Review Checklist for RCU Patches This document contains a checklist for producing and reviewing patches that make use of RCU. Violating any of the rules listed below will result in the same sorts of problems that leaving out a locking primitive would cause. This list is based on experiences reviewing such patches over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! 0. Is RCU being applied to a read-mostly situation? If the data structure is updated more than about 10% of the time, then you should strongly consider some other approach, unless detailed performance measurements show that RCU is nonetheless the right tool for the job. The other exception would be where performance is not an issue, and RCU provides a simpler implementation. An example of this situation is the dynamic NMI code in the Linux 2.6 kernel, at least on architectures where NMIs are rare. 1. Does the update code have proper mutual exclusion? RCU does allow -readers- to run (almost) naked, but -writers- must still use some sort of mutual exclusion, such as: a. locking, b. atomic operations, or c. restricting updates to a single task. If you choose #b, be prepared to describe how you have handled memory barriers on weakly ordered machines (pretty much all of them -- even x86 allows reads to be reordered), and be prepared to explain why this added complexity is worthwhile. If you choose #c, be prepared to explain how this single task does not become a major bottleneck on big multiprocessor machines (for example, if the task is updating information relating to itself that other tasks can read, there by definition can be no bottleneck). 2. Do the RCU read-side critical sections make proper use of rcu_read_lock() and friends? These primitives are needed to suppress preemption (or bottom halves, in the case of rcu_read_lock_bh()) in the read-side critical sections, and are also an excellent aid to readability. As a rough rule of thumb, any dereference of an RCU-protected pointer must be covered by rcu_read_lock() or rcu_read_lock_bh() or by the appropriate update-side lock. 3. Does the update code tolerate concurrent accesses? The whole point of RCU is to permit readers to run without any locks or atomic operations. This means that readers will be running while updates are in progress. There are a number of ways to handle this concurrency, depending on the situation: a. Make updates appear atomic to readers. For example, pointer updates to properly aligned fields will appear atomic, as will individual atomic primitives. Operations performed under a lock and sequences of multiple atomic primitives will -not- appear to be atomic. This is almost always the best approach. b. Carefully order the updates and the reads so that readers see valid data at all phases of the update. This is often more difficult than it sounds, especially given modern CPUs' tendency to reorder memory references. One must usually liberally sprinkle memory barriers (smp_wmb(), smp_rmb(), smp_mb()) through the code, making it difficult to understand and to test. It is usually better to group the changing data into a separate structure, so that the change may be made to appear atomic by updating a pointer to reference a new structure containing updated values. 4. Weakly ordered CPUs pose special challenges. Almost all CPUs are weakly ordered -- even i386 CPUs allow reads to be reordered. RCU code must take all of the following measures to prevent memory-corruption problems: a. Readers must maintain proper ordering of their memory accesses. The rcu_dereference() primitive ensures that the CPU picks up the pointer before it picks up the data that the pointer points to. This really is necessary on Alpha CPUs. If you don't believe me, see: http://www.openvms.compaq.com/wizard/wiz_2637.html The rcu_dereference() primitive is also an excellent documentation aid, letting the person reading the code know exactly which pointers are protected by RCU. The rcu_dereference() primitive is used by the various "_rcu()" list-traversal primitives, such as the list_for_each_entry_rcu(). Note that it is perfectly legal (if redundant) for update-side code to use rcu_dereference() and the "_rcu()" list-traversal primitives. This is particularly useful in code that is common to readers and updaters. b. If the list macros are being used, the list_add_tail_rcu() and list_add_rcu() primitives must be used in order to prevent weakly ordered machines from misordering structure initialization and pointer planting. Similarly, if the hlist macros are being used, the hlist_add_head_rcu() primitive is required. c. If the list macros are being used, the list_del_rcu() primitive must be used to keep list_del()'s pointer poisoning from inflicting toxic effects on concurrent readers. Similarly, if the hlist macros are being used, the hlist_del_rcu() primitive is required. The list_replace_rcu() primitive may be used to replace an old structure with a new one in an RCU-protected list. d. Updates must ensure that initialization of a given structure happens before pointers to that structure are publicized. Use the rcu_assign_pointer() primitive when publicizing a pointer to a structure that can be traversed by an RCU read-side critical section. 5. If call_rcu(), or a related primitive such as call_rcu_bh(), is used, the callback function must be written to be called from softirq context. In particular, it cannot block. 6. Since synchronize_rcu() can block, it cannot be called from any sort of irq context. 7. If the updater uses call_rcu(), then the corresponding readers must use rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock(). If the updater uses call_rcu_bh(), then the corresponding readers must use rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh(). Mixing things up will result in confusion and broken kernels. One exception to this rule: rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() may be substituted for rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh() in cases where local bottom halves are already known to be disabled, for example, in irq or softirq context. Commenting such cases is a must, of course! And the jury is still out on whether the increased speed is worth it. 8. Although synchronize_rcu() is a bit slower than is call_rcu(), it usually results in simpler code. So, unless update performance is important or the updaters cannot block, synchronize_rcu() should be used in preference to call_rcu(). 9. All RCU list-traversal primitives, which include list_for_each_rcu(), list_for_each_entry_rcu(), list_for_each_continue_rcu(), and list_for_each_safe_rcu(), must be within an RCU read-side critical section. RCU read-side critical sections are delimited by rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock(), or by similar primitives such as rcu_read_lock_bh() and rcu_read_unlock_bh(). Use of the _rcu() list-traversal primitives outside of an RCU read-side critical section causes no harm other than a slight performance degradation on Alpha CPUs. It can also be quite helpful in reducing code bloat when common code is shared between readers and updaters. 10. Conversely, if you are in an RCU read-side critical section, you -must- use the "_rcu()" variants of the list macros. Failing to do so will break Alpha and confuse people reading your code. 11. Note that synchronize_rcu() -only- guarantees to wait until all currently executing rcu_read_lock()-protected RCU read-side critical sections complete. It does -not- necessarily guarantee that all currently running interrupts, NMIs, preempt_disable() code, or idle loops will complete. Therefore, if you do not have rcu_read_lock()-protected read-side critical sections, do -not- use synchronize_rcu(). If you want to wait for some of these other things, you might instead need to use synchronize_irq() or synchronize_sched().