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authorAlexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>2014-03-28 18:58:26 +0100
committerDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>2014-03-31 00:45:09 -0400
commit9a985cdc5ccb0d557720221d01bd70c19f04bb8c (patch)
tree495b67bcf755829a5409da5b7444ea9b93f60b35 /Documentation
parentnet: filter: rework/optimize internal BPF interpreter's instruction set (diff)
downloadlinux-dev-9a985cdc5ccb0d557720221d01bd70c19f04bb8c.tar.xz
linux-dev-9a985cdc5ccb0d557720221d01bd70c19f04bb8c.zip
doc: filter: extend BPF documentation to document new internals
Further extend the current BPF documentation to document new BPF engine internals. Joint work with Daniel Borkmann. Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com> Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <dborkman@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
-rw-r--r--Documentation/networking/filter.txt125
1 files changed, 125 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/networking/filter.txt b/Documentation/networking/filter.txt
index a06b48d2f5cc..81f940f4e884 100644
--- a/Documentation/networking/filter.txt
+++ b/Documentation/networking/filter.txt
@@ -546,6 +546,130 @@ ffffffffa0069c8f + <x>:
For BPF JIT developers, bpf_jit_disasm, bpf_asm and bpf_dbg provides a useful
toolchain for developing and testing the kernel's JIT compiler.
+BPF kernel internals
+--------------------
+Internally, for the kernel interpreter, a different BPF instruction set
+format with similar underlying principles from BPF described in previous
+paragraphs is being used. However, the instruction set format is modelled
+closer to the underlying architecture to mimic native instruction sets, so
+that a better performance can be achieved (more details later).
+
+It is designed to be JITed with one to one mapping, which can also open up
+the possibility for GCC/LLVM compilers to generate optimized BPF code through
+a BPF backend that performs almost as fast as natively compiled code.
+
+The new instruction set was originally designed with the possible goal in
+mind to write programs in "restricted C" and compile into BPF with a optional
+GCC/LLVM backend, so that it can just-in-time map to modern 64-bit CPUs with
+minimal performance overhead over two steps, that is, C -> BPF -> native code.
+
+Currently, the new format is being used for running user BPF programs, which
+includes seccomp BPF, classic socket filters, cls_bpf traffic classifier,
+team driver's classifier for its load-balancing mode, netfilter's xt_bpf
+extension, PTP dissector/classifier, and much more. They are all internally
+converted by the kernel into the new instruction set representation and run
+in the extended interpreter. For in-kernel handlers, this all works
+transparently by using sk_unattached_filter_create() for setting up the
+filter, resp. sk_unattached_filter_destroy() for destroying it. The macro
+SK_RUN_FILTER(filter, ctx) transparently invokes the right BPF function to
+run the filter. 'filter' is a pointer to struct sk_filter that we got from
+sk_unattached_filter_create(), and 'ctx' the given context (e.g. skb pointer).
+All constraints and restrictions from sk_chk_filter() apply before a
+conversion to the new layout is being done behind the scenes!
+
+Currently, for JITing, the user BPF format is being used and current BPF JIT
+compilers reused whenever possible. In other words, we do not (yet!) perform
+a JIT compilation in the new layout, however, future work will successively
+migrate traditional JIT compilers into the new instruction format as well, so
+that they will profit from the very same benefits. Thus, when speaking about
+JIT in the following, a JIT compiler (TBD) for the new instruction format is
+meant in this context.
+
+Some core changes of the new internal format:
+
+- Number of registers increase from 2 to 10:
+
+ The old format had two registers A and X, and a hidden frame pointer. The
+ new layout extends this to be 10 internal registers and a read-only frame
+ pointer. Since 64-bit CPUs are passing arguments to functions via registers
+ the number of args from BPF program to in-kernel function is restricted
+ to 5 and one register is used to accept return value from an in-kernel
+ function. Natively, x86_64 passes first 6 arguments in registers, aarch64/
+ sparcv9/mips64 have 7 - 8 registers for arguments; x86_64 has 6 callee saved
+ registers, and aarch64/sparcv9/mips64 have 11 or more callee saved registers.
+
+ Therefore, BPF calling convention is defined as:
+
+ * R0 - return value from in-kernel function
+ * R1 - R5 - arguments from BPF program to in-kernel function
+ * R6 - R9 - callee saved registers that in-kernel function will preserve
+ * R10 - read-only frame pointer to access stack
+
+ Thus, all BPF registers map one to one to HW registers on x86_64, aarch64,
+ etc, and BPF calling convention maps directly to ABIs used by the kernel on
+ 64-bit architectures.
+
+ On 32-bit architectures JIT may map programs that use only 32-bit arithmetic
+ and may let more complex programs to be interpreted.
+
+ R0 - R5 are scratch registers and BPF program needs spill/fill them if
+ necessary across calls. Note that there is only one BPF program (== one BPF
+ main routine) and it cannot call other BPF functions, it can only call
+ predefined in-kernel functions, though.
+
+- Register width increases from 32-bit to 64-bit:
+
+ Still, the semantics of the original 32-bit ALU operations are preserved
+ via 32-bit subregisters. All BPF registers are 64-bit with 32-bit lower
+ subregisters that zero-extend into 64-bit if they are being written to.
+ That behavior maps directly to x86_64 and arm64 subregister definition, but
+ makes other JITs more difficult.
+
+ 32-bit architectures run 64-bit internal BPF programs via interpreter.
+ Their JITs may convert BPF programs that only use 32-bit subregisters into
+ native instruction set and let the rest being interpreted.
+
+ Operation is 64-bit, because on 64-bit architectures, pointers are also
+ 64-bit wide, and we want to pass 64-bit values in/out of kernel functions,
+ so 32-bit BPF registers would otherwise require to define register-pair
+ ABI, thus, there won't be able to use a direct BPF register to HW register
+ mapping and JIT would need to do combine/split/move operations for every
+ register in and out of the function, which is complex, bug prone and slow.
+ Another reason is the use of atomic 64-bit counters.
+
+- Conditional jt/jf targets replaced with jt/fall-through:
+
+ While the original design has constructs such as "if (cond) jump_true;
+ else jump_false;", they are being replaced into alternative constructs like
+ "if (cond) jump_true; /* else fall-through */".
+
+- Introduces bpf_call insn and register passing convention for zero overhead
+ calls from/to other kernel functions:
+
+ After a kernel function call, R1 - R5 are reset to unreadable and R0 has a
+ return type of the function. Since R6 - R9 are callee saved, their state is
+ preserved across the call.
+
+Also in the new design, BPF is limited to 4096 insns, which means that any
+program will terminate quickly and will only call a fixed number of kernel
+functions. Original BPF and the new format are two operand instructions,
+which helps to do one-to-one mapping between BPF insn and x86 insn during JIT.
+
+The input context pointer for invoking the interpreter function is generic,
+its content is defined by a specific use case. For seccomp register R1 points
+to seccomp_data, for converted BPF filters R1 points to a skb.
+
+A program, that is translated internally consists of the following elements:
+
+ op:16, jt:8, jf:8, k:32 ==> op:8, a_reg:4, x_reg:4, off:16, imm:32
+
+Just like the original BPF, the new format runs within a controlled environment,
+is deterministic and the kernel can easily prove that. The safety of the program
+can be determined in two steps: first step does depth-first-search to disallow
+loops and other CFG validation; second step starts from the first insn and
+descends all possible paths. It simulates execution of every insn and observes
+the state change of registers and stack.
+
Misc
----
@@ -561,3 +685,4 @@ the underlying architecture.
Jay Schulist <jschlst@samba.org>
Daniel Borkmann <dborkman@redhat.com>
+Alexei Starovoitov <ast@plumgrid.com>