path: root/src/boot/bootctl.c

/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */

#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <linux/magic.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "sd-id128.h"

#include "alloc-util.h"
#include "blkid-util.h"
#include "bootspec.h"
#include "copy.h"
#include "devnum-util.h"
#include "dirent-util.h"
#include "efi-api.h"
#include "efi-loader.h"
#include "efivars.h"
#include "env-file.h"
#include "env-util.h"
#include "escape.h"
#include "fd-util.h"
#include "fileio.h"
#include "find-esp.h"
#include "fs-util.h"
#include "glyph-util.h"
#include "main-func.h"
#include "mkdir.h"
#include "os-util.h"
#include "pager.h"
#include "parse-argument.h"
#include "parse-util.h"
#include "pretty-print.h"
#include "random-util.h"
#include "rm-rf.h"
#include "stat-util.h"
#include "stdio-util.h"
#include "string-table.h"
#include "string-util.h"
#include "strv.h"
#include "sync-util.h"
#include "terminal-util.h"
#include "tmpfile-util.h"
#include "tmpfile-util-label.h"
#include "tpm2-util.h"
#include "umask-util.h"
#include "utf8.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "verbs.h"
#include "virt.h"

static char *arg_esp_path = NULL;
static char *arg_xbootldr_path = NULL;
static bool arg_print_esp_path = false;
static bool arg_print_dollar_boot_path = false;
static bool arg_touch_variables = true;
static PagerFlags arg_pager_flags = 0;
static bool arg_graceful = false;
static bool arg_quiet = false;
static int arg_make_entry_directory = false; /* tri-state: < 0 for automatic logic */
static sd_id128_t arg_machine_id = SD_ID128_NULL;
static char *arg_install_layout = NULL;
static enum {
        ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_MACHINE_ID,
        ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_OS_IMAGE_ID,
        ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_OS_ID,
        ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_LITERAL,
        ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_AUTO,
} arg_entry_token_type = ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_AUTO;
static char *arg_entry_token = NULL;
static JsonFormatFlags arg_json_format_flags = JSON_FORMAT_OFF;
static bool arg_arch_all = false;

STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_esp_path, freep);
STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_xbootldr_path, freep);
STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_install_layout, freep);
STATIC_DESTRUCTOR_REGISTER(arg_entry_token, freep);

static const char *arg_dollar_boot_path(void) {
        /* $BOOT shall be the XBOOTLDR partition if it exists, and otherwise the ESP */
        return arg_xbootldr_path ?: arg_esp_path;
}

static int acquire_esp(
                bool unprivileged_mode,
                bool graceful,
                uint32_t *ret_part,
                uint64_t *ret_pstart,
                uint64_t *ret_psize,
                sd_id128_t *ret_uuid,
                dev_t *ret_devid) {

        char *np;
        int r;

        /* Find the ESP, and log about errors. Note that find_esp_and_warn() will log in all error cases on
         * its own, except for ENOKEY (which is good, we want to show our own message in that case,
         * suggesting use of --esp-path=) and EACCESS (only when we request unprivileged mode; in this case
         * we simply eat up the error here, so that --list and --status work too, without noise about
         * this). */

        r = find_esp_and_warn(arg_esp_path, unprivileged_mode, &np, ret_part, ret_pstart, ret_psize, ret_uuid, ret_devid);
        if (r == -ENOKEY) {
                if (graceful)
                        return log_full_errno(arg_quiet ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_INFO, r,
                                              "Couldn't find EFI system partition, skipping.");

                return log_error_errno(r,
                                       "Couldn't find EFI system partition. It is recommended to mount it to /boot or /efi.\n"
                                       "Alternatively, use --esp-path= to specify path to mount point.");
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        free_and_replace(arg_esp_path, np);
        log_debug("Using EFI System Partition at %s.", arg_esp_path);

        return 0;
}

static int acquire_xbootldr(
                bool unprivileged_mode,
                sd_id128_t *ret_uuid,
                dev_t *ret_devid) {

        char *np;
        int r;

        r = find_xbootldr_and_warn(arg_xbootldr_path, unprivileged_mode, &np, ret_uuid, ret_devid);
        if (r == -ENOKEY) {
                log_debug_errno(r, "Didn't find an XBOOTLDR partition, using the ESP as $BOOT.");
                arg_xbootldr_path = mfree(arg_xbootldr_path);

                if (ret_uuid)
                        *ret_uuid = SD_ID128_NULL;
                if (ret_devid)
                        *ret_devid = 0;
                return 0;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        free_and_replace(arg_xbootldr_path, np);
        log_debug("Using XBOOTLDR partition at %s as $BOOT.", arg_xbootldr_path);

        return 1;
}

static int load_etc_machine_id(void) {
        int r;

        r = sd_id128_get_machine(&arg_machine_id);
        if (IN_SET(r, -ENOENT, -ENOMEDIUM)) /* Not set or empty */
                return 0;
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get machine-id: %m");

        log_debug("Loaded machine ID %s from /etc/machine-id.", SD_ID128_TO_STRING(arg_machine_id));
        return 0;
}

static int load_etc_machine_info(void) {
        /* systemd v250 added support to store the kernel-install layout setting and the machine ID to use
         * for setting up the ESP in /etc/machine-info. The newer /etc/kernel/entry-token file, as well as
         * the $layout field in /etc/kernel/install.conf are better replacements for this though, hence this
         * has been deprecated and is only returned for compatibility. */
        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL, *layout = NULL;
        int r;

        r = parse_env_file(NULL, "/etc/machine-info",
                           "KERNEL_INSTALL_LAYOUT", &layout,
                           "KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID", &s);
        if (r == -ENOENT)
                return 0;
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse /etc/machine-info: %m");

        if (!isempty(s)) {
                if (!arg_quiet)
                        log_notice("Read $KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID from /etc/machine-info. "
                                   "Please move it to /etc/kernel/entry-token.");

                r = sd_id128_from_string(s, &arg_machine_id);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID=%s in /etc/machine-info: %m", s);

                log_debug("Loaded KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID=%s from KERNEL_INSTALL_MACHINE_ID in /etc/machine-info.",
                          SD_ID128_TO_STRING(arg_machine_id));
        }

        if (!isempty(layout)) {
                if (!arg_quiet)
                        log_notice("Read $KERNEL_INSTALL_LAYOUT from /etc/machine-info. "
                                   "Please move it to the layout= setting of /etc/kernel/install.conf.");

                log_debug("KERNEL_INSTALL_LAYOUT=%s is specified in /etc/machine-info.", layout);
                free_and_replace(arg_install_layout, layout);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int load_etc_kernel_install_conf(void) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *layout = NULL;
        int r;

        r = parse_env_file(NULL, "/etc/kernel/install.conf",
                           "layout", &layout);
        if (r == -ENOENT)
                return 0;
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse /etc/kernel/install.conf: %m");

        if (!isempty(layout)) {
                log_debug("layout=%s is specified in /etc/machine-info.", layout);
                free_and_replace(arg_install_layout, layout);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int settle_entry_token(void) {
        int r;

        switch (arg_entry_token_type) {

        case ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_AUTO: {
                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
                r = read_one_line_file("/etc/kernel/entry-token", &buf);
                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read /etc/kernel/entry-token: %m");

                if (!isempty(buf)) {
                        free_and_replace(arg_entry_token, buf);
                        arg_entry_token_type = ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_LITERAL;
                } else if (sd_id128_is_null(arg_machine_id)) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *id = NULL, *image_id = NULL;

                        r = parse_os_release(NULL,
                                             "IMAGE_ID", &image_id,
                                             "ID", &id);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to load /etc/os-release: %m");

                        if (!isempty(image_id)) {
                                free_and_replace(arg_entry_token, image_id);
                                arg_entry_token_type = ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_OS_IMAGE_ID;
                        } else if (!isempty(id)) {
                                free_and_replace(arg_entry_token, id);
                                arg_entry_token_type = ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_OS_ID;
                        } else
                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "No machine ID set, and /etc/os-release carries no ID=/IMAGE_ID= fields.");
                } else {
                        r = free_and_strdup_warn(&arg_entry_token, SD_ID128_TO_STRING(arg_machine_id));
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        arg_entry_token_type = ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_MACHINE_ID;
                }

                break;
        }

        case ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_MACHINE_ID:
                if (sd_id128_is_null(arg_machine_id))
                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "No machine ID set.");

                r = free_and_strdup_warn(&arg_entry_token, SD_ID128_TO_STRING(arg_machine_id));
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                break;

        case ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_OS_IMAGE_ID: {
                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;

                r = parse_os_release(NULL, "IMAGE_ID", &buf);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to load /etc/os-release: %m");

                if (isempty(buf))
                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "IMAGE_ID= field not set in /etc/os-release.");

                free_and_replace(arg_entry_token, buf);
                break;
        }

        case ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_OS_ID: {
                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;

                r = parse_os_release(NULL, "ID", &buf);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to load /etc/os-release: %m");

                if (isempty(buf))
                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "ID= field not set in /etc/os-release.");

                free_and_replace(arg_entry_token, buf);
                break;
        }

        case ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_LITERAL:
                assert(!isempty(arg_entry_token)); /* already filled in by command line parser */
                break;
        }

        if (isempty(arg_entry_token) || !string_is_safe(arg_entry_token))
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Selected entry token not valid: %s", arg_entry_token);

        log_debug("Using entry token: %s", arg_entry_token);
        return 0;
}

static bool use_boot_loader_spec_type1(void) {
        /* If the layout is not specified, or if it is set explicitly to "bls" we assume Boot Loader
         * Specification Type #1 is the chosen format for our boot loader entries */
        return !arg_install_layout || streq(arg_install_layout, "bls");
}

static int settle_make_entry_directory(void) {
        int r;

        r = load_etc_machine_id();
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = load_etc_machine_info();
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = load_etc_kernel_install_conf();
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = settle_entry_token();
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        bool layout_type1 = use_boot_loader_spec_type1();
        if (arg_make_entry_directory < 0) { /* Automatic mode */
                if (layout_type1) {
                        if (arg_entry_token == ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_MACHINE_ID) {
                                r = path_is_temporary_fs("/etc/machine-id");
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return log_debug_errno(r, "Couldn't determine whether /etc/machine-id is on a temporary file system: %m");

                                arg_make_entry_directory = r == 0;
                        } else
                                arg_make_entry_directory = true;
                } else
                        arg_make_entry_directory = false;
        }

        if (arg_make_entry_directory > 0 && !layout_type1)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                       "KERNEL_INSTALL_LAYOUT=%s is configured, but Boot Loader Specification Type #1 entry directory creation was requested.",
                                       arg_install_layout);

        return 0;
}

/* search for "#### LoaderInfo: systemd-boot 218 ####" string inside the binary */
static int get_file_version(int fd, char **v) {
        struct stat st;
        char *buf;
        const char *s, *e;
        char *x = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(fd >= 0);
        assert(v);

        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to stat EFI binary: %m");

        r = stat_verify_regular(&st);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "EFI binary is not a regular file: %m");

        if (st.st_size < 27 || file_offset_beyond_memory_size(st.st_size)) {
                *v = NULL;
                return 0;
        }

        buf = mmap(NULL, st.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
        if (buf == MAP_FAILED)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to memory map EFI binary: %m");

        s = mempmem_safe(buf, st.st_size - 8, "#### LoaderInfo: ", 17);
        if (!s)
                goto finish;

        e = memmem_safe(s, st.st_size - (s - buf), " ####", 5);
        if (!e || e - s < 3) {
                r = log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Malformed version string.");
                goto finish;
        }

        x = strndup(s, e - s);
        if (!x) {
                r = log_oom();
                goto finish;
        }
        r = 1;

finish:
        (void) munmap(buf, st.st_size);
        *v = x;
        return r;
}

static const char *get_efi_arch(void) {
        /* Detect EFI firmware architecture of the running system. On mixed mode systems, it could be 32bit
         * while the kernel is running in 64bit. */

#ifdef __x86_64__
        _cleanup_free_ char *platform_size = NULL;
        int r;

        r = read_one_line_file("/sys/firmware/efi/fw_platform_size", &platform_size);
        if (r == -ENOENT)
                return EFI_MACHINE_TYPE_NAME;
        if (r < 0) {
                log_warning_errno(r, "Error reading EFI firmware word size, assuming '%u': %m", __WORDSIZE);
                return EFI_MACHINE_TYPE_NAME;
        }

        if (streq(platform_size, "64"))
                return EFI_MACHINE_TYPE_NAME;
        if (streq(platform_size, "32"))
                return "ia32";

        log_warning(
                "Unknown EFI firmware word size '%s', using default word size '%u' instead.",
                platform_size,
                __WORDSIZE);
#endif

        return EFI_MACHINE_TYPE_NAME;
}

static int enumerate_binaries(const char *esp_path, const char *path, const char *prefix) {
        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
        const char *p;
        int c = 0, r;

        assert(esp_path);
        assert(path);

        p = prefix_roota(esp_path, path);
        d = opendir(p);
        if (!d) {
                if (errno == ENOENT)
                        return 0;

                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read \"%s\": %m", p);
        }

        FOREACH_DIRENT(de, d, break) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
                _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;

                if (!endswith_no_case(de->d_name, ".efi"))
                        continue;

                if (prefix && !startswith_no_case(de->d_name, prefix))
                        continue;

                fd = openat(dirfd(d), de->d_name, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
                if (fd < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open \"%s/%s\" for reading: %m", p, de->d_name);

                r = get_file_version(fd, &v);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r > 0)
                        printf("         File: %s/%s/%s (%s%s%s)\n", special_glyph(SPECIAL_GLYPH_TREE_RIGHT), path, de->d_name, ansi_highlight(), v, ansi_normal());
                else
                        printf("         File: %s/%s/%s\n", special_glyph(SPECIAL_GLYPH_TREE_RIGHT), path, de->d_name);

                c++;
        }

        return c;
}

static int status_binaries(const char *esp_path, sd_id128_t partition) {
        int r;

        printf("Available Boot Loaders on ESP:\n");

        if (!esp_path) {
                printf("          ESP: Cannot find or access mount point of ESP.\n\n");
                return -ENOENT;
        }

        printf("          ESP: %s", esp_path);
        if (!sd_id128_is_null(partition))
                printf(" (/dev/disk/by-partuuid/" SD_ID128_UUID_FORMAT_STR ")", SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(partition));
        printf("\n");

        r = enumerate_binaries(esp_path, "EFI/systemd", NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                goto finish;
        if (r == 0 && !arg_quiet)
                log_info("systemd-boot not installed in ESP.");

        r = enumerate_binaries(esp_path, "EFI/BOOT", "boot");
        if (r < 0)
                goto finish;
        if (r == 0 && !arg_quiet)
                log_info("No default/fallback boot loader installed in ESP.");

        r = 0;

finish:
        printf("\n");
        return r;
}

static int print_efi_option(uint16_t id, bool in_order) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *title = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
        sd_id128_t partition;
        bool active;
        int r;

        r = efi_get_boot_option(id, &title, &partition, &path, &active);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        /* print only configured entries with partition information */
        if (!path || sd_id128_is_null(partition))
                return 0;

        efi_tilt_backslashes(path);

        printf("        Title: %s%s%s\n", ansi_highlight(), strna(title), ansi_normal());
        printf("           ID: 0x%04X\n", id);
        printf("       Status: %sactive%s\n", active ? "" : "in", in_order ? ", boot-order" : "");
        printf("    Partition: /dev/disk/by-partuuid/" SD_ID128_UUID_FORMAT_STR "\n",
               SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(partition));
        printf("         File: %s%s\n", special_glyph(SPECIAL_GLYPH_TREE_RIGHT), path);
        printf("\n");

        return 0;
}

static int status_variables(void) {
        _cleanup_free_ uint16_t *options = NULL, *order = NULL;
        int n_options, n_order;

        n_options = efi_get_boot_options(&options);
        if (n_options == -ENOENT)
                return log_error_errno(n_options,
                                       "Failed to access EFI variables, efivarfs"
                                       " needs to be available at /sys/firmware/efi/efivars/.");
        if (n_options < 0)
                return log_error_errno(n_options, "Failed to read EFI boot entries: %m");

        n_order = efi_get_boot_order(&order);
        if (n_order == -ENOENT)
                n_order = 0;
        else if (n_order < 0)
                return log_error_errno(n_order, "Failed to read EFI boot order: %m");

        /* print entries in BootOrder first */
        printf("Boot Loaders Listed in EFI Variables:\n");
        for (int i = 0; i < n_order; i++)
                print_efi_option(order[i], true);

        /* print remaining entries */
        for (int i = 0; i < n_options; i++) {
                for (int j = 0; j < n_order; j++)
                        if (options[i] == order[j])
                                goto next_option;

                print_efi_option(options[i], false);

        next_option:
                continue;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int boot_config_load_and_select(
                BootConfig *config,
                const char *esp_path,
                dev_t esp_devid,
                const char *xbootldr_path,
                dev_t xbootldr_devid) {

        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **efi_entries = NULL;
        int r;

        /* If XBOOTLDR and ESP actually refer to the same block device, suppress XBOOTLDR, since it would
         * find the same entries twice. */
        bool same = esp_path && xbootldr_path && devnum_set_and_equal(esp_devid, xbootldr_devid);

        r = boot_config_load(config, esp_path, same ? NULL : xbootldr_path);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = efi_loader_get_entries(&efi_entries);
        if (r == -ENOENT || ERRNO_IS_NOT_SUPPORTED(r))
                log_debug_errno(r, "Boot loader reported no entries.");
        else if (r < 0)
                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to determine entries reported by boot loader, ignoring: %m");
        else
                (void) boot_config_augment_from_loader(config, efi_entries, /* only_auto= */ false);

        return boot_config_select_special_entries(config);
}

static int status_entries(
                const BootConfig *config,
                const char *esp_path,
                sd_id128_t esp_partition_uuid,
                const char *xbootldr_path,
                sd_id128_t xbootldr_partition_uuid) {

        sd_id128_t dollar_boot_partition_uuid;
        const char *dollar_boot_path;
        int r;

        assert(config);
        assert(esp_path || xbootldr_path);

        if (xbootldr_path) {
                dollar_boot_path = xbootldr_path;
                dollar_boot_partition_uuid = xbootldr_partition_uuid;
        } else {
                dollar_boot_path = esp_path;
                dollar_boot_partition_uuid = esp_partition_uuid;
        }

        printf("Boot Loader Entries:\n"
               "        $BOOT: %s", dollar_boot_path);
        if (!sd_id128_is_null(dollar_boot_partition_uuid))
                printf(" (/dev/disk/by-partuuid/" SD_ID128_UUID_FORMAT_STR ")",
                       SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(dollar_boot_partition_uuid));
        printf("\n\n");

        if (config->default_entry < 0)
                printf("%zu entries, no entry could be determined as default.\n", config->n_entries);
        else {
                printf("Default Boot Loader Entry:\n");

                r = show_boot_entry(
                                boot_config_default_entry(config),
                                /* show_as_default= */ false,
                                /* show_as_selected= */ false,
                                /* show_discovered= */ false);
                if (r > 0)
                        /* < 0 is already logged by the function itself, let's just emit an extra warning if
                           the default entry is broken */
                        printf("\nWARNING: default boot entry is broken\n");
        }

        return 0;
}

static int compare_product(const char *a, const char *b) {
        size_t x, y;

        assert(a);
        assert(b);

        x = strcspn(a, " ");
        y = strcspn(b, " ");
        if (x != y)
                return x < y ? -1 : x > y ? 1 : 0;

        return strncmp(a, b, x);
}

static int compare_version(const char *a, const char *b) {
        assert(a);
        assert(b);

        a += strcspn(a, " ");
        a += strspn(a, " ");
        b += strcspn(b, " ");
        b += strspn(b, " ");

        return strverscmp_improved(a, b);
}

static int version_check(int fd_from, const char *from, int fd_to, const char *to) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *a = NULL, *b = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(fd_from >= 0);
        assert(from);
        assert(fd_to >= 0);
        assert(to);

        r = get_file_version(fd_from, &a);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r == 0)
                return log_notice_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EREMOTE),
                                       "Source file \"%s\" does not carry version information!",
                                       from);

        r = get_file_version(fd_to, &b);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;
        if (r == 0 || compare_product(a, b) != 0)
                return log_notice_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EREMOTE),
                                        "Skipping \"%s\", since it's owned by another boot loader.",
                                        to);

        r = compare_version(a, b);
        log_debug("Comparing versions: \"%s\" %s \"%s", a, comparison_operator(r), b);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_warning_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ESTALE),
                                         "Skipping \"%s\", since newer boot loader version in place already.", to);
        if (r == 0)
                return log_info_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(ESTALE),
                                      "Skipping \"%s\", since same boot loader version in place already.", to);

        return 0;
}

static int copy_file_with_version_check(const char *from, const char *to, bool force) {
        _cleanup_close_ int fd_from = -1, fd_to = -1;
        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
        int r;

        fd_from = open(from, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
        if (fd_from < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open \"%s\" for reading: %m", from);

        if (!force) {
                fd_to = open(to, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
                if (fd_to < 0) {
                        if (errno != ENOENT)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open \"%s\" for reading: %m", to);
                } else {
                        r = version_check(fd_from, from, fd_to, to);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        if (lseek(fd_from, 0, SEEK_SET) == (off_t) -1)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to seek in \"%s\": %m", from);

                        fd_to = safe_close(fd_to);
                }
        }

        r = tempfn_random(to, NULL, &t);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_oom();

        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
                fd_to = open(t, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC|O_EXCL|O_NOFOLLOW, 0644);
                if (fd_to < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open \"%s\" for writing: %m", t);
        }

        r = copy_bytes(fd_from, fd_to, UINT64_MAX, COPY_REFLINK);
        if (r < 0) {
                (void) unlink(t);
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to copy data from \"%s\" to \"%s\": %m", from, t);
        }

        (void) copy_times(fd_from, fd_to, 0);

        r = fsync_full(fd_to);
        if (r < 0) {
                (void) unlink_noerrno(t);
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to copy data from \"%s\" to \"%s\": %m", from, t);
        }

        if (renameat(AT_FDCWD, t, AT_FDCWD, to) < 0) {
                (void) unlink_noerrno(t);
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to rename \"%s\" to \"%s\": %m", t, to);
        }

        log_info("Copied \"%s\" to \"%s\".", from, to);

        return 0;
}

static int mkdir_one(const char *prefix, const char *suffix) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;

        p = path_join(prefix, suffix);
        if (mkdir(p, 0700) < 0) {
                if (errno != EEXIST)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to create \"%s\": %m", p);
        } else
                log_info("Created \"%s\".", p);

        return 0;
}

static const char *const esp_subdirs[] = {
        /* The directories to place in the ESP */
        "EFI",
        "EFI/systemd",
        "EFI/BOOT",
        "loader",
        NULL
};

static const char *const dollar_boot_subdirs[] = {
        /* The directories to place in the XBOOTLDR partition or the ESP, depending what exists */
        "loader",
        "loader/entries",  /* Type #1 entries */
        "EFI",
        "EFI/Linux",       /* Type #2 entries */
        NULL
};

static int create_subdirs(const char *root, const char * const *subdirs) {
        int r;

        STRV_FOREACH(i, subdirs) {
                r = mkdir_one(root, *i);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int copy_one_file(const char *esp_path, const char *name, bool force) {
        const char *e;
        char *p, *q, *dest_name, *s;
        int r;

        dest_name = strdupa_safe(name);
        s = endswith_no_case(dest_name, ".signed");
        if (s)
                *s = 0;

        p = strjoina(BOOTLIBDIR "/", name);
        q = strjoina(esp_path, "/EFI/systemd/", dest_name);
        r = copy_file_with_version_check(p, q, force);

        e = startswith(dest_name, "systemd-boot");
        if (e) {
                int k;
                char *v;

                /* Create the EFI default boot loader name (specified for removable devices) */
                v = strjoina(esp_path, "/EFI/BOOT/BOOT", e);
                ascii_strupper(strrchr(v, '/') + 1);

                k = copy_file_with_version_check(p, v, force);
                if (k < 0 && r == 0)
                        r = k;
        }

        return r;
}

static int install_binaries(const char *esp_path, const char *arch, bool force) {
        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
        int r = 0;

        d = opendir(BOOTLIBDIR);
        if (!d)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open \""BOOTLIBDIR"\": %m");

        const char *suffix = strjoina(arch, ".efi");
        const char *suffix_signed = strjoina(arch, ".efi.signed");

        FOREACH_DIRENT(de, d, return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to read \""BOOTLIBDIR"\": %m")) {
                int k;

                if (!endswith_no_case(de->d_name, suffix) && !endswith_no_case(de->d_name, suffix_signed))
                        continue;

                /* skip the .efi file, if there's a .signed version of it */
                if (endswith_no_case(de->d_name, ".efi")) {
                        _cleanup_free_ const char *s = strjoin(de->d_name, ".signed");
                        if (!s)
                                return log_oom();
                        if (faccessat(dirfd(d), s, F_OK, 0) >= 0)
                                continue;
                }

                k = copy_one_file(esp_path, de->d_name, force);
                /* Don't propagate an error code if no update necessary, installed version already equal or
                 * newer version, or other boot loader in place. */
                if (arg_graceful && IN_SET(k, -ESTALE, -EREMOTE))
                        continue;
                if (k < 0 && r == 0)
                        r = k;
        }

        return r;
}

static bool same_entry(uint16_t id, sd_id128_t uuid, const char *path) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *opath = NULL;
        sd_id128_t ouuid;
        int r;

        r = efi_get_boot_option(id, NULL, &ouuid, &opath, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return false;
        if (!sd_id128_equal(uuid, ouuid))
                return false;

        /* Some motherboards convert the path to uppercase under certain circumstances
         * (e.g. after booting into the Boot Menu in the ASUS ROG STRIX B350-F GAMING),
         * so use case-insensitive checking */
        if (!strcaseeq_ptr(path, opath))
                return false;

        return true;
}

static int find_slot(sd_id128_t uuid, const char *path, uint16_t *id) {
        _cleanup_free_ uint16_t *options = NULL;

        int n = efi_get_boot_options(&options);
        if (n < 0)
                return n;

        /* find already existing systemd-boot entry */
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                if (same_entry(options[i], uuid, path)) {
                        *id = options[i];
                        return 1;
                }

        /* find free slot in the sorted BootXXXX variable list */
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                if (i != options[i]) {
                        *id = i;
                        return 0;
                }

        /* use the next one */
        if (n == 0xffff)
                return -ENOSPC;
        *id = n;
        return 0;
}

static int insert_into_order(uint16_t slot, bool first) {
        _cleanup_free_ uint16_t *order = NULL;
        uint16_t *t;
        int n;

        n = efi_get_boot_order(&order);
        if (n <= 0)
                /* no entry, add us */
                return efi_set_boot_order(&slot, 1);

        /* are we the first and only one? */
        if (n == 1 && order[0] == slot)
                return 0;

        /* are we already in the boot order? */
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                if (order[i] != slot)
                        continue;

                /* we do not require to be the first one, all is fine */
                if (!first)
                        return 0;

                /* move us to the first slot */
                memmove(order + 1, order, i * sizeof(uint16_t));
                order[0] = slot;
                return efi_set_boot_order(order, n);
        }

        /* extend array */
        t = reallocarray(order, n + 1, sizeof(uint16_t));
        if (!t)
                return -ENOMEM;
        order = t;

        /* add us to the top or end of the list */
        if (first) {
                memmove(order + 1, order, n * sizeof(uint16_t));
                order[0] = slot;
        } else
                order[n] = slot;

        return efi_set_boot_order(order, n + 1);
}

static int remove_from_order(uint16_t slot) {
        _cleanup_free_ uint16_t *order = NULL;
        int n;

        n = efi_get_boot_order(&order);
        if (n <= 0)
                return n;

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                if (order[i] != slot)
                        continue;

                if (i + 1 < n)
                        memmove(order + i, order + i+1, (n - i) * sizeof(uint16_t));
                return efi_set_boot_order(order, n - 1);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int install_variables(const char *esp_path,
                             uint32_t part, uint64_t pstart, uint64_t psize,
                             sd_id128_t uuid, const char *path,
                             bool first) {
        const char *p;
        uint16_t slot;
        int r;

        if (!is_efi_boot()) {
                log_warning("Not booted with EFI, skipping EFI variable setup.");
                return 0;
        }

        p = prefix_roota(esp_path, path);
        if (access(p, F_OK) < 0) {
                if (errno == ENOENT)
                        return 0;

                return log_error_errno(errno, "Cannot access \"%s\": %m", p);
        }

        r = find_slot(uuid, path, &slot);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r,
                                       r == -ENOENT ?
                                       "Failed to access EFI variables. Is the \"efivarfs\" filesystem mounted?" :
                                       "Failed to determine current boot order: %m");

        if (first || r == 0) {
                r = efi_add_boot_option(slot, "Linux Boot Manager",
                                        part, pstart, psize,
                                        uuid, path);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create EFI Boot variable entry: %m");

                log_info("Created EFI boot entry \"Linux Boot Manager\".");
        }

        return insert_into_order(slot, first);
}

static int remove_boot_efi(const char *esp_path) {
        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
        const char *p;
        int r, c = 0;

        p = prefix_roota(esp_path, "/EFI/BOOT");
        d = opendir(p);
        if (!d) {
                if (errno == ENOENT)
                        return 0;

                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open directory \"%s\": %m", p);
        }

        FOREACH_DIRENT(de, d, break) {
                _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
                _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;

                if (!endswith_no_case(de->d_name, ".efi"))
                        continue;

                if (!startswith_no_case(de->d_name, "boot"))
                        continue;

                fd = openat(dirfd(d), de->d_name, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
                if (fd < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to open \"%s/%s\" for reading: %m", p, de->d_name);

                r = get_file_version(fd, &v);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r > 0 && startswith(v, "systemd-boot ")) {
                        r = unlinkat(dirfd(d), de->d_name, 0);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to remove \"%s/%s\": %m", p, de->d_name);

                        log_info("Removed \"%s/%s\".", p, de->d_name);
                }

                c++;
        }

        return c;
}

static int rmdir_one(const char *prefix, const char *suffix) {
        const char *p;

        p = prefix_roota(prefix, suffix);
        if (rmdir(p) < 0) {
                bool ignore = IN_SET(errno, ENOENT, ENOTEMPTY);

                log_full_errno(ignore ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, errno,
                               "Failed to remove directory \"%s\": %m", p);
                if (!ignore)
                        return -errno;
        } else
                log_info("Removed \"%s\".", p);

        return 0;
}

static int remove_subdirs(const char *root, const char *const *subdirs) {
        int r, q;

        /* We use recursion here to destroy the directories in reverse order. Which should be safe given how
         * short the array is. */

        if (!subdirs[0]) /* A the end of the list */
                return 0;

        r = remove_subdirs(root, subdirs + 1);
        q = rmdir_one(root, subdirs[0]);

        return r < 0 ? r : q;
}

static int remove_entry_directory(const char *root) {
        assert(root);
        assert(arg_make_entry_directory >= 0);

        if (!arg_make_entry_directory || !arg_entry_token)
                return 0;

        return rmdir_one(root, arg_entry_token);
}

static int remove_binaries(const char *esp_path) {
        const char *p;
        int r, q;

        p = prefix_roota(esp_path, "/EFI/systemd");
        r = rm_rf(p, REMOVE_ROOT|REMOVE_PHYSICAL);

        q = remove_boot_efi(esp_path);
        if (q < 0 && r == 0)
                r = q;

        return r;
}

static int remove_file(const char *root, const char *file) {
        const char *p;

        assert(root);
        assert(file);

        p = prefix_roota(root, file);
        if (unlink(p) < 0) {
                log_full_errno(errno == ENOENT ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_ERR, errno,
                               "Failed to unlink file \"%s\": %m", p);

                return errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
        }

        log_info("Removed \"%s\".", p);
        return 1;
}

static int remove_variables(sd_id128_t uuid, const char *path, bool in_order) {
        uint16_t slot;
        int r;

        if (!is_efi_boot())
                return 0;

        r = find_slot(uuid, path, &slot);
        if (r != 1)
                return 0;

        r = efi_remove_boot_option(slot);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (in_order)
                return remove_from_order(slot);

        return 0;
}

static int remove_loader_variables(void) {
        int r = 0;

        /* Remove all persistent loader variables we define */

        FOREACH_STRING(var,
                       EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderConfigTimeout),
                       EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderConfigTimeoutOneShot),
                       EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderEntryDefault),
                       EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderEntryOneShot),
                       EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderSystemToken)){

                int q;

                q = efi_set_variable(var, NULL, 0);
                if (q == -ENOENT)
                        continue;
                if (q < 0) {
                        log_warning_errno(q, "Failed to remove EFI variable %s: %m", var);
                        if (r >= 0)
                                r = q;
                } else
                        log_info("Removed EFI variable %s.", var);
        }

        return r;
}

static int install_loader_config(const char *esp_path) {
        _cleanup_(unlink_and_freep) char *t = NULL;
        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
        const char *p;
        int r;

        assert(arg_make_entry_directory >= 0);

        p = prefix_roota(esp_path, "/loader/loader.conf");
        if (access(p, F_OK) >= 0) /* Silently skip creation if the file already exists (early check) */
                return 0;

        r = fopen_tmpfile_linkable(p, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC, &t, &f);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open \"%s\" for writing: %m", p);

        fprintf(f, "#timeout 3\n"
                   "#console-mode keep\n");

        if (arg_make_entry_directory) {
                assert(arg_entry_token);
                fprintf(f, "default %s-*\n", arg_entry_token);
        }

        r = flink_tmpfile(f, t, p);
        if (r == -EEXIST)
                return 0; /* Silently skip creation if the file exists now (recheck) */
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to move \"%s\" into place: %m", p);

        t = mfree(t);
        return 1;
}

static int install_loader_specification(const char *root) {
        _cleanup_(unlink_and_freep) char *t = NULL;
        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
        int r;

        p = path_join(root, "/loader/entries.srel");
        if (!p)
                return log_oom();

        if (access(p, F_OK) >= 0) /* Silently skip creation if the file already exists (early check) */
                return 0;

        r = fopen_tmpfile_linkable(p, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC, &t, &f);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to open \"%s\" for writing: %m", p);

        fprintf(f, "type1\n");

        r = flink_tmpfile(f, t, p);
        if (r == -EEXIST)
                return 0; /* Silently skip creation if the file exists now (recheck) */
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to move \"%s\" into place: %m", p);

        t = mfree(t);
        return 1;
}

static int install_entry_directory(const char *root) {
        assert(root);
        assert(arg_make_entry_directory >= 0);

        if (!arg_make_entry_directory)
                return 0;

        assert(arg_entry_token);
        return mkdir_one(root, arg_entry_token);
}

static int install_entry_token(void) {
        int r;

        assert(arg_make_entry_directory >= 0);
        assert(arg_entry_token);

        /* Let's save the used entry token in /etc/kernel/entry-token if we used it to create the entry
         * directory, or if anything else but the machine ID */

        if (!arg_make_entry_directory && arg_entry_token_type == ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_MACHINE_ID)
                return 0;

        r = write_string_file("/etc/kernel/entry-token", arg_entry_token, WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE|WRITE_STRING_FILE_ATOMIC|WRITE_STRING_FILE_MKDIR_0755);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write entry token '%s' to /etc/kernel/entry-token", arg_entry_token);

        return 0;
}

static int help(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        _cleanup_free_ char *link = NULL;
        int r;

        r = terminal_urlify_man("bootctl", "1", &link);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_oom();

        printf("%1$s  [OPTIONS...] COMMAND ...\n"
               "\n%5$sControl EFI firmware boot settings and manage boot loader.%6$s\n"
               "\n%3$sGeneric EFI Firmware/Boot Loader Commands:%4$s\n"
               "  status              Show status of installed boot loader and EFI variables\n"
               "  reboot-to-firmware [BOOL]\n"
               "                      Query or set reboot-to-firmware EFI flag\n"
               "  systemd-efi-options [STRING]\n"
               "                      Query or set system options string in EFI variable\n"
               "\n%3$sBoot Loader Specification Commands:%4$s\n"
               "  list                List boot loader entries\n"
               "  set-default ID      Set default boot loader entry\n"
               "  set-oneshot ID      Set default boot loader entry, for next boot only\n"
               "  set-timeout SECONDS Set the menu timeout\n"
               "  set-timeout-oneshot SECONDS\n"
               "                      Set the menu timeout for the next boot only\n"
               "\n%3$ssystemd-boot Commands:%4$s\n"
               "  install             Install systemd-boot to the ESP and EFI variables\n"
               "  update              Update systemd-boot in the ESP and EFI variables\n"
               "  remove              Remove systemd-boot from the ESP and EFI variables\n"
               "  is-installed        Test whether systemd-boot is installed in the ESP\n"
               "  random-seed         Initialize random seed in ESP and EFI variables\n"
               "\n%3$sOptions:%4$s\n"
               "  -h --help            Show this help\n"
               "     --version         Print version\n"
               "     --esp-path=PATH   Path to the EFI System Partition (ESP)\n"
               "     --boot-path=PATH  Path to the $BOOT partition\n"
               "  -p --print-esp-path  Print path to the EFI System Partition\n"
               "  -x --print-boot-path Print path to the $BOOT partition\n"
               "     --no-variables    Don't touch EFI variables\n"
               "     --no-pager        Do not pipe output into a pager\n"
               "     --graceful        Don't fail when the ESP cannot be found or EFI\n"
               "                       variables cannot be written\n"
               "  -q --quiet           Suppress output\n"
               "     --make-entry-directory=yes|no|auto\n"
               "                       Create $BOOT/ENTRY-TOKEN/ directory\n"
               "     --entry-token=machine-id|os-id|os-image-id|auto|literal:…\n"
               "                       Entry token to use for this installation\n"
               "     --json=pretty|short|off\n"
               "                       Generate JSON output\n"
               "     --all-architectures\n"
               "                       Install all supported EFI architectures\n"
               "\nSee the %2$s for details.\n",
               program_invocation_short_name,
               link,
               ansi_underline(),
               ansi_normal(),
               ansi_highlight(),
               ansi_normal());

        return 0;
}

static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
        enum {
                ARG_ESP_PATH = 0x100,
                ARG_BOOT_PATH,
                ARG_VERSION,
                ARG_NO_VARIABLES,
                ARG_NO_PAGER,
                ARG_GRACEFUL,
                ARG_MAKE_ENTRY_DIRECTORY,
                ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN,
                ARG_JSON,
                ARG_ARCH_ALL,
        };

        static const struct option options[] = {
                { "help",                      no_argument,       NULL, 'h'                           },
                { "version",                   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION                   },
                { "esp-path",                  required_argument, NULL, ARG_ESP_PATH                  },
                { "path",                      required_argument, NULL, ARG_ESP_PATH                  }, /* Compatibility alias */
                { "boot-path",                 required_argument, NULL, ARG_BOOT_PATH                 },
                { "print-esp-path",            no_argument,       NULL, 'p'                           },
                { "print-path",                no_argument,       NULL, 'p'                           }, /* Compatibility alias */
                { "print-boot-path",           no_argument,       NULL, 'x'                           },
                { "no-variables",              no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_VARIABLES              },
                { "no-pager",                  no_argument,       NULL, ARG_NO_PAGER                  },
                { "graceful",                  no_argument,       NULL, ARG_GRACEFUL                  },
                { "quiet",                     no_argument,       NULL, 'q'                           },
                { "make-entry-directory",      required_argument, NULL, ARG_MAKE_ENTRY_DIRECTORY      },
                { "make-machine-id-directory", required_argument, NULL, ARG_MAKE_ENTRY_DIRECTORY      }, /* Compatibility alias */
                { "entry-token",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN               },
                { "json",                      required_argument, NULL, ARG_JSON                      },
                { "all-architectures",         no_argument,       NULL, ARG_ARCH_ALL                  },
                {}
        };

        int c, r;
        bool b;

        assert(argc >= 0);
        assert(argv);

        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hpx", options, NULL)) >= 0)
                switch (c) {

                case 'h':
                        help(0, NULL, NULL);
                        return 0;

                case ARG_VERSION:
                        return version();

                case ARG_ESP_PATH:
                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_esp_path, optarg);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_oom();
                        break;

                case ARG_BOOT_PATH:
                        r = free_and_strdup(&arg_xbootldr_path, optarg);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return log_oom();
                        break;

                case 'p':
                        if (arg_print_dollar_boot_path)
                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                                       "--print-boot-path/-x cannot be combined with --print-esp-path/-p");
                        arg_print_esp_path = true;
                        break;

                case 'x':
                        if (arg_print_esp_path)
                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                                       "--print-boot-path/-x cannot be combined with --print-esp-path/-p");
                        arg_print_dollar_boot_path = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_VARIABLES:
                        arg_touch_variables = false;
                        break;

                case ARG_NO_PAGER:
                        arg_pager_flags |= PAGER_DISABLE;
                        break;

                case ARG_GRACEFUL:
                        arg_graceful = true;
                        break;

                case 'q':
                        arg_quiet = true;
                        break;

                case ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN: {
                        const char *e;

                        if (streq(optarg, "machine-id")) {
                                arg_entry_token_type = ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_MACHINE_ID;
                                arg_entry_token = mfree(arg_entry_token);
                        } else if (streq(optarg, "os-image-id")) {
                                arg_entry_token_type = ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_OS_IMAGE_ID;
                                arg_entry_token = mfree(arg_entry_token);
                        } else if (streq(optarg, "os-id")) {
                                arg_entry_token_type = ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_OS_ID;
                                arg_entry_token = mfree(arg_entry_token);
                        } else if ((e = startswith(optarg, "literal:"))) {
                                arg_entry_token_type = ARG_ENTRY_TOKEN_LITERAL;

                                r = free_and_strdup_warn(&arg_entry_token, e);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;
                        } else
                                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                                       "Unexpected parameter for --entry-token=: %s", optarg);

                        break;
                }

                case ARG_MAKE_ENTRY_DIRECTORY:
                        if (streq(optarg, "auto"))  /* retained for backwards compatibility */
                                arg_make_entry_directory = -1; /* yes if machine-id is permanent */
                        else {
                                r = parse_boolean_argument("--make-entry-directory=", optarg, &b);
                                if (r < 0)
                                        return r;

                                arg_make_entry_directory = b;
                        }
                        break;

                case ARG_JSON:
                        r = parse_json_argument(optarg, &arg_json_format_flags);
                        if (r <= 0)
                                return r;
                        break;

                case ARG_ARCH_ALL:
                        arg_arch_all = true;
                        break;

                case '?':
                        return -EINVAL;

                default:
                        assert_not_reached();
                }

        return 1;
}

static void read_efi_var(const char *variable, char **ret) {
        int r;

        r = efi_get_variable_string(variable, ret);
        if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
                log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to read EFI variable %s: %m", variable);
}

static void print_yes_no_line(bool first, bool good, const char *name) {
        printf("%s%s %s\n",
               first ? "     Features: " : "               ",
               COLOR_MARK_BOOL(good),
               name);
}

static int are_we_installed(const char *esp_path) {
        int r;

        /* Tests whether systemd-boot is installed. It's not obvious what to use as check here: we could
         * check EFI variables, we could check what binary /EFI/BOOT/BOOT*.EFI points to, or whether the
         * loader entries directory exists. Here we opted to check whether /EFI/systemd/ is non-empty, which
         * should be a suitable and very minimal check for a number of reasons:
         *
         *  → The check is architecture independent (i.e. we check if any systemd-boot loader is installed,
         *    not a specific one.)
         *
         *  → It doesn't assume we are the only boot loader (i.e doesn't check if we own the main
         *    /EFI/BOOT/BOOT*.EFI fallback binary.
         *
         *  → It specifically checks for systemd-boot, not for other boot loaders (which a check for
         *    /boot/loader/entries would do). */

        _cleanup_free_ char *p = path_join(esp_path, "/EFI/systemd/");
        if (!p)
                return log_oom();

        log_debug("Checking whether %s contains any files%s", p, special_glyph(SPECIAL_GLYPH_ELLIPSIS));
        r = dir_is_empty(p, /* ignore_hidden_or_backup= */ false);
        if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to check whether %s contains any files: %m", p);

        return r == 0;
}

static int verb_status(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        sd_id128_t esp_uuid = SD_ID128_NULL, xbootldr_uuid = SD_ID128_NULL;
        dev_t esp_devid = 0, xbootldr_devid = 0;
        int r, k;

        r = acquire_esp(/* unprivileged_mode= */ geteuid() != 0, /* graceful= */ false, NULL, NULL, NULL, &esp_uuid, &esp_devid);
        if (arg_print_esp_path) {
                if (r == -EACCES) /* If we couldn't acquire the ESP path, log about access errors (which is the only
                                   * error the find_esp_and_warn() won't log on its own) */
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine ESP location: %m");
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                puts(arg_esp_path);
        }

        r = acquire_xbootldr(/* unprivileged_mode= */ geteuid() != 0, &xbootldr_uuid, &xbootldr_devid);
        if (arg_print_dollar_boot_path) {
                if (r == -EACCES)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine XBOOTLDR partition: %m");
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                const char *path = arg_dollar_boot_path();
                if (!path)
                        return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EACCES), "Failed to determine XBOOTLDR location: %m");

                puts(path);
        }

        if (arg_print_esp_path || arg_print_dollar_boot_path)
                return 0;

        r = 0; /* If we couldn't determine the path, then don't consider that a problem from here on, just
                * show what we can show */

        pager_open(arg_pager_flags);

        if (is_efi_boot()) {
                static const struct {
                        uint64_t flag;
                        const char *name;
                } flags[] = {
                        { EFI_LOADER_FEATURE_BOOT_COUNTING,           "Boot counting"                         },
                        { EFI_LOADER_FEATURE_CONFIG_TIMEOUT,          "Menu timeout control"                  },
                        { EFI_LOADER_FEATURE_CONFIG_TIMEOUT_ONE_SHOT, "One-shot menu timeout control"         },
                        { EFI_LOADER_FEATURE_ENTRY_DEFAULT,           "Default entry control"                 },
                        { EFI_LOADER_FEATURE_ENTRY_ONESHOT,           "One-shot entry control"                },
                        { EFI_LOADER_FEATURE_XBOOTLDR,                "Support for XBOOTLDR partition"        },
                        { EFI_LOADER_FEATURE_RANDOM_SEED,             "Support for passing random seed to OS" },
                        { EFI_LOADER_FEATURE_LOAD_DRIVER,             "Load drop-in drivers"                  },
                };
                _cleanup_free_ char *fw_type = NULL, *fw_info = NULL, *loader = NULL, *loader_path = NULL, *stub = NULL;
                sd_id128_t loader_part_uuid = SD_ID128_NULL;
                uint64_t loader_features = 0;
                Tpm2Support s;
                int have;

                read_efi_var(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderFirmwareType), &fw_type);
                read_efi_var(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderFirmwareInfo), &fw_info);
                read_efi_var(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderInfo), &loader);
                read_efi_var(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(StubInfo), &stub);
                read_efi_var(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderImageIdentifier), &loader_path);
                (void) efi_loader_get_features(&loader_features);

                if (loader_path)
                        efi_tilt_backslashes(loader_path);

                k = efi_loader_get_device_part_uuid(&loader_part_uuid);
                if (k < 0 && k != -ENOENT)
                        r = log_warning_errno(k, "Failed to read EFI variable LoaderDevicePartUUID: %m");

                SecureBootMode secure = efi_get_secure_boot_mode();
                printf("System:\n");
                printf("      Firmware: %s%s (%s)%s\n", ansi_highlight(), strna(fw_type), strna(fw_info), ansi_normal());
                printf(" Firmware Arch: %s\n", get_efi_arch());
                printf("   Secure Boot: %sd (%s)\n",
                       enable_disable(IN_SET(secure, SECURE_BOOT_USER, SECURE_BOOT_DEPLOYED)),
                       secure_boot_mode_to_string(secure));

                s = tpm2_support();
                printf("  TPM2 Support: %s%s%s\n",
                       FLAGS_SET(s, TPM2_SUPPORT_FIRMWARE|TPM2_SUPPORT_DRIVER) ? ansi_highlight_green() :
                       (s & (TPM2_SUPPORT_FIRMWARE|TPM2_SUPPORT_DRIVER)) != 0 ? ansi_highlight_red() : ansi_highlight_yellow(),
                       FLAGS_SET(s, TPM2_SUPPORT_FIRMWARE|TPM2_SUPPORT_DRIVER) ? "yes" :
                       (s & TPM2_SUPPORT_FIRMWARE) ? "firmware only, driver unavailable" :
                       (s & TPM2_SUPPORT_DRIVER) ? "driver only, firmware unavailable" : "no",
                       ansi_normal());

                k = efi_get_reboot_to_firmware();
                if (k > 0)
                        printf("  Boot into FW: %sactive%s\n", ansi_highlight_yellow(), ansi_normal());
                else if (k == 0)
                        printf("  Boot into FW: supported\n");
                else if (k == -EOPNOTSUPP)
                        printf("  Boot into FW: not supported\n");
                else {
                        errno = -k;
                        printf("  Boot into FW: %sfailed%s (%m)\n", ansi_highlight_red(), ansi_normal());
                }
                printf("\n");

                printf("Current Boot Loader:\n");
                printf("      Product: %s%s%s\n", ansi_highlight(), strna(loader), ansi_normal());

                for (size_t i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(flags); i++)
                        print_yes_no_line(i == 0, FLAGS_SET(loader_features, flags[i].flag), flags[i].name);

                sd_id128_t bootloader_esp_uuid;
                bool have_bootloader_esp_uuid = efi_loader_get_device_part_uuid(&bootloader_esp_uuid) >= 0;

                print_yes_no_line(false, have_bootloader_esp_uuid, "Boot loader sets ESP information");
                if (have_bootloader_esp_uuid && !sd_id128_equal(esp_uuid, bootloader_esp_uuid))
                        printf("WARNING: The boot loader reports a different ESP UUID than detected!\n");

                if (stub)
                        printf("         Stub: %s\n", stub);
                if (!sd_id128_is_null(loader_part_uuid))
                        printf("          ESP: /dev/disk/by-partuuid/" SD_ID128_UUID_FORMAT_STR "\n",
                               SD_ID128_FORMAT_VAL(loader_part_uuid));
                else
                        printf("          ESP: n/a\n");
                printf("         File: %s%s\n", special_glyph(SPECIAL_GLYPH_TREE_RIGHT), strna(loader_path));
                printf("\n");

                printf("Random Seed:\n");
                have = access(EFIVAR_PATH(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderRandomSeed)), F_OK) >= 0;
                printf(" Passed to OS: %s\n", yes_no(have));
                have = access(EFIVAR_PATH(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderSystemToken)), F_OK) >= 0;
                printf(" System Token: %s\n", have ? "set" : "not set");

                if (arg_esp_path) {
                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;

                        p = path_join(arg_esp_path, "/loader/random-seed");
                        if (!p)
                                return log_oom();

                        have = access(p, F_OK) >= 0;
                        printf("       Exists: %s\n", yes_no(have));
                }

                printf("\n");
        } else
                printf("System:\n    Not booted with EFI\n\n");

        if (arg_esp_path) {
                k = status_binaries(arg_esp_path, esp_uuid);
                if (k < 0)
                        r = k;
        }

        if (is_efi_boot()) {
                k = status_variables();
                if (k < 0)
                        r = k;
        }

        if (arg_esp_path || arg_xbootldr_path) {
                _cleanup_(boot_config_free) BootConfig config = BOOT_CONFIG_NULL;

                k = boot_config_load_and_select(&config,
                                                arg_esp_path, esp_devid,
                                                arg_xbootldr_path, xbootldr_devid);
                if (k < 0)
                        r = k;
                else {
                        k = status_entries(&config,
                                           arg_esp_path, esp_uuid,
                                           arg_xbootldr_path, xbootldr_uuid);
                        if (k < 0)
                                r = k;
                }
        }

        return r;
}

static int verb_list(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        _cleanup_(boot_config_free) BootConfig config = BOOT_CONFIG_NULL;
        dev_t esp_devid = 0, xbootldr_devid = 0;
        int r;

        /* If we lack privileges we invoke find_esp_and_warn() in "unprivileged mode" here, which does two
         * things: turn off logging about access errors and turn off potentially privileged device probing.
         * Here we're interested in the latter but not the former, hence request the mode, and log about
         * EACCES. */

        r = acquire_esp(/* unprivileged_mode= */ geteuid() != 0, /* graceful= */ false, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, &esp_devid);
        if (r == -EACCES) /* We really need the ESP path for this call, hence also log about access errors */
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine ESP location: %m");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = acquire_xbootldr(/* unprivileged_mode= */ geteuid() != 0, NULL, &xbootldr_devid);
        if (r == -EACCES)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to determine XBOOTLDR partition: %m");
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = boot_config_load_and_select(&config, arg_esp_path, esp_devid, arg_xbootldr_path, xbootldr_devid);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (config.n_entries == 0 && FLAGS_SET(arg_json_format_flags, JSON_FORMAT_OFF)) {
                log_info("No boot loader entries found.");
                return 0;
        }

        pager_open(arg_pager_flags);
        return show_boot_entries(&config, arg_json_format_flags);
}

static int install_random_seed(const char *esp) {
        _cleanup_(unlink_and_freep) char *tmp = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ void *buffer = NULL;
        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
        size_t sz, token_size;
        ssize_t n;
        int r;

        assert(esp);

        path = path_join(esp, "/loader/random-seed");
        if (!path)
                return log_oom();

        sz = random_pool_size();

        buffer = malloc(sz);
        if (!buffer)
                return log_oom();

        r = crypto_random_bytes(buffer, sz);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire random seed: %m");

        /* Normally create_subdirs() should already have created everything we need, but in case "bootctl
         * random-seed" is called we want to just create the minimum we need for it, and not the full
         * list. */
        r = mkdir_parents(path, 0755);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create parent directory for %s: %m", path);

        r = tempfn_random(path, "bootctl", &tmp);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_oom();

        fd = open(tmp, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_NOFOLLOW|O_NOCTTY|O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC, 0600);
        if (fd < 0) {
                tmp = mfree(tmp);
                return log_error_errno(fd, "Failed to open random seed file for writing: %m");
        }

        n = write(fd, buffer, sz);
        if (n < 0)
                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to write random seed file: %m");
        if ((size_t) n != sz)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EIO), "Short write while writing random seed file.");

        if (rename(tmp, path) < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to move random seed file into place: %m");

        tmp = mfree(tmp);

        log_info("Random seed file %s successfully written (%zu bytes).", path, sz);

        if (!arg_touch_variables)
                return 0;

        if (!is_efi_boot()) {
                log_notice("Not booted with EFI, skipping EFI variable setup.");
                return 0;
        }

        r = getenv_bool("SYSTEMD_WRITE_SYSTEM_TOKEN");
        if (r < 0) {
                if (r != -ENXIO)
                         log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to parse $SYSTEMD_WRITE_SYSTEM_TOKEN, ignoring.");

                if (detect_vm() > 0) {
                        /* Let's not write a system token if we detect we are running in a VM
                         * environment. Why? Our default security model for the random seed uses the system
                         * token as a mechanism to ensure we are not vulnerable to golden master sloppiness
                         * issues, i.e. that people initialize the random seed file, then copy the image to
                         * many systems and end up with the same random seed in each that is assumed to be
                         * valid but in reality is the same for all machines. By storing a system token in
                         * the EFI variable space we can make sure that even though the random seeds on disk
                         * are all the same they will be different on each system under the assumption that
                         * the EFI variable space is maintained separate from the random seed storage. That
                         * is generally the case on physical systems, as the ESP is stored on persistent
                         * storage, and the EFI variables in NVRAM. However in virtualized environments this
                         * is generally not true: the EFI variable set is typically stored along with the
                         * disk image itself. For example, using the OVMF EFI firmware the EFI variables are
                         * stored in a file in the ESP itself. */

                        log_notice("Not installing system token, since we are running in a virtualized environment.");
                        return 0;
                }
        } else if (r == 0) {
                log_notice("Not writing system token, because $SYSTEMD_WRITE_SYSTEM_TOKEN is set to false.");
                return 0;
        }

        r = efi_get_variable(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderSystemToken), NULL, NULL, &token_size);
        if (r == -ENODATA)
                log_debug_errno(r, "LoaderSystemToken EFI variable is invalid (too short?), replacing.");
        else if (r < 0) {
                if (r != -ENOENT)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to test system token validity: %m");
        } else {
                if (token_size >= sz) {
                        /* Let's avoid writes if we can, and initialize this only once. */
                        log_debug("System token already written, not updating.");
                        return 0;
                }

                log_debug("Existing system token size (%zu) does not match our expectations (%zu), replacing.", token_size, sz);
        }

        r = crypto_random_bytes(buffer, sz);
        if (r < 0)
                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to acquire random seed: %m");

        /* Let's write this variable with an umask in effect, so that unprivileged users can't see the token
         * and possibly get identification information or too much insight into the kernel's entropy pool
         * state. */
        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0077) {
                r = efi_set_variable(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderSystemToken), buffer, sz);
                if (r < 0) {
                        if (!arg_graceful)
                                return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to write 'LoaderSystemToken' EFI variable: %m");

                        if (r == -EINVAL)
                                log_warning_errno(r, "Unable to write 'LoaderSystemToken' EFI variable (firmware problem?), ignoring: %m");
                        else
                                log_warning_errno(r, "Unable to write 'LoaderSystemToken' EFI variable, ignoring: %m");
                } else
                        log_info("Successfully initialized system token in EFI variable with %zu bytes.", sz);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int sync_everything(void) {
        int ret = 0, k;

        if (arg_esp_path) {
                k = syncfs_path(AT_FDCWD, arg_esp_path);
                if (k < 0)
                        ret = log_error_errno(k, "Failed to synchronize the ESP '%s': %m", arg_esp_path);
        }

        if (arg_xbootldr_path) {
                k = syncfs_path(AT_FDCWD, arg_xbootldr_path);
                if (k < 0)
                        ret = log_error_errno(k, "Failed to synchronize $BOOT '%s': %m", arg_xbootldr_path);
        }

        return ret;
}

static int verb_install(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        sd_id128_t uuid = SD_ID128_NULL;
        uint64_t pstart = 0, psize = 0;
        uint32_t part = 0;
        bool install, graceful;
        int r;

        /* Invoked for both "update" and "install" */

        install = streq(argv[0], "install");
        graceful = !install && arg_graceful; /* support graceful mode for updates */

        r = acquire_esp(/* unprivileged_mode= */ false, graceful, &part, &pstart, &psize, &uuid, NULL);
        if (graceful && r == -ENOKEY)
                return 0; /* If --graceful is specified and we can't find an ESP, handle this cleanly */
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (!install) {
                /* If we are updating, don't do anything if sd-boot wasn't actually installed. */
                r = are_we_installed(arg_esp_path);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                if (r == 0) {
                        log_debug("Skipping update because sd-boot is not installed in the ESP.");
                        return 0;
                }
        }

        r = acquire_xbootldr(/* unprivileged_mode= */ false, NULL, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = settle_make_entry_directory();
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        const char *arch = arg_arch_all ? "" : get_efi_arch();

        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0002) {
                if (install) {
                        /* Don't create any of these directories when we are just updating. When we update
                         * we'll drop-in our files (unless there are newer ones already), but we won't create
                         * the directories for them in the first place. */
                        r = create_subdirs(arg_esp_path, esp_subdirs);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        r = create_subdirs(arg_dollar_boot_path(), dollar_boot_subdirs);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                }

                r = install_binaries(arg_esp_path, arch, install);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;

                if (install) {
                        r = install_loader_config(arg_esp_path);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        r = install_entry_directory(arg_dollar_boot_path());
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        r = install_entry_token();
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;

                        r = install_random_seed(arg_esp_path);
                        if (r < 0)
                                return r;
                }

                r = install_loader_specification(arg_dollar_boot_path());
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
        }

        (void) sync_everything();

        if (!arg_touch_variables)
                return 0;

        if (arg_arch_all) {
                log_info("Not changing EFI variables with --all-architectures.");
                return 0;
        }

        char *path = strjoina("/EFI/systemd/systemd-boot", arch, ".efi");
        return install_variables(arg_esp_path, part, pstart, psize, uuid, path, install);
}

static int verb_remove(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        sd_id128_t uuid = SD_ID128_NULL;
        int r, q;

        r = acquire_esp(/* unprivileged_mode= */ false, /* graceful= */ false, NULL, NULL, NULL, &uuid, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = acquire_xbootldr(/* unprivileged_mode= */ false, NULL, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = settle_make_entry_directory();
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = remove_binaries(arg_esp_path);

        q = remove_file(arg_esp_path, "/loader/loader.conf");
        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                r = q;

        q = remove_file(arg_esp_path, "/loader/random-seed");
        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                r = q;

        q = remove_file(arg_esp_path, "/loader/entries.srel");
        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                r = q;

        q = remove_subdirs(arg_esp_path, esp_subdirs);
        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                r = q;

        q = remove_subdirs(arg_esp_path, dollar_boot_subdirs);
        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                r = q;

        q = remove_entry_directory(arg_esp_path);
        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                r = q;

        if (arg_xbootldr_path) {
                /* Remove a subset of these also from the XBOOTLDR partition if it exists */

                q = remove_file(arg_xbootldr_path, "/loader/entries.srel");
                if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                        r = q;

                q = remove_subdirs(arg_xbootldr_path, dollar_boot_subdirs);
                if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                        r = q;

                q = remove_entry_directory(arg_xbootldr_path);
                if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                        r = q;
        }

        (void) sync_everything();

        if (!arg_touch_variables)
                return r;

        if (arg_arch_all) {
                log_info("Not changing EFI variables with --all-architectures.");
                return r;
        }

        char *path = strjoina("/EFI/systemd/systemd-boot", get_efi_arch(), ".efi");
        q = remove_variables(uuid, path, true);
        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                r = q;

        q = remove_loader_variables();
        if (q < 0 && r >= 0)
                r = q;

        return r;
}

static int verb_is_installed(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        int r;

        r = acquire_esp(/* privileged_mode= */ false,
                        /* graceful= */ arg_graceful,
                        NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = are_we_installed(arg_esp_path);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        if (r > 0) {
                if (!arg_quiet)
                        puts("yes");
                return EXIT_SUCCESS;
        } else {
                if (!arg_quiet)
                        puts("no");
                return EXIT_FAILURE;
        }
}

static int parse_timeout(const char *arg1, char16_t **ret_timeout, size_t *ret_timeout_size) {
        char utf8[DECIMAL_STR_MAX(usec_t)];
        char16_t *encoded;
        usec_t timeout;
        int r;

        assert(arg1);
        assert(ret_timeout);
        assert(ret_timeout_size);

        if (streq(arg1, "menu-force"))
                timeout = USEC_INFINITY;
        else if (streq(arg1, "menu-hidden"))
                timeout = 0;
        else {
                r = parse_time(arg1, &timeout, USEC_PER_SEC);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse timeout '%s': %m", arg1);
                if (timeout != USEC_INFINITY && timeout > UINT32_MAX * USEC_PER_SEC)
                        log_warning("Timeout is too long and will be treated as 'menu-force' instead.");
        }

        xsprintf(utf8, USEC_FMT, MIN(timeout / USEC_PER_SEC, UINT32_MAX));

        encoded = utf8_to_utf16(utf8, strlen(utf8));
        if (!encoded)
                return log_oom();

        *ret_timeout = encoded;
        *ret_timeout_size = char16_strlen(encoded) * 2 + 2;
        return 0;
}

static int parse_loader_entry_target_arg(const char *arg1, char16_t **ret_target, size_t *ret_target_size) {
        char16_t *encoded = NULL;
        int r;

        assert(arg1);
        assert(ret_target);
        assert(ret_target_size);

        if (streq(arg1, "@current")) {
                r = efi_get_variable(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderEntrySelected), NULL, (void *) ret_target, ret_target_size);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get EFI variable 'LoaderEntrySelected': %m");

        } else if (streq(arg1, "@oneshot")) {
                r = efi_get_variable(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderEntryOneShot), NULL, (void *) ret_target, ret_target_size);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get EFI variable 'LoaderEntryOneShot': %m");

        } else if (streq(arg1, "@default")) {
                r = efi_get_variable(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderEntryDefault), NULL, (void *) ret_target, ret_target_size);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to get EFI variable 'LoaderEntryDefault': %m");

        } else if (arg1[0] == '@' && !streq(arg1, "@saved"))
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL), "Unsupported special entry identifier: %s", arg1);
        else {
                encoded = utf8_to_utf16(arg1, strlen(arg1));
                if (!encoded)
                        return log_oom();

                *ret_target = encoded;
                *ret_target_size = char16_strlen(encoded) * 2 + 2;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int verb_set_efivar(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        int r;

        if (!is_efi_boot())
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
                                       "Not booted with UEFI.");

        if (access(EFIVAR_PATH(EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderInfo)), F_OK) < 0) {
                if (errno == ENOENT) {
                        log_error_errno(errno, "Not booted with a supported boot loader.");
                        return -EOPNOTSUPP;
                }

                return log_error_errno(errno, "Failed to detect whether boot loader supports '%s' operation: %m", argv[0]);
        }

        if (detect_container() > 0)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EOPNOTSUPP),
                                       "'%s' operation not supported in a container.",
                                       argv[0]);

        if (!arg_touch_variables)
                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
                                       "'%s' operation cannot be combined with --no-variables.",
                                       argv[0]);

        const char *variable;
        int (* arg_parser)(const char *, char16_t **, size_t *);

        if (streq(argv[0], "set-default")) {
                variable = EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderEntryDefault);
                arg_parser = parse_loader_entry_target_arg;
        } else if (streq(argv[0], "set-oneshot")) {
                variable = EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderEntryOneShot);
                arg_parser = parse_loader_entry_target_arg;
        } else if (streq(argv[0], "set-timeout")) {
                variable = EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderConfigTimeout);
                arg_parser = parse_timeout;
        } else if (streq(argv[0], "set-timeout-oneshot")) {
                variable = EFI_LOADER_VARIABLE(LoaderConfigTimeoutOneShot);
                arg_parser = parse_timeout;
        } else
                assert_not_reached();

        if (isempty(argv[1])) {
                r = efi_set_variable(variable, NULL, 0);
                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to remove EFI variable '%s': %m", variable);
        } else {
                _cleanup_free_ char16_t *value = NULL;
                size_t value_size = 0;

                r = arg_parser(argv[1], &value, &value_size);
                if (r < 0)
                        return r;
                r = efi_set_variable(variable, value, value_size);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to update EFI variable '%s': %m", variable);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int verb_random_seed(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        int r;

        r = find_esp_and_warn(arg_esp_path, false, &arg_esp_path, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        if (r == -ENOKEY) {
                /* find_esp_and_warn() doesn't warn about ENOKEY, so let's do that on our own */
                if (!arg_graceful)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Unable to find ESP.");

                log_notice("No ESP found, not initializing random seed.");
                return 0;
        }
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        r = install_random_seed(arg_esp_path);
        if (r < 0)
                return r;

        (void) sync_everything();
        return 0;
}

static int verb_systemd_efi_options(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        int r;

        if (argc == 1) {
                _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL, *new = NULL;

                r = systemd_efi_options_variable(&line);
                if (r == -ENODATA)
                        log_debug("No SystemdOptions EFI variable present in cache.");
                else if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to read SystemdOptions EFI variable from cache: %m");
                else
                        puts(line);

                r = systemd_efi_options_efivarfs_if_newer(&new);
                if (r == -ENODATA) {
                        if (line)
                                log_notice("Note: SystemdOptions EFI variable has been removed since boot.");
                } else if (r < 0)
                        log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to check SystemdOptions EFI variable in efivarfs, ignoring: %m");
                else if (new && !streq_ptr(line, new))
                        log_notice("Note: SystemdOptions EFI variable has been modified since boot. New value: %s",
                                   new);
        } else {
                r = efi_set_variable_string(EFI_SYSTEMD_VARIABLE(SystemdOptions), argv[1]);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set SystemdOptions EFI variable: %m");
        }

        return 0;
}

static int verb_reboot_to_firmware(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
        int r;

        if (argc < 2) {
                r = efi_get_reboot_to_firmware();
                if (r > 0) {
                        puts("active");
                        return EXIT_SUCCESS; /* success */
                }
                if (r == 0) {
                        puts("supported");
                        return 1; /* recognizable error #1 */
                }
                if (r == -EOPNOTSUPP) {
                        puts("not supported");
                        return 2; /* recognizable error #2 */
                }

                log_error_errno(r, "Failed to query reboot-to-firmware state: %m");
                return 3; /* other kind of error */
        } else {
                r = parse_boolean(argv[1]);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to parse argument: %s", argv[1]);

                r = efi_set_reboot_to_firmware(r);
                if (r < 0)
                        return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to set reboot-to-firmware option: %m");

                return 0;
        }
}

static int bootctl_main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
        static const Verb verbs[] = {
                { "help",                VERB_ANY, VERB_ANY, 0,            help                     },
                { "status",              VERB_ANY, 1,        VERB_DEFAULT, verb_status              },
                { "install",             VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            verb_install             },
                { "update",              VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            verb_install             },
                { "remove",              VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            verb_remove              },
                { "is-installed",        VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            verb_is_installed        },
                { "list",                VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            verb_list                },
                { "set-default",         2,        2,        0,            verb_set_efivar          },
                { "set-oneshot",         2,        2,        0,            verb_set_efivar          },
                { "set-timeout",         2,        2,        0,            verb_set_efivar          },
                { "set-timeout-oneshot", 2,        2,        0,            verb_set_efivar          },
                { "random-seed",         VERB_ANY, 1,        0,            verb_random_seed         },
                { "systemd-efi-options", VERB_ANY, 2,        0,            verb_systemd_efi_options },
                { "reboot-to-firmware",  VERB_ANY, 2,        0,            verb_reboot_to_firmware  },
                {}
        };

        return dispatch_verb(argc, argv, verbs, NULL);
}

static int run(int argc, char *argv[]) {
        int r;

        log_parse_environment();
        log_open();

        /* If we run in a container, automatically turn off EFI file system access */
        if (detect_container() > 0)
                arg_touch_variables = false;

        r = parse_argv(argc, argv);
        if (r <= 0)
                return r;

        return bootctl_main(argc, argv);
}

DEFINE_MAIN_FUNCTION_WITH_POSITIVE_FAILURE(run);