_parse: handle optional arguments sanely fs_parse: fold fs_parameter_desc/fs_parameter_spec fs_parser: remove fs_parameter_description name field add prefix to fs_context->log ceph_parse_param(), ceph_parse_mon_ips(): switch to passing fc_log new primitive: __fs_parse() switch rbd and libceph to p_log-based primitives struct p_log, variants of warnf() et.al. taking that one instead teach logfc() to handle prefices, give it saner calling conventions get rid of cg_invalf() ...
2020-02-07fs_parse: fold fs_parameter_desc/fs_parameter_specAl Viro1-6/+2
The former contains nothing but a pointer to an array of the latter... Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-02-07fs_parser: remove fs_parameter_description name fieldEric Sandeen1-1/+0
Unused now. Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com> Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2020-02-05broken ping to ipv6 linklocal addresses on debian busterCasey Schaufler1-22/+19
I am seeing ping failures to IPv6 linklocal addresses with Debian buster. Easiest example to reproduce is: $ ping -c1 -w1 ff02::1%eth1 connect: Invalid argument $ ping -c1 -w1 ff02::1%eth1 PING ff02::01%eth1(ff02::1%eth1) 56 data bytes 64 bytes from fe80::e0:f9ff:fe0c:37%eth1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.059 ms git bisect traced the failure to commit b9ef5513c99b ("smack: Check address length before reading address family") Arguably ping is being stupid since the buster version is not setting the address family properly (ping on stretch for example does): $ strace -e connect ping6 -c1 -w1 ff02::1%eth1 connect(5, {sa_family=AF_UNSPEC, sa_data="\4\1\0\0\0\0\377\2\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\1\3\0\0\0"}, 28) = -1 EINVAL (Invalid argument) but the command works fine on kernels prior to this commit, so this is breakage which goes against the Linux paradigm of "don't break userspace" Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Reported-by: David Ahern <dsahern@gmail.com> Suggested-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>  security/smack/smack_lsm.c | 41 +++++++++++++++++++---------------------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
2019-10-23pipe: Reduce #inclusion of pipe_fs_i.hDavid Howells1-1/+0
Remove some #inclusions of linux/pipe_fs_i.h that don't seem to be necessary any more. Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
2019-09-23Merge tag 'smack-for-5.4-rc1' of git://github.com/cschaufler/smack-nextLinus Torvalds2-23/+23
Pull smack updates from Casey Schaufler: "Four patches for v5.4. Nothing is major. All but one are in response to mechanically detected potential issues. The remaining patch cleans up kernel-doc notations" * tag 'smack-for-5.4-rc1' of git://github.com/cschaufler/smack-next: smack: use GFP_NOFS while holding inode_smack::smk_lock security: smack: Fix possible null-pointer dereferences in smack_socket_sock_rcv_skb() smack: fix some kernel-doc notations Smack: Don't ignore other bprm->unsafe flags if LSM_UNSAFE_PTRACE is set
2019-09-04smack: use GFP_NOFS while holding inode_smack::smk_lockEric Biggers2-4/+4
inode_smack::smk_lock is taken during smack_d_instantiate(), which is called during a filesystem transaction when creating a file on ext4. Therefore to avoid a deadlock, all code that takes this lock must use GFP_NOFS, to prevent memory reclaim from waiting for the filesystem transaction to complete. Reported-by: syzbot+0eefc1e06a77d327a056@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2019-09-04security: smack: Fix possible null-pointer dereferences in smack_socket_sock_rcv_skb()Jia-Ju Bai1-0/+2
In smack_socket_sock_rcv_skb(), there is an if statement on line 3920 to check whether skb is NULL: if (skb && skb->secmark != 0) This check indicates skb can be NULL in some cases. But on lines 3931 and 3932, skb is used: ad.a.u.net->netif = skb->skb_iif; ipv6_skb_to_auditdata(skb, &ad.a, NULL); Thus, possible null-pointer dereferences may occur when skb is NULL. To fix these possible bugs, an if statement is added to check skb. These bugs are found by a static analysis tool STCheck written by us. Signed-off-by: Jia-Ju Bai <baijiaju1990@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2019-09-04smack: fix some kernel-doc notationsluanshi1-18/+15
Fix/add kernel-doc notation and fix typos in security/smack/. Signed-off-by: Liguang Zhang <zhangliguang@linux.alibaba.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2019-09-04Smack: Don't ignore other bprm->unsafe flags if LSM_UNSAFE_PTRACE is setJann Horn1-1/+2
There is a logic bug in the current smack_bprm_set_creds(): If LSM_UNSAFE_PTRACE is set, but the ptrace state is deemed to be acceptable (e.g. because the ptracer detached in the meantime), the other ->unsafe flags aren't checked. As far as I can tell, this means that something like the following could work (but I haven't tested it): - task A: create task B with fork() - task B: set NO_NEW_PRIVS - task B: install a seccomp filter that makes open() return 0 under some conditions - task B: replace fd 0 with a malicious library - task A: attach to task B with PTRACE_ATTACH - task B: execve() a file with an SMACK64EXEC extended attribute - task A: while task B is still in the middle of execve(), exit (which destroys the ptrace relationship) Make sure that if any flags other than LSM_UNSAFE_PTRACE are set in bprm->unsafe, we reject the execve(). Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Fixes: 5663884caab1 ("Smack: unify all ptrace accesses in the smack") Signed-off-by: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2019-07-19Merge branch 'work.mount0' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfsLinus Torvalds1-12/+22
Pull vfs mount updates from Al Viro: "The first part of mount updates. Convert filesystems to use the new mount API" * 'work.mount0' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (63 commits) mnt_init(): call shmem_init() unconditionally constify ksys_mount() string arguments don't bother with registering rootfs init_rootfs(): don't bother with init_ramfs_fs() vfs: Convert smackfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert selinuxfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert securityfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert apparmorfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert openpromfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert xenfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert gadgetfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert oprofilefs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert ibmasmfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert qib_fs/ipathfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert efivarfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert configfs to use the new mount API vfs: Convert binfmt_misc to use the new mount API convenience helper: get_tree_single() convenience helper get_tree_nodev() vfs: Kill sget_userns() ...
2019-07-10Revert "Merge tag 'keys-acl-20190703' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-fs"Linus Torvalds1-2/+1
This reverts merge 0f75ef6a9cff49ff612f7ce0578bced9d0b38325 (and thus effectively commits 7a1ade847596 ("keys: Provide KEYCTL_GRANT_PERMISSION") 2e12256b9a76 ("keys: Replace uid/gid/perm permissions checking with an ACL") that the merge brought in). It turns out that it breaks booting with an encrypted volume, and Eric biggers reports that it also breaks the fscrypt tests [1] and loading of in-kernel X.509 certificates [2]. The root cause of all the breakage is likely the same, but David Howells is off email so rather than try to work it out it's getting reverted in order to not impact the rest of the merge window. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20190710011559.GA7973@sol.localdomain/ [2] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20190710013225.GB7973@sol.localdomain/ Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wjxoeMJfeBahnWH=9zShKp2bsVy527vo3_y8HfOdhwAAw@mail.gmail.com/ Reported-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org> Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-07-08Merge tag 'keys-acl-20190703' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-fsLinus Torvalds1-1/+2
Pull keyring ACL support from David Howells: "This changes the permissions model used by keys and keyrings to be based on an internal ACL by the following means: - Replace the permissions mask internally with an ACL that contains a list of ACEs, each with a specific subject with a permissions mask. Potted default ACLs are available for new keys and keyrings. ACE subjects can be macroised to indicate the UID and GID specified on the key (which remain). Future commits will be able to add additional subject types, such as specific UIDs or domain tags/namespaces. Also split a number of permissions to give finer control. Examples include splitting the revocation permit from the change-attributes permit, thereby allowing someone to be granted permission to revoke a key without allowing them to change the owner; also the ability to join a keyring is split from the ability to link to it, thereby stopping a process accessing a keyring by joining it and thus acquiring use of possessor permits. - Provide a keyctl to allow the granting or denial of one or more permits to a specific subject. Direct access to the ACL is not granted, and the ACL cannot be viewed" * tag 'keys-acl-20190703' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-fs: keys: Provide KEYCTL_GRANT_PERMISSION keys: Replace uid/gid/perm permissions checking with an ACL
2019-07-04vfs: Convert smackfs to use the new mount APIDavid Howells1-12/+22
Convert the smackfs filesystem to the new internal mount API as the old one will be obsoleted and removed. This allows greater flexibility in communication of mount parameters between userspace, the VFS and the filesystem. See Documentation/filesystems/mount_api.txt for more information. Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> cc: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com> cc: linux-security-module@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2019-06-27keys: Replace uid/gid/perm permissions checking with an ACLDavid Howells1-1/+2
Replace the uid/gid/perm permissions checking on a key with an ACL to allow the SETATTR and SEARCH permissions to be split. This will also allow a greater range of subjects to represented. ============ WHY DO THIS? ============ The problem is that SETATTR and SEARCH cover a slew of actions, not all of which should be grouped together. For SETATTR, this includes actions that are about controlling access to a key: (1) Changing a key's ownership. (2) Changing a key's security information. (3) Setting a keyring's restriction. And actions that are about managing a key's lifetime: (4) Setting an expiry time. (5) Revoking a key. and (proposed) managing a key as part of a cache: (6) Invalidating a key. Managing a key's lifetime doesn't really have anything to do with controlling access to that key. Expiry time is awkward since it's more about the lifetime of the content and so, in some ways goes better with WRITE permission. It can, however, be set unconditionally by a process with an appropriate authorisation token for instantiating a key, and can also be set by the key type driver when a key is instantiated, so lumping it with the access-controlling actions is probably okay. As for SEARCH permission, that currently covers: (1) Finding keys in a keyring tree during a search. (2) Permitting keyrings to be joined. (3) Invalidation. But these don't really belong together either, since these actions really need to be controlled separately. Finally, there are number of special cases to do with granting the administrator special rights to invalidate or clear keys that I would like to handle with the ACL rather than key flags and special checks. =============== WHAT IS CHANGED =============== The SETATTR permission is split to create two new permissions: (1) SET_SECURITY - which allows the key's owner, group and ACL to be changed and a restriction to be placed on a keyring. (2) REVOKE - which allows a key to be revoked. The SEARCH permission is split to create: (1) SEARCH - which allows a keyring to be search and a key to be found. (2) JOIN - which allows a keyring to be joined as a session keyring. (3) INVAL - which allows a key to be invalidated. The WRITE permission is also split to create: (1) WRITE - which allows a key's content to be altered and links to be added, removed and replaced in a keyring. (2) CLEAR - which allows a keyring to be cleared completely. This is split out to make it possible to give just this to an administrator. (3) REVOKE - see above. Keys acquire ACLs which consist of a series of ACEs, and all that apply are unioned together. An ACE specifies a subject, such as: (*) Possessor - permitted to anyone who 'possesses' a key (*) Owner - permitted to the key owner (*) Group - permitted to the key group (*) Everyone - permitted to everyone Note that 'Other' has been replaced with 'Everyone' on the assumption that you wouldn't grant a permit to 'Other' that you wouldn't also grant to everyone else. Further subjects may be made available by later patches. The ACE also specifies a permissions mask. The set of permissions is now: VIEW Can view the key metadata READ Can read the key content WRITE Can update/modify the key content SEARCH Can find the key by searching/requesting LINK Can make a link to the key SET_SECURITY Can change owner, ACL, expiry INVAL Can invalidate REVOKE Can revoke JOIN Can join this keyring CLEAR Can clear this keyring The KEYCTL_SETPERM function is then deprecated. The KEYCTL_SET_TIMEOUT function then is permitted if SET_SECURITY is set, or if the caller has a valid instantiation auth token. The KEYCTL_INVALIDATE function then requires INVAL. The KEYCTL_REVOKE function then requires REVOKE. The KEYCTL_JOIN_SESSION_KEYRING function then requires JOIN to join an existing keyring. The JOIN permission is enabled by default for session keyrings and manually created keyrings only. ====================== BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY ====================== To maintain backward compatibility, KEYCTL_SETPERM will translate the permissions mask it is given into a new ACL for a key - unless KEYCTL_SET_ACL has been called on that key, in which case an error will be returned. It will convert possessor, owner, group and other permissions into separate ACEs, if each portion of the mask is non-zero. SETATTR permission turns on all of INVAL, REVOKE and SET_SECURITY. WRITE permission turns on WRITE, REVOKE and, if a keyring, CLEAR. JOIN is turned on if a keyring is being altered. The KEYCTL_DESCRIBE function translates the ACL back into a permissions mask to return depending on possessor, owner, group and everyone ACEs. It will make the following mappings: (1) INVAL, JOIN -> SEARCH (2) SET_SECURITY -> SETATTR (3) REVOKE -> WRITE if SETATTR isn't already set (4) CLEAR -> WRITE Note that the value subsequently returned by KEYCTL_DESCRIBE may not match the value set with KEYCTL_SETATTR. ======= TESTING ======= This passes the keyutils testsuite for all but a couple of tests: (1) tests/keyctl/dh_compute/badargs: The first wrong-key-type test now returns EOPNOTSUPP rather than ENOKEY as READ permission isn't removed if the type doesn't have ->read(). You still can't actually read the key. (2) tests/keyctl/permitting/valid: The view-other-permissions test doesn't work as Other has been replaced with Everyone in the ACL. Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
2019-06-19treewide: Replace GPLv2 boilerplate/reference with SPDX - rule 500Thomas Gleixner2-8/+2
Based on 2 normalized pattern(s): this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license version 2 as published by the free software foundation this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license version 2 as published by the free software foundation # extracted by the scancode license scanner the SPDX license identifier GPL-2.0-only has been chosen to replace the boilerplate/reference in 4122 file(s). Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Reviewed-by: Enrico Weigelt <info@metux.net> Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org> Reviewed-by: Allison Randal <allison@lohutok.net> Cc: linux-spdx@vger.kernel.org Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190604081206.933168790@linutronix.de Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2019-06-14Smack: Restore the smackfsdef mount option and add missing prefixesCasey Schaufler1-5/+7
The 5.1 mount system rework changed the smackfsdef mount option to smackfsdefault. This fixes the regression by making smackfsdef treated the same way as smackfsdefault. Also fix the smack_param_specs[] to have "smack" prefixes on all the names. This isn't visible to a user unless they either: (a) Try to mount a filesystem that's converted to the internal mount API and that implements the ->parse_monolithic() context operation - and only then if they call security_fs_context_parse_param() rather than security_sb_eat_lsm_opts(). There are no examples of this upstream yet, but nfs will probably want to do this for nfs2 or nfs3. (b) Use fsconfig() to configure the filesystem - in which case security_fs_context_parse_param() will be called. This issue is that smack_sb_eat_lsm_opts() checks for the "smack" prefix on the options, but smack_fs_context_parse_param() does not. Fixes: c3300aaf95fb ("smack: get rid of match_token()") Fixes: 2febd254adc4 ("smack: Implement filesystem context security hooks") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Reported-by: Jose Bollo <jose.bollo@iot.bzh> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com> Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Tested-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2019-06-05treewide: Replace GPLv2 boilerplate/reference with SPDX - rule 372Thomas Gleixner3-15/+3
Based on 1 normalized pattern(s): this program is free software you can redistribute it and or modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license as published by the free software foundation version 2 extracted by the scancode license scanner the SPDX license identifier GPL-2.0-only has been chosen to replace the boilerplate/reference in 135 file(s). Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Reviewed-by: Allison Randal <allison@lohutok.net> Cc: linux-spdx@vger.kernel.org Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190531081036.435762997@linutronix.de Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2019-05-21treewide: Add SPDX license identifier - Makefile/KconfigThomas Gleixner2-0/+2
Add SPDX license identifiers to all Make/Kconfig files which: - Have no license information of any form These files fall under the project license, GPL v2 only. The resulting SPDX license identifier is: GPL-2.0-only Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2019-04-30Smack: Fix kbuild reported build errorCasey Schaufler1-0/+2
The variable sap is defined under ifdef, but a recently added use of the variable was not. Put that use under ifdef as well. Reported-by: kbuild test robot <lkp@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2019-04-29smack: Check address length before reading address familyTetsuo Handa1-4/+15
KMSAN will complain if valid address length passed to bind()/connect()/ sendmsg() is shorter than sizeof("struct sockaddr"->sa_family) bytes. Also, since smk_ipv6_port_label()/smack_netlabel_send()/ smack_ipv6host_label()/smk_ipv6_check()/smk_ipv6_port_check() are not checking valid address length and/or address family, make sure we check both. The minimal valid length in smack_socket_connect() is changed from sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6) bytes to SIN6_LEN_RFC2133 bytes, for it seems that Smack is not using "struct sockaddr_in6"->sin6_scope_id field. Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2019-04-03Smack: Fix IPv6 handling of 0 secmarkCasey Schaufler1-0/+2
Handle the case where the skb for an IPv6 packet contains a 0 in the secmark for a packet generated locally. This can only happen for system packets, so allow the access. Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2019-04-02Smack: Create smack_rule cache to optimize memory usageCasey Schaufler3-3/+11
This patch allows for small memory optimization by creating the kmem cache for "struct smack_rule" instead of using kzalloc. For adding new smack rule, kzalloc is used to allocate the memory for "struct smack_rule". kzalloc will always allocate 32 or 64 bytes for 1 structure depending upon the kzalloc cache sizes available in system. Although the size of structure is 20 bytes only, resulting in memory wastage per object in the default pool. For e.g., if there are 20000 rules, then it will save 240KB(20000*12) which is crucial for small memory targets. Signed-off-by: Vishal Goel <vishal.goel@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
2019-04-02smack: removal of global rule listVishal Goel1-38/+15
In this patch, global rule list has been removed. Now all smack rules will be read using "smack_known_list". This list contains all the smack labels and internally each smack label structure maintains the list of smack rules corresponding to that smack label. So there is no need to maintain extra list. 1) Small Memory Optimization For eg. if there are 20000 rules, then it will save 625KB(20000*32), which is critical for small embedded systems. 2) Reducing the time taken in writing rules on load/load2 interface 3) Since global rule list is just used to read the rules, so there will be no performance impact on system Signed-off-by: Vishal Goel <vishal.goel@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <cschaufler@localhost.localdomain>
2019-03-12Merge branch 'work.mount' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfsLinus Torvalds2-15/+96
Pull vfs mount infrastructure updates from Al Viro: "The rest of core infrastructure; no new syscalls in that pile, but the old parts are switched to new infrastructure. At that point conversions of individual filesystems can happen independently; some are done here (afs, cgroup, procfs, etc.), there's also a large series outside of that pile dealing with NFS (quite a bit of option-parsing stuff is getting used there - it's one of the most convoluted filesystems in terms of mount-related logics), but NFS bits are the next cycle fodder. It got seriously simplified since the last cycle; documentation is probably the weakest bit at the moment - I considered dropping the commit introducing Documentation/filesystems/mount_api.txt (cutting the size increase by quarter ;-), but decided that it would be better to fix it up after -rc1 instead. That pile allows to do followup work in independent branches, which should make life much easier for the next cycle. fs/super.c size increase is unpleasant; there's a followup series that allows to shrink it considerably, but I decided to leave that until the next cycle" * 'work.mount' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs: (41 commits) afs: Use fs_context to pass parameters over automount afs: Add fs_context support vfs: Add some logging to the core users of the fs_context log vfs: Implement logging through fs_context vfs: Provide documentation for new mount API vfs: Remove kern_mount_data() hugetlbfs: Convert to fs_context cpuset: Use fs_context kernfs, sysfs, cgroup, intel_rdt: Support fs_context cgroup: store a reference to cgroup_ns into cgroup_fs_context cgroup1_get_tree(): separate "get cgroup_root to use" into a separate helper cgroup_do_mount(): massage calling conventions cgroup: stash cgroup_root reference into cgroup_fs_context cgroup2: switch to option-by-option parsing cgroup1: switch to option-by-option parsing cgroup: take options parsing into ->parse_monolithic() cgroup: fold cgroup1_mount() into cgroup1_get_tree() cgroup: start switching to fs_context ipc: Convert mqueue fs to fs_context proc: Add fs_context support to procfs ...
2019-03-07Merge tag 'audit-pr-20190305' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/pcmoore/auditLinus Torvalds1-3/+1
Pull audit updates from Paul Moore: "A lucky 13 audit patches for v5.1. Despite the rather large diffstat, most of the changes are from two bug fix patches that move code from one Kconfig option to another. Beyond that bit of churn, the remaining changes are largely cleanups and bug-fixes as we slowly march towards container auditing. It isn't all boring though, we do have a couple of new things: file capabilities v3 support, and expanded support for filtering on filesystems to solve problems with remote filesystems. All changes pass the audit-testsuite. Please merge for v5.1" * tag 'audit-pr-20190305' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/pcmoore/audit: audit: mark expected switch fall-through audit: hide auditsc_get_stamp and audit_serial prototypes audit: join tty records to their syscall audit: remove audit_context when CONFIG_ AUDIT and not AUDITSYSCALL audit: remove unused actx param from audit_rule_match audit: ignore fcaps on umount audit: clean up AUDITSYSCALL prototypes and stubs audit: more filter PATH records keyed on filesystem magic audit: add support for fcaps v3 audit: move loginuid and sessionid from CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL to CONFIG_AUDIT audit: add syscall information to CONFIG_CHANGE records audit: hand taken context to audit_kill_trees for syscall logging audit: give a clue what CONFIG_CHANGE op was involved
2019-02-28introduce cloning of fs_contextAl Viro1-0/+49
new primitive: vfs_dup_fs_context(). Comes with fs_context method (->dup()) for copying the filesystem-specific parts of fs_context, along with LSM one (->fs_context_dup()) for doing the same to LSM parts. [needs better commit message, and change of Author:, anyway] Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2019-02-28smack: Implement filesystem context security hooksDavid Howells2-15/+47
Implement filesystem context security hooks for the smack LSM. Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> cc: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com> cc: linux-security-module@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2019-02-22security: mark expected switch fall-throughs and add a missing breakGustavo A. R. Silva1-2/+1
In preparation to enabling -Wimplicit-fallthrough, mark switch cases where we are expecting to fall through. This patch fixes the following warnings: security/integrity/ima/ima_template_lib.c:85:10: warning: this statement may fall through [-Wimplicit-fallthrough=] security/integrity/ima/ima_policy.c:940:18: warning: this statement may fall through [-Wimplicit-fallthrough=] security/integrity/ima/ima_policy.c:943:7: warning: this statement may fall through [-Wimplicit-fallthrough=] security/integrity/ima/ima_policy.c:972:21: warning: this statement may fall through [-Wimplicit-fallthrough=] security/integrity/ima/ima_policy.c:974:7: warning: this statement may fall through [-Wimplicit-fallthrough=] security/smack/smack_lsm.c:3391:9: warning: this statement may fall through [-Wimplicit-fallthrough=] security/apparmor/domain.c:569:6: warning: this statement may fall through [-Wimplicit-fallthrough=] Warning level 3 was used: -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 Also, add a missing break statement to fix the following warning: security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c:116:26: warning: this statement may fall through [-Wimplicit-fallthrough=] Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com> Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com> Signed-off-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavo@embeddedor.com> Acked-by: Mimi Zohar <zohar@linux.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.morris@microsoft.com>
2019-01-31audit: remove unused actx param from audit_rule_matchRichard Guy Briggs1-3/+1
The audit_rule_match() struct audit_context *actx parameter is not used by any in-tree consumers (selinux, apparmour, integrity, smack). The audit context is an internal audit structure that should only be accessed by audit accessor functions. It was part of commit 03d37d25e0f9 ("LSM/Audit: Introduce generic Audit LSM hooks") but appears to have never been used. Remove it. Please see the github issue https://github.com/linux-audit/audit-kernel/issues/107 Signed-off-by: Richard Guy Briggs <rgb@redhat.com> [PM: fixed the referenced commit title] Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
2019-01-18LSM: Make lsm_early_cred() and lsm_early_task() local functions.Tetsuo Handa1-2/+0
Since current->cred == current->real_cred when ordered_lsm_init() is called, and lsm_early_cred()/lsm_early_task() need to be called between the amount of required bytes is determined and module specific initialization function is called, we can move these calls from individual modules to ordered_lsm_init(). Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp> Acked-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.morris@microsoft.com>
2019-01-10LSM: generalize flag passing to security_capableMicah Morton1-1/+1
This patch provides a general mechanism for passing flags to the security_capable LSM hook. It replaces the specific 'audit' flag that is used to tell security_capable whether it should log an audit message for the given capability check. The reason for generalizing this flag passing is so we can add an additional flag that signifies whether security_capable is being called by a setid syscall (which is needed by the proposed SafeSetID LSM). Signed-off-by: Micah Morton <mortonm@chromium.org> Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: James Morris <james.morris@microsoft.com>
2019-01-08LSM: Infrastructure management of the ipc security blobCasey Schaufler2-30/+6
Move management of the kern_ipc_perm->security and msg_msg->security blobs out of the individual security modules and into the security infrastructure. Instead of allocating the blobs from within the modules the modules tell the infrastructure how much space is required, and the space is allocated there. Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com> Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> [kees: adjusted for ordered init series] Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
2019-01-08Smack: Abstract use of ipc security blobsCasey Schaufler2-5/+20
Don't use the ipc->security pointer directly. Don't use the msg_msg->security pointer directly. Provide helper functions that provides the security blob pointers. Signed-off-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com> Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>