aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstatshomepage
path: root/tools/perf/scripts/python/export-to-postgresql.py (unfollow)
AgeCommit message (Collapse)AuthorFilesLines
2025-02-27spi: dt-bindings: Add rk3562 supportKever Yang1-0/+1
Add rockchip,rk3562-spi compatible for rk3562. Signed-off-by: Kever Yang <kever.yang@rock-chips.com> Reviewed-by: Heiko Stuebner <heiko@sntech.de> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250227111913.2344207-8-kever.yang@rock-chips.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-26spi: spi-imx: convert timeouts to secs_to_jiffies()Easwar Hariharan1-1/+1
Commit b35108a51cf7 ("jiffies: Define secs_to_jiffies()") introduced secs_to_jiffies(). As the value here is a multiple of 1000, use secs_to_jiffies() instead of msecs_to_jiffies() to avoid the multiplication This is converted using scripts/coccinelle/misc/secs_to_jiffies.cocci with the following Coccinelle rules: @depends on patch@ expression E; @@ -msecs_to_jiffies +secs_to_jiffies (E - * \( 1000 \| MSEC_PER_SEC \) ) Acked-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Easwar Hariharan <eahariha@linux.microsoft.com> Acked-by: Marc Kleine-Budde <mkl@pengutronix.de> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250225-converge-secs-to-jiffies-part-two-v3-13-a43967e36c88@linux.microsoft.com Acked-by: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-26spi: spi-fsl-lpspi: convert timeouts to secs_to_jiffies()Easwar Hariharan1-1/+1
Commit b35108a51cf7 ("jiffies: Define secs_to_jiffies()") introduced secs_to_jiffies(). As the value here is a multiple of 1000, use secs_to_jiffies() instead of msecs_to_jiffies() to avoid the multiplication This is converted using scripts/coccinelle/misc/secs_to_jiffies.cocci with the following Coccinelle rules: @depends on patch@ expression E; @@ -msecs_to_jiffies +secs_to_jiffies (E - * \( 1000 \| MSEC_PER_SEC \) ) Acked-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Easwar Hariharan <eahariha@linux.microsoft.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250225-converge-secs-to-jiffies-part-two-v3-12-a43967e36c88@linux.microsoft.com Acked-by: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-20spi: dt-bindings: Convert Freescale SPI bindings to YAMLJ. Neuschäfer3-62/+139
fsl-spi.txt contains the bindings for the fsl,spi and fsl,espi contollers. Convert them to YAML. Reviewed-by: "Rob Herring (Arm)" <robh@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: J. Neuschäfer <j.ne@posteo.net> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250220-ppcyaml-spi-v3-1-e340613c7875@posteo.net Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-19spi: s3c64xx: extend description of compatible's fifo_depthTudor Ambarus1-1/+3
The FIFO depth specified with the compatibles's data is used where all the instances of the IP define the same FIFO depth. It naturally has higher precedence than the FIFO depth specified via DT. Specifying FIFO depth in DT becomes superfluous in this case. Extend comment about compatible's FIFO depth. Signed-off-by: Tudor Ambarus <tudor.ambarus@linaro.org> Reviewed-by: Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzysztof.kozlowski@linaro.org> Reviewed-by: Sam Protsenko <semen.protsenko@linaro.org> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250214-spi-s3c64xx-fifo-depth-v1-1-e1b1915e3ee7@linaro.org Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-18MAINTAINERS: adjust the file entry in SPI OFFLOADLukas Bulwahn1-1/+1
Commit 8e02d1886988 ("spi: add basic support for SPI offloading") adds a new MAINTAINERS section referring to the non-existent file include/linux/spi/spi-offload.h rather than referring to the files added with this commit in the directory include/linux/spi/offload/. Adjust the file reference to the intended directory. Fixes: 8e02d1886988 ("spi: add basic support for SPI offloading") Signed-off-by: Lukas Bulwahn <lukas.bulwahn@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250217092851.17619-1-lukas.bulwahn@redhat.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-12spi: offload: fix use after freeDavid Lechner1-5/+8
Fix a use after free bug in devm_spi_offload_get() where a pointer was dereferenced after being freed. Instead, add a new local variable to avoid needing to use the resource pointer to access the offload pointer. Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com> Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/r/202502112344.7ggtFzyn-lkp@intel.com/ Fixes: 5a19e1985d01 ("spi: axi-spi-engine: implement offload support") Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250212-spi-offload-fixes-v1-2-e192c69e3bb3@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-12spi: fix missing offload_flags docDavid Lechner1-0/+2
Add offload_flags to the documentation comment for struct spi_transfer. This was missed when adding the field. Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-next/20250212154356.784944ea@canb.auug.org.au/ Fixes: 700a281905f2 ("spi: add offload TX/RX streaming APIs") Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250212-spi-offload-fixes-v1-1-e192c69e3bb3@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-11spi: spi-offload-trigger-pwm: add extra headersDavid Lechner1-1/+8
Add additional headers used in this driver. This is better than relying on implicit includes via other unrelated headers. Also sort the existing includes while doing so. Suggested-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@intel.com> Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250210-spi-offload-extra-headers-v1-2-0f3356362254@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-11spi: offload: types: include linux/bits.hDavid Lechner1-0/+1
Add #include <linux/bits.h> to linux/spi/offload/types.h since this file uses the BIT macro. Suggested-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@intel.com> Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250210-spi-offload-extra-headers-v1-1-0f3356362254@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-07spi: axi-spi-engine: implement offload supportDavid Lechner2-7/+309
Implement SPI offload support for the AXI SPI Engine. Currently, the hardware only supports triggering offload transfers with a hardware trigger so attempting to use an offload message in the regular SPI message queue will fail. Also, only allows streaming rx data to an external sink, so attempts to use a rx_buf in the offload message will fail. Reviewed-by: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Reviewed-by: Nuno Sa <nuno.sa@analog.com> Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250207-dlech-mainline-spi-engine-offload-2-v8-7-e48a489be48c@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-07spi: dt-bindings: axi-spi-engine: add SPI offload propertiesDavid Lechner1-0/+24
The AXI SPI Engine has support for hardware offloading capabilities. This includes a connection to a DMA controller for streaming RX or TX data and a trigger input for starting execution of the SPI message programmed in the offload. It is designed to support up to 32 offload instances. Reviewed-by: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Reviewed-by: Rob Herring (Arm) <robh@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250207-dlech-mainline-spi-engine-offload-2-v8-6-e48a489be48c@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-07spi: add offload TX/RX streaming APIsDavid Lechner5-0/+107
Most configuration of SPI offloads is handled opaquely using the offload pointer that is passed to the various offload functions. However, there are some offload features that need to be controlled on a per transfer basis. This patch adds a flag field to struct spi_transfer to allow specifying such features. The first feature to be added is the ability to stream data to/from a hardware sink/source rather than using a tx or rx buffer. Additional flags can be added in the future as needed. A flags field is also added to the offload struct for providers to indicate which flags are supported. This allows for generic checking of offload capabilities during __spi_validate() so that each offload provider doesn't have to implement their own validation. As a first users of this streaming capability, getter functions are added to get a DMA channel that is directly connected to the offload. Peripheral drivers will use this to get a DMA channel and configure it to suit their needs. Reviewed-by: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Reviewed-by: Nuno Sa <nuno.sa@analog.com> Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250207-dlech-mainline-spi-engine-offload-2-v8-5-e48a489be48c@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-07spi: offload-trigger: add PWM trigger driverDavid Lechner4-0/+178
Add a new driver for a generic PWM trigger for SPI offloads. Reviewed-by: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Reviewed-by: Nuno Sa <nuno.sa@analog.com> Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250207-dlech-mainline-spi-engine-offload-2-v8-4-e48a489be48c@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-07dt-bindings: trigger-source: add generic PWM trigger sourceDavid Lechner2-0/+42
Add a new binding for using a PWM signal as a trigger source. The idea here is similar to e.g. "pwm-clock" to allow a trigger source consumer to use a PWM provider as a trigger source. Reviewed-by: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Reviewed-by: Rob Herring (Arm) <robh@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250207-dlech-mainline-spi-engine-offload-2-v8-3-e48a489be48c@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-07spi: offload: add support for hardware triggersDavid Lechner4-0/+358
Extend SPI offloading to support hardware triggers. This allows an arbitrary hardware trigger to be used to start a SPI transfer that was previously set up with spi_optimize_message(). A new struct spi_offload_trigger is introduced that can be used to configure any type of trigger. It has a type discriminator and a union to allow it to be extended in the future. Two trigger types are defined to start with. One is a trigger that indicates that the SPI peripheral is ready to read or write data. The other is a periodic trigger to repeat a SPI message at a fixed rate. There is also a spi_offload_hw_trigger_validate() function that works similar to clk_round_rate(). It basically asks the question of if we enabled the hardware trigger what would the actual parameters be. This can be used to test if the requested trigger type is actually supported by the hardware and for periodic triggers, it can be used to find the actual rate that the hardware is capable of. Reviewed-by: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Reviewed-by: Nuno Sa <nuno.sa@analog.com> Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250207-dlech-mainline-spi-engine-offload-2-v8-2-e48a489be48c@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-07spi: add basic support for SPI offloadingDavid Lechner8-0/+225
Add the basic infrastructure to support SPI offload providers and consumers. SPI offloading is a feature that allows the SPI controller to perform transfers without any CPU intervention. This is useful, e.g. for high-speed data acquisition. SPI controllers with offload support need to implement the get_offload and put_offload callbacks and can use the devm_spi_offload_alloc() to allocate offload instances. SPI peripheral drivers will call devm_spi_offload_get() to get a reference to the matching offload instance. This offload instance can then be attached to a SPI message to request offloading that message. It is expected that SPI controllers with offload support will check for the offload instance in the SPI message in the ctlr->optimize_message() callback and handle it accordingly. CONFIG_SPI_OFFLOAD is intended to be a select-only option. Both consumer and provider drivers should `select SPI_OFFLOAD` in their Kconfig to ensure that the SPI core is built with offload support. Reviewed-by: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Reviewed-by: Nuno Sa <nuno.sa@analog.com> Signed-off-by: David Lechner <dlechner@baylibre.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250207-dlech-mainline-spi-engine-offload-2-v8-1-e48a489be48c@baylibre.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-05spi: Replace custom fsleep() implementationAndy Shevchenko1-4/+1
_spi_transfer_delay_ns() partially reimplements what fsleep() does. Replace that code by calling fsleep() instead. Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250205130624.716039-1-andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-05spi: gpio: Support a single always-selected deviceAndy Shevchenko1-6/+5
The generic SPI code, the SPI GPIO driver functions support a single always-connected device cases. The only impediment is that board instantiation prevents that from happening. Update spi_gpio_probe_pdata() checks to support the mentioned hardware setup. Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250205132127.742750-3-andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-05spi: gpio: Remove stale documentation partAndy Shevchenko1-32/+2
The SPI GPIO driver doesn't support hard coded absolute GPIO numbers anymore. However, it may still be instantiated from board files with help of GPIO lookup tables or device properties. Neither of this is covered by the old part of the documentation, it's the opposite, i.e. old documentation pretend that antique approach still works. With all this said, remove stale and confusing part of the documentation. Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250205132127.742750-2-andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-03spi: fsi: Batch TX operationsEddie James1-0/+13
Batch sequential write transfers up to the max TX size (40 bytes). This controller must specify a max transfer size of only 8 bytes for RX operations. Signed-off-by: Eddie James <eajames@linux.ibm.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250131200158.732898-1-eajames@linux.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-03spi: realtek-rtl-snand: Drop unneeded assignment for cache_typeAndy Shevchenko1-1/+0
REGCACHE_NONE is the default type of the cache when not provided. Drop unneeded explicit assignment to it. Note, it's defined to 0, and if ever be redefined, it will break literally a lot of the drivers, so it very unlikely to happen. Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250129152925.1804071-1-andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com Reviewed-by: Chris Packham <chris.packham@alliedtelesis.co.nz> Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-03spi: zynqmp-gqspi: Always acknowledge interruptsSean Anderson1-12/+8
RXEMPTY can cause an IRQ, even though we may not do anything about it (such as if we are waiting for more received data). We must still handle these IRQs because we can tell they were caused by the device. Signed-off-by: Sean Anderson <sean.anderson@linux.dev> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250116224130.2684544-6-sean.anderson@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-03spi: zynqmp-gqspi: Clean up fillgenfifoSean Anderson1-50/+28
This function does a lot more work (assigning things multiple times, masking unnecessarily, comparing to zero, using superfluous parentheses) than it needs to. This makes it difficult to understand and modify. Clean it up. No functional change intended. Signed-off-by: Sean Anderson <sean.anderson@linux.dev> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250116224130.2684544-5-sean.anderson@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-03spi: zynqmp-gqspi: Add helpers for enabling/disabling DMASean Anderson1-27/+34
DMA is enabled and disabled several times in the driver. Add some helper functions for this task. Signed-off-by: Sean Anderson <sean.anderson@linux.dev> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250116224130.2684544-4-sean.anderson@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-03spi: zynqmp-gqspi: Add some more debug printsSean Anderson1-0/+4
Add a few more debug prints to make it easier to determine how the device is programmed. Signed-off-by: Sean Anderson <sean.anderson@linux.dev> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250116224130.2684544-3-sean.anderson@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-03spi: zynqmp-gqspi: Reformat long lineSean Anderson1-2/+2
This long line is broken in an unusual place. Reformat it to better match the kernel style. Signed-off-by: Sean Anderson <sean.anderson@linux.dev> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20250116224130.2684544-2-sean.anderson@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Mark Brown <broonie@kernel.org>
2025-02-02Linux 6.14-rc1Linus Torvalds1-2/+2
2025-02-02tools/power turbostat: version 2025.02.02Len Brown1-1/+1
Summary of Changes since 2024.11.30: Fix regression in 2023.11.07 that affinitized forked child in one-shot mode. Harden one-shot mode against hotplug online/offline Enable RAPL SysWatt column by default. Add initial PTL, CWF platform support. Harden initial PMT code in response to early use. Enable first built-in PMT counter: CWF c1e residency Refuse to run on unsupported platforms without --force, to encourage updating to a version that supports the system, and to avoid no-so-useful measurement results. Signed-off-by: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
2025-02-01MAINTAINERS: include linux-mm for xarray maintenanceAndrew Morton1-0/+1
MM developers have an interest in the xarray code. Cc: David Gow <davidgow@google.com> Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org> Cc: "Liam R. Howlett" <Liam.Howlett@oracle.com> Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org> Cc: Sidhartha Kumar <sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com> Cc: Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01revert "xarray: port tests to kunit"Andrew Morton16-410/+294
Revert c7bb5cf9fc4e ("xarray: port tests to kunit"). It broke the build when compiing the xarray userspace test harness code. Reported-by: Sidhartha Kumar <sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com> Closes: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/07cf896e-adf8-414f-a629-a808fc26014a@oracle.com Cc: David Gow <davidgow@google.com> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org> Cc: Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com> Cc: "Liam R. Howlett" <Liam.Howlett@oracle.com> Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org> Cc: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01MAINTAINERS: add lib/test_xarray.cTamir Duberstein1-0/+1
Ensure test-only changes are sent to the relevant maintainer. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250129-xarray-test-maintainer-v1-1-482e31f30f47@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com> Cc: Mattew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mailmap, MAINTAINERS, docs: update Carlos's email addressCarlos Bilbao3-6/+8
Update .mailmap to reflect my new (and final) primary email address, carlos.bilbao@kernel.org. Also update contact information in files Documentation/translations/sp_SP/index.rst and MAINTAINERS. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250130012248.1196208-1-carlos.bilbao@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Carlos Bilbao <carlos.bilbao@kernel.org> Cc: Carlos Bilbao <bilbao@vt.edu> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Mattew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mm/hugetlb: fix hugepage allocation for interleaved memory nodesRitesh Harjani (IBM)1-1/+1
gather_bootmem_prealloc() assumes the start nid as 0 and size as num_node_state(N_MEMORY). That means in case if memory attached numa nodes are interleaved, then gather_bootmem_prealloc_parallel() will fail to scan few of these nodes. Since memory attached numa nodes can be interleaved in any fashion, hence ensure that the current code checks for all numa node ids (.size = nr_node_ids). Let's still keep max_threads as N_MEMORY, so that it can distributes all nr_node_ids among the these many no. threads. e.g. qemu cmdline ======================== numa_cmd="-numa node,nodeid=1,memdev=mem1,cpus=2-3 -numa node,nodeid=0,cpus=0-1 -numa dist,src=0,dst=1,val=20" mem_cmd="-object memory-backend-ram,id=mem1,size=16G" w/o this patch for cmdline (default_hugepagesz=1GB hugepagesz=1GB hugepages=2): ========================== ~ # cat /proc/meminfo |grep -i huge AnonHugePages: 0 kB ShmemHugePages: 0 kB FileHugePages: 0 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 1048576 kB Hugetlb: 0 kB with this patch for cmdline (default_hugepagesz=1GB hugepagesz=1GB hugepages=2): =========================== ~ # cat /proc/meminfo |grep -i huge AnonHugePages: 0 kB ShmemHugePages: 0 kB FileHugePages: 0 kB HugePages_Total: 2 HugePages_Free: 2 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 1048576 kB Hugetlb: 2097152 kB Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/f8d8dad3a5471d284f54185f65d575a6aaab692b.1736592534.git.ritesh.list@gmail.com Fixes: b78b27d02930 ("hugetlb: parallelize 1G hugetlb initialization") Signed-off-by: Ritesh Harjani (IBM) <ritesh.list@gmail.com> Reported-by: Pavithra Prakash <pavrampu@linux.ibm.com> Suggested-by: Muchun Song <muchun.song@linux.dev> Tested-by: Sourabh Jain <sourabhjain@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Luiz Capitulino <luizcap@redhat.com> Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Donet Tom <donettom@linux.ibm.com> Cc: Gang Li <gang.li@linux.dev> Cc: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mm: gup: fix infinite loop within __get_longterm_lockedZhaoyang Huang1-10/+4
We can run into an infinite loop in __get_longterm_locked() when collect_longterm_unpinnable_folios() finds only folios that are isolated from the LRU or were never added to the LRU. This can happen when all folios to be pinned are never added to the LRU, for example when vm_ops->fault allocated pages using cma_alloc() and never added them to the LRU. Fix it by simply taking a look at the list in the single caller, to see if anything was added. [zhaoyang.huang@unisoc.com: move definition of local] Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250122012604.3654667-1-zhaoyang.huang@unisoc.com Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250121020159.3636477-1-zhaoyang.huang@unisoc.com Fixes: 67e139b02d99 ("mm/gup.c: refactor check_and_migrate_movable_pages()") Signed-off-by: Zhaoyang Huang <zhaoyang.huang@unisoc.com> Reviewed-by: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com> Reviewed-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Suggested-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Acked-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Cc: Aijun Sun <aijun.sun@unisoc.com> Cc: Alistair Popple <apopple@nvidia.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mm, swap: fix reclaim offset calculation error during allocationKairui Song1-1/+1
There is a code error that will cause the swap entry allocator to reclaim and check the whole cluster with an unexpected tail offset instead of the part that needs to be reclaimed. This may cause corruption of the swap map, so fix it. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250130115131.37777-1-ryncsn@gmail.com Fixes: 3b644773eefd ("mm, swap: reduce contention on device lock") Signed-off-by: Kairui Song <kasong@tencent.com> Cc: Chris Li <chrisl@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01.mailmap: update email address for Christopher ObbardChristopher Obbard1-0/+1
Update my email address. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250122-wip-obbardc-update-email-v2-1-12bde6b79ad0@linaro.org Signed-off-by: Christopher Obbard <christopher.obbard@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01kfence: skip __GFP_THISNODE allocations on NUMA systemsMarco Elver1-0/+2
On NUMA systems, __GFP_THISNODE indicates that an allocation _must_ be on a particular node, and failure to allocate on the desired node will result in a failed allocation. Skip __GFP_THISNODE allocations if we are running on a NUMA system, since KFENCE can't guarantee which node its pool pages are allocated on. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250124120145.410066-1-elver@google.com Fixes: 236e9f153852 ("kfence: skip all GFP_ZONEMASK allocations") Signed-off-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com> Reported-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Chistoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Dmitriy Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01nilfs2: fix possible int overflows in nilfs_fiemap()Nikita Zhandarovich1-3/+3
Since nilfs_bmap_lookup_contig() in nilfs_fiemap() calculates its result by being prepared to go through potentially maxblocks == INT_MAX blocks, the value in n may experience an overflow caused by left shift of blkbits. While it is extremely unlikely to occur, play it safe and cast right hand expression to wider type to mitigate the issue. Found by Linux Verification Center (linuxtesting.org) with static analysis tool SVACE. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250124222133.5323-1-konishi.ryusuke@gmail.com Fixes: 622daaff0a89 ("nilfs2: fiemap support") Signed-off-by: Nikita Zhandarovich <n.zhandarovich@fintech.ru> Signed-off-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@gmail.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mm: compaction: use the proper flag to determine watermarksyangge1-4/+25
There are 4 NUMA nodes on my machine, and each NUMA node has 32GB of memory. I have configured 16GB of CMA memory on each NUMA node, and starting a 32GB virtual machine with device passthrough is extremely slow, taking almost an hour. Long term GUP cannot allocate memory from CMA area, so a maximum of 16 GB of no-CMA memory on a NUMA node can be used as virtual machine memory. There is 16GB of free CMA memory on a NUMA node, which is sufficient to pass the order-0 watermark check, causing the __compaction_suitable() function to consistently return true. For costly allocations, if the __compaction_suitable() function always returns true, it causes the __alloc_pages_slowpath() function to fail to exit at the appropriate point. This prevents timely fallback to allocating memory on other nodes, ultimately resulting in excessively long virtual machine startup times. Call trace: __alloc_pages_slowpath if (compact_result == COMPACT_SKIPPED || compact_result == COMPACT_DEFERRED) goto nopage; // should exit __alloc_pages_slowpath() from here We could use the real unmovable allocation context to have __zone_watermark_unusable_free() subtract CMA pages, and thus we won't pass the order-0 check anymore once the non-CMA part is exhausted. There is some risk that in some different scenario the compaction could in fact migrate pages from the exhausted non-CMA part of the zone to the CMA part and succeed, and we'll skip it instead. But only __GFP_NORETRY allocations should be affected in the immediate "goto nopage" when compaction is skipped, others will attempt with DEF_COMPACT_PRIORITY anyway and won't fail without trying to compact-migrate the non-CMA pageblocks into CMA pageblocks first, so it should be fine. After this fix, it only takes a few tens of seconds to start a 32GB virtual machine with device passthrough functionality. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1736335854-548-1-git-send-email-yangge1116@126.com/ Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1737788037-8439-1-git-send-email-yangge1116@126.com Signed-off-by: yangge <yangge1116@126.com> Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com> Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Barry Song <21cnbao@gmail.com> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01kernel: be more careful about dup_mmap() failures and uprobe registeringLiam R. Howlett2-3/+18
If a memory allocation fails during dup_mmap(), the maple tree can be left in an unsafe state for other iterators besides the exit path. All the locks are dropped before the exit_mmap() call (in mm/mmap.c), but the incomplete mm_struct can be reached through (at least) the rmap finding the vmas which have a pointer back to the mm_struct. Up to this point, there have been no issues with being able to find an mm_struct that was only partially initialised. Syzbot was able to make the incomplete mm_struct fail with recent forking changes, so it has been proven unsafe to use the mm_struct that hasn't been initialised, as referenced in the link below. Although 8ac662f5da19f ("fork: avoid inappropriate uprobe access to invalid mm") fixed the uprobe access, it does not completely remove the race. This patch sets the MMF_OOM_SKIP to avoid the iteration of the vmas on the oom side (even though this is extremely unlikely to be selected as an oom victim in the race window), and sets MMF_UNSTABLE to avoid other potential users from using a partially initialised mm_struct. When registering vmas for uprobe, skip the vmas in an mm that is marked unstable. Modifying a vma in an unstable mm may cause issues if the mm isn't fully initialised. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/6756d273.050a0220.2477f.003d.GAE@google.com/ Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250127170221.1761366-1-Liam.Howlett@oracle.com Fixes: d24062914837 ("fork: use __mt_dup() to duplicate maple tree in dup_mmap()") Signed-off-by: Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@Oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com> Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org> Cc: Jann Horn <jannh@google.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Cc: Peng Zhang <zhangpeng.00@bytedance.com> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mm/fake-numa: handle cases with no SRAT infoBruno Faccini1-1/+10
Handle more gracefully cases where no SRAT information is available, like in VMs with no Numa support, and allow fake-numa configuration to complete successfully in these cases Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250127171623.1523171-1-bfaccini@nvidia.com Fixes: 63db8170bf34 (“mm/fake-numa: allow later numa node hotplug”) Signed-off-by: Bruno Faccini <bfaccini@nvidia.com> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Cc: Hyeonggon Yoo <hyeonggon.yoo@sk.com> Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com> Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org> Cc: "Mike Rapoport (IBM)" <rppt@kernel.org> Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rafael@kernel.org> Cc: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mm: kmemleak: fix upper boundary check for physical address objectsCatalin Marinas1-1/+1
Memblock allocations are registered by kmemleak separately, based on their physical address. During the scanning stage, it checks whether an object is within the min_low_pfn and max_low_pfn boundaries and ignores it otherwise. With the recent addition of __percpu pointer leak detection (commit 6c99d4eb7c5e ("kmemleak: enable tracking for percpu pointers")), kmemleak started reporting leaks in setup_zone_pageset() and setup_per_cpu_pageset(). These were caused by the node_data[0] object (initialised in alloc_node_data()) ending on the PFN_PHYS(max_low_pfn) boundary. The non-strict upper boundary check introduced by commit 84c326299191 ("mm: kmemleak: check physical address when scan") causes the pg_data_t object to be ignored (not scanned) and the __percpu pointers it contains to be reported as leaks. Make the max_low_pfn upper boundary check strict when deciding whether to ignore a physical address object and not scan it. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250127184233.2974311-1-catalin.marinas@arm.com Fixes: 84c326299191 ("mm: kmemleak: check physical address when scan") Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Reported-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org> Tested-by: Matthieu Baerts (NGI0) <matttbe@kernel.org> Cc: Patrick Wang <patrick.wang.shcn@gmail.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [6.0.x] Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mailmap: add an entry for Hamza MahfoozHamza Mahfooz1-0/+1
Map my previous work email to my current one. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250120205659.139027-1-hamzamahfooz@linux.microsoft.com Signed-off-by: Hamza Mahfooz <hamzamahfooz@linux.microsoft.com> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Hans verkuil <hverkuil@xs4all.nl> Cc: Matthieu Baerts <matttbe@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01MAINTAINERS: mailmap: update Yosry Ahmed's email addressYosry Ahmed2-1/+2
Moving to a linux.dev email address. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250123231344.817358-1-yosry.ahmed@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Yosry Ahmed <yosry.ahmed@linux.dev> Cc: Chengming Zhou <chengming.zhou@linux.dev> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Nhat Pham <nphamcs@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01scripts/gdb: fix aarch64 userspace detection in get_current_taskJan Kiszka1-1/+1
At least recent gdb releases (seen with 14.2) return SP_EL0 as signed long which lets the right-shift always return 0. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/dcd2fabc-9131-4b48-8419-6444e2d67454@siemens.com Signed-off-by: Jan Kiszka <jan.kiszka@siemens.com> Cc: Barry Song <baohua@kernel.org> Cc: Kieran Bingham <kbingham@kernel.org> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mm/vmscan: accumulate nr_demoted for accurate demotion statisticsLi Zhijian1-3/+4
In shrink_folio_list(), demote_folio_list() can be called 2 times. Currently stat->nr_demoted will only store the last nr_demoted( the later nr_demoted is always zero, the former nr_demoted will get lost), as a result number of demoted pages is not accurate. Accumulate the nr_demoted count across multiple calls to demote_folio_list(), ensuring accurate reporting of demotion statistics. [lizhijian@fujitsu.com: introduce local nr_demoted to fix nr_reclaimed double counting] Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250111015253.425693-1-lizhijian@fujitsu.com Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250110122133.423481-1-lizhijian@fujitsu.com Fixes: f77f0c751478 ("mm,memcg: provide per-cgroup counters for NUMA balancing operations") Signed-off-by: Li Zhijian <lizhijian@fujitsu.com> Acked-by: Kaiyang Zhao <kaiyang2@cs.cmu.edu> Tested-by: Donet Tom <donettom@linux.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Donet Tom <donettom@linux.ibm.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01ocfs2: fix incorrect CPU endianness conversion causing mount failureHeming Zhao1-1/+1
Commit 23aab037106d ("ocfs2: fix UBSAN warning in ocfs2_verify_volume()") introduced a regression bug. The blksz_bits value is already converted to CPU endian in the previous code; therefore, the code shouldn't use le32_to_cpu() anymore. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250121112204.12834-1-heming.zhao@suse.com Fixes: 23aab037106d ("ocfs2: fix UBSAN warning in ocfs2_verify_volume()") Signed-off-by: Heming Zhao <heming.zhao@suse.com> Reviewed-by: Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark@fasheh.com> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Cc: Changwei Ge <gechangwei@live.cn> Cc: Jun Piao <piaojun@huawei.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mm/zsmalloc: add __maybe_unused attribute for is_first_zpdesc()Hyeonggon Yoo1-1/+1
Commit c1b3bb73d55e ("mm/zsmalloc: use zpdesc in trylock_zspage()/lock_zspage()") introduces is_first_zpdesc() function. However, the function is only used when CONFIG_DEBUG_VM=y. When building with LLVM=1 and W=1 option, the following warning is generated: $ make -j12 W=1 LLVM=1 mm/zsmalloc.o mm/zsmalloc.c:455:20: error: function 'is_first_zpdesc' is not needed and will not be emitted [-Werror,-Wunneeded-internal-declaration] 455 | static inline bool is_first_zpdesc(struct zpdesc *zpdesc) | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 error generated. Fix the warning by adding __maybe_unused attribute to the function. No functional change intended. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20250127231631.4363-1-42.hyeyoo@gmail.com Fixes: c1b3bb73d55e ("mm/zsmalloc: use zpdesc in trylock_zspage()/lock_zspage()") Signed-off-by: Hyeonggon Yoo <42.hyeyoo@gmail.com> Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202501240958.4ILzuBrH-lkp@intel.com/ Cc: Alex Shi <alexs@kernel.org> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <senozhatsky@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2025-02-01mm/vmscan: fix hard LOCKUP in function isolate_lru_foliosliuye2-1/+6
This fixes the following hard lockup in isolate_lru_folios() during memory reclaim. If the LRU mostly contains ineligible folios this may trigger watchdog. watchdog: Watchdog detected hard LOCKUP on cpu 173 RIP: 0010:native_queued_spin_lock_slowpath+0x255/0x2a0 Call Trace: _raw_spin_lock_irqsave+0x31/0x40 folio_lruvec_lock_irqsave+0x5f/0x90 folio_batch_move_lru+0x91/0x150 lru_add_drain_per_cpu+0x1c/0x40 process_one_work+0x17d/0x350 worker_thread+0x27b/0x3a0 kthread+0xe8/0x120 ret_from_fork+0x34/0x50 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1b/0x30 lruvec->lru_lock owner： PID: 2865 TASK: ffff888139214d40 CPU: 40 COMMAND: "kswapd0" #0 [fffffe0000945e60] crash_nmi_callback at ffffffffa567a555 #1 [fffffe0000945e68] nmi_handle at ffffffffa563b171 #2 [fffffe0000945eb0] default_do_nmi at ffffffffa6575920 #3 [fffffe0000945ed0] exc_nmi at ffffffffa6575af4 #4 [fffffe0000945ef0] end_repeat_nmi at ffffffffa6601dde [exception RIP: isolate_lru_folios+403] RIP: ffffffffa597df53 RSP: ffffc90006fb7c28 RFLAGS: 00000002 RAX: 0000000000000001 RBX: ffffc90006fb7c60 RCX: ffffea04a2196f88 RDX: ffffc90006fb7c60 RSI: ffffc90006fb7c60 RDI: ffffea04a2197048 RBP: ffff88812cbd3010 R8: ffffea04a2197008 R9: 0000000000000001 R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffffea04a2197008 R13: ffffea04a2197048 R14: ffffc90006fb7de8 R15: 0000000003e3e937 ORIG_RAX: ffffffffffffffff CS: 0010 SS: 0018 <NMI exception stack> #5 [ffffc90006fb7c28] isolate_lru_folios at ffffffffa597df53 #6 [ffffc90006fb7cf8] shrink_active_list at ffffffffa597f788 #7 [ffffc90006fb7da8] balance_pgdat at ffffffffa5986db0 #8 [ffffc90006fb7ec0] kswapd at ffffffffa5987354 #9 [ffffc90006fb7ef8] kthread at ffffffffa5748238 crash> Scenario: User processe are requesting a large amount of memory and keep page active. Then a module continuously requests memory from ZONE_DMA32 area. Memory reclaim will be triggered due to ZONE_DMA32 watermark alarm reached. However pages in the LRU(active_anon) list are mostly from the ZONE_NORMAL area. Reproduce: Terminal 1: Construct to continuously increase pages active(anon). mkdir /tmp/memory mount -t tmpfs -o size=1024000M tmpfs /tmp/memory dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/memory/block bs=4M tail /tmp/memory/block Terminal 2: vmstat -a 1 active will increase. procs ---memory--- ---swap-- ---io---- -system-- ---cpu--- ... r b swpd free inact active si so bi bo 1 0 0 1445623076 45898836 83646008 0 0 0 1 0 0 1445623076 43450228 86094616 0 0 0 1 0 0 1445623076 41003480 88541364 0 0 0 1 0 0 1445623076 38557088 90987756 0 0 0 1 0 0 1445623076 36109688 93435156 0 0 0 1 0 0 1445619552 33663256 95881632 0 0 0 1 0 0 1445619804 31217140 98327792 0 0 0 1 0 0 1445619804 28769988 100774944 0 0 0 1 0 0 1445619804 26322348 103222584 0 0 0 1 0 0 1445619804 23875592 105669340 0 0 0 cat /proc/meminfo | head Active(anon) increase. MemTotal: 1579941036 kB MemFree: 1445618500 kB MemAvailable: 1453013224 kB Buffers: 6516 kB Cached: 128653956 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 118110812 kB Inactive: 11436620 kB Active(anon): 115345744 kB Inactive(anon): 945292 kB When the Active(anon) is 115345744 kB, insmod module triggers the ZONE_DMA32 watermark. perf record -e vmscan:mm_vmscan_lru_isolate -aR perf script isolate_mode=0 classzone=1 order=1 nr_requested=32 nr_scanned=2 nr_skipped=2 nr_taken=0 lru=active_anon isolate_mode=0 classzone=1 order=1 nr_requested=32 nr_scanned=0 nr_skipped=0 nr_taken=0 lru=active_anon isolate_mode=0 classzone=1 order=0 nr_requested=32 nr_scanned=28835844 nr_skipped=28835844 nr_taken=0 lru=active_anon isolate_mode=0 classzone=1 order=1 nr_requested=32 nr_scanned=28835844 nr_skipped=28835844 nr_taken=0 lru=active_anon isolate_mode=0 classzone=1 order=0 nr_requested=32 nr_scanned=29 nr_skipped=29 nr_taken=0 lru=active_anon isolate_mode=0 classzone=1 order=0 nr_requested=32 nr_scanned=0 nr_skipped=0 nr_taken=0 lru=active_anon See nr_scanned=28835844. 28835844 * 4k = 115343376KB approximately equal to 115345744 kB. If increase Active(anon) to 1000G then insmod module triggers the ZONE_DMA32 watermark. hard lockup will occur. In my device nr_scanned = 0000000003e3e937 when hard lockup. Convert to memory size 0x0000000003e3e937 * 4KB = 261072092 KB. [ffffc90006fb7c28] isolate_lru_folios at ffffffffa597df53 ffffc90006fb7c30: 0000000000000020 0000000000000000 ffffc90006fb7c40: ffffc90006fb7d40 ffff88812cbd3000 ffffc90006fb7c50: ffffc90006fb7d30 0000000106fb7de8 ffffc90006fb7c60: ffffea04a2197008 ffffea0006ed4a48 ffffc90006fb7c70: 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 ffffc90006fb7c80: 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 ffffc90006fb7c90: 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 ffffc90006fb7ca0: 0000000000000000 0000000003e3e937 ffffc90006fb7cb0: 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 ffffc90006fb7cc0: 8d7c0b56b7874b00 ffff88812cbd3000 About the Fixes: Why did it take eight years to be discovered? The problem requires the following conditions to occur: 1. The device memory should be large enough. 2. Pages in the LRU(active_anon) list are mostly from the ZONE_NORMAL area. 3. The memory in ZONE_DMA32 needs to reach the watermark. If the memory is not large enough, or if the usage design of ZONE_DMA32 area memory is reasonable, this problem is difficult to detect. notes: The problem is most likely to occur in ZONE_DMA32 and ZONE_NORMAL, but other suitable scenarios may also trigger the problem. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20241119060842.274072-1-liuye@kylinos.cn Fixes: b2e18757f2c9 ("mm, vmscan: begin reclaiming pages on a per-node basis") Signed-off-by: liuye <liuye@kylinos.cn> Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net> Cc: Yang Shi <yang@os.amperecomputing.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Copyright © 1996 – 2023 Jason A. Donenfeld. All Rights Reverse Engineered.