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authorDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>2017-12-27 20:40:32 -0500
committerDavid S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>2017-12-27 20:40:32 -0500
commitfcffe2edbd390cad499b27d20512ef000d7ecf54 (patch)
tree13120e1efcf0ad226785b721f4b38272ffdd2028 /kernel
parentnfp: bpf: allocate vNIC priv for keeping track of the offloaded program (diff)
parentMerge branch 'bpf-stack-depth-tracking-fixes' (diff)
downloadlinux-dev-fcffe2edbd390cad499b27d20512ef000d7ecf54.tar.xz
linux-dev-fcffe2edbd390cad499b27d20512ef000d7ecf54.zip
Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf-next
Daniel Borkmann says: ==================== pull-request: bpf-next 2017-12-28 The following pull-request contains BPF updates for your *net-next* tree. The main changes are: 1) Fix incorrect state pruning related to recognition of zero initialized stack slots, where stacksafe exploration would mistakenly return a positive pruning verdict too early ignoring other slots, from Gianluca. 2) Various BPF to BPF calls related follow-up fixes. Fix an off-by-one in maximum call depth check, and rework maximum stack depth tracking logic to fix a bypass of the total stack size check reported by Jann. Also fix a bug in arm64 JIT where prog->jited_len was uninitialized. Addition of various test cases to BPF selftests, from Alexei. 3) Addition of a BPF selftest to test_verifier that is related to BPF to BPF calls which demonstrates a late caller stack size increase and thus out of bounds access. Fixed above in 2). Test case from Jann. 4) Addition of correlating BPF helper calls, BPF to BPF calls as well as BPF maps to bpftool xlated dump in order to allow for better BPF program introspection and debugging, from Daniel. 5) Fixing several bugs in BPF to BPF calls kallsyms handling in order to get it actually to work for subprogs, from Daniel. 6) Extending sparc64 JIT support for BPF to BPF calls and fix a couple of build errors for libbpf on sparc64, from David. 7) Allow narrower context access for BPF dev cgroup typed programs in order to adapt to LLVM code generation. Also adjust memlock rlimit in the test_dev_cgroup BPF selftest, from Yonghong. 8) Add netdevsim Kconfig entry to BPF selftests since test_offload.py relies on netdevsim device being available, from Jakub. 9) Reduce scope of xdp_do_generic_redirect_map() to being static, from Xiongwei. 10) Minor cleanups and spelling fixes in BPF verifier, from Colin. ==================== Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Diffstat (limited to 'kernel')
-rw-r--r--kernel/bpf/cgroup.c15
-rw-r--r--kernel/bpf/core.c4
-rw-r--r--kernel/bpf/disasm.c65
-rw-r--r--kernel/bpf/disasm.h29
-rw-r--r--kernel/bpf/syscall.c93
-rw-r--r--kernel/bpf/verifier.c126
6 files changed, 283 insertions, 49 deletions
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/cgroup.c b/kernel/bpf/cgroup.c
index b789ab78d28f..c1c0b60d3f2f 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/cgroup.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/cgroup.c
@@ -568,6 +568,8 @@ static bool cgroup_dev_is_valid_access(int off, int size,
enum bpf_access_type type,
struct bpf_insn_access_aux *info)
{
+ const int size_default = sizeof(__u32);
+
if (type == BPF_WRITE)
return false;
@@ -576,8 +578,17 @@ static bool cgroup_dev_is_valid_access(int off, int size,
/* The verifier guarantees that size > 0. */
if (off % size != 0)
return false;
- if (size != sizeof(__u32))
- return false;
+
+ switch (off) {
+ case bpf_ctx_range(struct bpf_cgroup_dev_ctx, access_type):
+ bpf_ctx_record_field_size(info, size_default);
+ if (!bpf_ctx_narrow_access_ok(off, size, size_default))
+ return false;
+ break;
+ default:
+ if (size != size_default)
+ return false;
+ }
return true;
}
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/core.c b/kernel/bpf/core.c
index 768e0a02d8c8..70a534549cd3 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/core.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/core.c
@@ -771,7 +771,9 @@ struct bpf_prog *bpf_jit_blind_constants(struct bpf_prog *prog)
/* Base function for offset calculation. Needs to go into .text section,
* therefore keeping it non-static as well; will also be used by JITs
- * anyway later on, so do not let the compiler omit it.
+ * anyway later on, so do not let the compiler omit it. This also needs
+ * to go into kallsyms for correlation from e.g. bpftool, so naming
+ * must not change.
*/
noinline u64 __bpf_call_base(u64 r1, u64 r2, u64 r3, u64 r4, u64 r5)
{
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/disasm.c b/kernel/bpf/disasm.c
index 883f88fa5bfc..8740406df2cd 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/disasm.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/disasm.c
@@ -21,10 +21,39 @@ static const char * const func_id_str[] = {
};
#undef __BPF_FUNC_STR_FN
-const char *func_id_name(int id)
+static const char *__func_get_name(const struct bpf_insn_cbs *cbs,
+ const struct bpf_insn *insn,
+ char *buff, size_t len)
{
BUILD_BUG_ON(ARRAY_SIZE(func_id_str) != __BPF_FUNC_MAX_ID);
+ if (insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL &&
+ insn->imm >= 0 && insn->imm < __BPF_FUNC_MAX_ID &&
+ func_id_str[insn->imm])
+ return func_id_str[insn->imm];
+
+ if (cbs && cbs->cb_call)
+ return cbs->cb_call(cbs->private_data, insn);
+
+ if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
+ snprintf(buff, len, "%+d", insn->imm);
+
+ return buff;
+}
+
+static const char *__func_imm_name(const struct bpf_insn_cbs *cbs,
+ const struct bpf_insn *insn,
+ u64 full_imm, char *buff, size_t len)
+{
+ if (cbs && cbs->cb_imm)
+ return cbs->cb_imm(cbs->private_data, insn, full_imm);
+
+ snprintf(buff, len, "0x%llx", (unsigned long long)full_imm);
+ return buff;
+}
+
+const char *func_id_name(int id)
+{
if (id >= 0 && id < __BPF_FUNC_MAX_ID && func_id_str[id])
return func_id_str[id];
else
@@ -83,7 +112,7 @@ static const char *const bpf_jmp_string[16] = {
[BPF_EXIT >> 4] = "exit",
};
-static void print_bpf_end_insn(bpf_insn_print_cb verbose,
+static void print_bpf_end_insn(bpf_insn_print_t verbose,
struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
const struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
@@ -92,9 +121,12 @@ static void print_bpf_end_insn(bpf_insn_print_cb verbose,
insn->imm, insn->dst_reg);
}
-void print_bpf_insn(bpf_insn_print_cb verbose, struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
- const struct bpf_insn *insn, bool allow_ptr_leaks)
+void print_bpf_insn(const struct bpf_insn_cbs *cbs,
+ struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
+ const struct bpf_insn *insn,
+ bool allow_ptr_leaks)
{
+ const bpf_insn_print_t verbose = cbs->cb_print;
u8 class = BPF_CLASS(insn->code);
if (class == BPF_ALU || class == BPF_ALU64) {
@@ -175,12 +207,15 @@ void print_bpf_insn(bpf_insn_print_cb verbose, struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
*/
u64 imm = ((u64)(insn + 1)->imm << 32) | (u32)insn->imm;
bool map_ptr = insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD;
+ char tmp[64];
if (map_ptr && !allow_ptr_leaks)
imm = 0;
- verbose(env, "(%02x) r%d = 0x%llx\n", insn->code,
- insn->dst_reg, (unsigned long long)imm);
+ verbose(env, "(%02x) r%d = %s\n",
+ insn->code, insn->dst_reg,
+ __func_imm_name(cbs, insn, imm,
+ tmp, sizeof(tmp)));
} else {
verbose(env, "BUG_ld_%02x\n", insn->code);
return;
@@ -189,12 +224,20 @@ void print_bpf_insn(bpf_insn_print_cb verbose, struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
if (opcode == BPF_CALL) {
- if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
- verbose(env, "(%02x) call pc%+d\n", insn->code,
- insn->imm);
- else
+ char tmp[64];
+
+ if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL) {
+ verbose(env, "(%02x) call pc%s\n",
+ insn->code,
+ __func_get_name(cbs, insn,
+ tmp, sizeof(tmp)));
+ } else {
+ strcpy(tmp, "unknown");
verbose(env, "(%02x) call %s#%d\n", insn->code,
- func_id_name(insn->imm), insn->imm);
+ __func_get_name(cbs, insn,
+ tmp, sizeof(tmp)),
+ insn->imm);
+ }
} else if (insn->code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_JA)) {
verbose(env, "(%02x) goto pc%+d\n",
insn->code, insn->off);
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/disasm.h b/kernel/bpf/disasm.h
index 8de977e420b6..e0857d016f89 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/disasm.h
+++ b/kernel/bpf/disasm.h
@@ -17,16 +17,35 @@
#include <linux/bpf.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/stringify.h>
+#ifndef __KERNEL__
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#endif
+
+struct bpf_verifier_env;
extern const char *const bpf_alu_string[16];
extern const char *const bpf_class_string[8];
const char *func_id_name(int id);
-struct bpf_verifier_env;
-typedef void (*bpf_insn_print_cb)(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
- const char *, ...);
-void print_bpf_insn(bpf_insn_print_cb verbose, struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
- const struct bpf_insn *insn, bool allow_ptr_leaks);
+typedef void (*bpf_insn_print_t)(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
+ const char *, ...);
+typedef const char *(*bpf_insn_revmap_call_t)(void *private_data,
+ const struct bpf_insn *insn);
+typedef const char *(*bpf_insn_print_imm_t)(void *private_data,
+ const struct bpf_insn *insn,
+ __u64 full_imm);
+
+struct bpf_insn_cbs {
+ bpf_insn_print_t cb_print;
+ bpf_insn_revmap_call_t cb_call;
+ bpf_insn_print_imm_t cb_imm;
+ void *private_data;
+};
+void print_bpf_insn(const struct bpf_insn_cbs *cbs,
+ struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
+ const struct bpf_insn *insn,
+ bool allow_ptr_leaks);
#endif
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
index e2e1c78ce1dc..007802c5ca7d 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
@@ -937,10 +937,16 @@ static void __bpf_prog_put_rcu(struct rcu_head *rcu)
static void __bpf_prog_put(struct bpf_prog *prog, bool do_idr_lock)
{
if (atomic_dec_and_test(&prog->aux->refcnt)) {
+ int i;
+
trace_bpf_prog_put_rcu(prog);
/* bpf_prog_free_id() must be called first */
bpf_prog_free_id(prog, do_idr_lock);
+
+ for (i = 0; i < prog->aux->func_cnt; i++)
+ bpf_prog_kallsyms_del(prog->aux->func[i]);
bpf_prog_kallsyms_del(prog);
+
call_rcu(&prog->aux->rcu, __bpf_prog_put_rcu);
}
}
@@ -1552,6 +1558,67 @@ static int bpf_map_get_fd_by_id(const union bpf_attr *attr)
return fd;
}
+static const struct bpf_map *bpf_map_from_imm(const struct bpf_prog *prog,
+ unsigned long addr)
+{
+ int i;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < prog->aux->used_map_cnt; i++)
+ if (prog->aux->used_maps[i] == (void *)addr)
+ return prog->aux->used_maps[i];
+ return NULL;
+}
+
+static struct bpf_insn *bpf_insn_prepare_dump(const struct bpf_prog *prog)
+{
+ const struct bpf_map *map;
+ struct bpf_insn *insns;
+ u64 imm;
+ int i;
+
+ insns = kmemdup(prog->insnsi, bpf_prog_insn_size(prog),
+ GFP_USER);
+ if (!insns)
+ return insns;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < prog->len; i++) {
+ if (insns[i].code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_TAIL_CALL)) {
+ insns[i].code = BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL;
+ insns[i].imm = BPF_FUNC_tail_call;
+ /* fall-through */
+ }
+ if (insns[i].code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) ||
+ insns[i].code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL_ARGS)) {
+ if (insns[i].code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL_ARGS))
+ insns[i].code = BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL;
+ if (!bpf_dump_raw_ok())
+ insns[i].imm = 0;
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ if (insns[i].code != (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW))
+ continue;
+
+ imm = ((u64)insns[i + 1].imm << 32) | (u32)insns[i].imm;
+ map = bpf_map_from_imm(prog, imm);
+ if (map) {
+ insns[i].src_reg = BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD;
+ insns[i].imm = map->id;
+ insns[i + 1].imm = 0;
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ if (!bpf_dump_raw_ok() &&
+ imm == (unsigned long)prog->aux) {
+ insns[i].imm = 0;
+ insns[i + 1].imm = 0;
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return insns;
+}
+
static int bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(struct bpf_prog *prog,
const union bpf_attr *attr,
union bpf_attr __user *uattr)
@@ -1602,18 +1669,34 @@ static int bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(struct bpf_prog *prog,
ulen = info.jited_prog_len;
info.jited_prog_len = prog->jited_len;
if (info.jited_prog_len && ulen) {
- uinsns = u64_to_user_ptr(info.jited_prog_insns);
- ulen = min_t(u32, info.jited_prog_len, ulen);
- if (copy_to_user(uinsns, prog->bpf_func, ulen))
- return -EFAULT;
+ if (bpf_dump_raw_ok()) {
+ uinsns = u64_to_user_ptr(info.jited_prog_insns);
+ ulen = min_t(u32, info.jited_prog_len, ulen);
+ if (copy_to_user(uinsns, prog->bpf_func, ulen))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ } else {
+ info.jited_prog_insns = 0;
+ }
}
ulen = info.xlated_prog_len;
info.xlated_prog_len = bpf_prog_insn_size(prog);
if (info.xlated_prog_len && ulen) {
+ struct bpf_insn *insns_sanitized;
+ bool fault;
+
+ if (prog->blinded && !bpf_dump_raw_ok()) {
+ info.xlated_prog_insns = 0;
+ goto done;
+ }
+ insns_sanitized = bpf_insn_prepare_dump(prog);
+ if (!insns_sanitized)
+ return -ENOMEM;
uinsns = u64_to_user_ptr(info.xlated_prog_insns);
ulen = min_t(u32, info.xlated_prog_len, ulen);
- if (copy_to_user(uinsns, prog->insnsi, ulen))
+ fault = copy_to_user(uinsns, insns_sanitized, ulen);
+ kfree(insns_sanitized);
+ if (fault)
return -EFAULT;
}
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
index 1cd2c2d28fc3..98d8637cf70d 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ static int check_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
return -EPERM;
}
if (bpf_prog_is_dev_bound(env->prog->aux)) {
- verbose(env, "funcation calls in offloaded programs are not supported yet\n");
+ verbose(env, "function calls in offloaded programs are not supported yet\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
ret = add_subprog(env, i + insn[i].imm + 1);
@@ -823,6 +823,7 @@ next:
return 0;
}
+static
struct bpf_verifier_state *skip_callee(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
const struct bpf_verifier_state *state,
struct bpf_verifier_state *parent,
@@ -867,7 +868,7 @@ bug:
verbose(env, "verifier bug regno %d tmp %p\n", regno, tmp);
verbose(env, "regno %d parent frame %d current frame %d\n",
regno, parent->curframe, state->curframe);
- return 0;
+ return NULL;
}
static int mark_reg_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
@@ -1434,33 +1435,80 @@ static int update_stack_depth(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
const struct bpf_func_state *func,
int off)
{
- u16 stack = env->subprog_stack_depth[func->subprogno], total = 0;
- struct bpf_verifier_state *cur = env->cur_state;
- int i;
+ u16 stack = env->subprog_stack_depth[func->subprogno];
if (stack >= -off)
return 0;
/* update known max for given subprogram */
env->subprog_stack_depth[func->subprogno] = -off;
+ return 0;
+}
- /* compute the total for current call chain */
- for (i = 0; i <= cur->curframe; i++) {
- u32 depth = env->subprog_stack_depth[cur->frame[i]->subprogno];
-
- /* round up to 32-bytes, since this is granularity
- * of interpreter stack sizes
- */
- depth = round_up(depth, 32);
- total += depth;
- }
+/* starting from main bpf function walk all instructions of the function
+ * and recursively walk all callees that given function can call.
+ * Ignore jump and exit insns.
+ * Since recursion is prevented by check_cfg() this algorithm
+ * only needs a local stack of MAX_CALL_FRAMES to remember callsites
+ */
+static int check_max_stack_depth(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
+{
+ int depth = 0, frame = 0, subprog = 0, i = 0, subprog_end;
+ struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
+ int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
+ int ret_insn[MAX_CALL_FRAMES];
+ int ret_prog[MAX_CALL_FRAMES];
- if (total > MAX_BPF_STACK) {
+process_func:
+ /* round up to 32-bytes, since this is granularity
+ * of interpreter stack size
+ */
+ depth += round_up(max_t(u32, env->subprog_stack_depth[subprog], 1), 32);
+ if (depth > MAX_BPF_STACK) {
verbose(env, "combined stack size of %d calls is %d. Too large\n",
- cur->curframe, total);
+ frame + 1, depth);
return -EACCES;
}
- return 0;
+continue_func:
+ if (env->subprog_cnt == subprog)
+ subprog_end = insn_cnt;
+ else
+ subprog_end = env->subprog_starts[subprog];
+ for (; i < subprog_end; i++) {
+ if (insn[i].code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL))
+ continue;
+ if (insn[i].src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
+ continue;
+ /* remember insn and function to return to */
+ ret_insn[frame] = i + 1;
+ ret_prog[frame] = subprog;
+
+ /* find the callee */
+ i = i + insn[i].imm + 1;
+ subprog = find_subprog(env, i);
+ if (subprog < 0) {
+ WARN_ONCE(1, "verifier bug. No program starts at insn %d\n",
+ i);
+ return -EFAULT;
+ }
+ subprog++;
+ frame++;
+ if (frame >= MAX_CALL_FRAMES) {
+ WARN_ONCE(1, "verifier bug. Call stack is too deep\n");
+ return -EFAULT;
+ }
+ goto process_func;
+ }
+ /* end of for() loop means the last insn of the 'subprog'
+ * was reached. Doesn't matter whether it was JA or EXIT
+ */
+ if (frame == 0)
+ return 0;
+ depth -= round_up(max_t(u32, env->subprog_stack_depth[subprog], 1), 32);
+ frame--;
+ i = ret_insn[frame];
+ subprog = ret_prog[frame];
+ goto continue_func;
}
static int get_callee_stack_depth(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
@@ -2105,9 +2153,9 @@ static int check_func_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn,
struct bpf_func_state *caller, *callee;
int i, subprog, target_insn;
- if (state->curframe >= MAX_CALL_FRAMES) {
+ if (state->curframe + 1 >= MAX_CALL_FRAMES) {
verbose(env, "the call stack of %d frames is too deep\n",
- state->curframe);
+ state->curframe + 2);
return -E2BIG;
}
@@ -4155,7 +4203,7 @@ static bool stacksafe(struct bpf_func_state *old,
if (!(old->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.live & REG_LIVE_READ))
/* explored state didn't use this */
- return true;
+ continue;
if (old->stack[spi].slot_type[i % BPF_REG_SIZE] == STACK_INVALID)
continue;
@@ -4475,9 +4523,12 @@ static int do_check(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
}
if (env->log.level) {
+ const struct bpf_insn_cbs cbs = {
+ .cb_print = verbose,
+ };
+
verbose(env, "%d: ", insn_idx);
- print_bpf_insn(verbose, env, insn,
- env->allow_ptr_leaks);
+ print_bpf_insn(&cbs, env, insn, env->allow_ptr_leaks);
}
err = ext_analyzer_insn_hook(env, insn_idx, prev_insn_idx);
@@ -5065,14 +5116,14 @@ static int jit_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
struct bpf_prog *prog = env->prog, **func, *tmp;
int i, j, subprog_start, subprog_end = 0, len, subprog;
- struct bpf_insn *insn = prog->insnsi;
+ struct bpf_insn *insn;
void *old_bpf_func;
int err = -ENOMEM;
if (env->subprog_cnt == 0)
return 0;
- for (i = 0; i < prog->len; i++, insn++) {
+ for (i = 0, insn = prog->insnsi; i < prog->len; i++, insn++) {
if (insn->code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) ||
insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
continue;
@@ -5111,7 +5162,10 @@ static int jit_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
goto out_free;
memcpy(func[i]->insnsi, &prog->insnsi[subprog_start],
len * sizeof(struct bpf_insn));
+ func[i]->type = prog->type;
func[i]->len = len;
+ if (bpf_prog_calc_tag(func[i]))
+ goto out_free;
func[i]->is_func = 1;
/* Use bpf_prog_F_tag to indicate functions in stack traces.
* Long term would need debug info to populate names
@@ -5161,6 +5215,25 @@ static int jit_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
bpf_prog_lock_ro(func[i]);
bpf_prog_kallsyms_add(func[i]);
}
+
+ /* Last step: make now unused interpreter insns from main
+ * prog consistent for later dump requests, so they can
+ * later look the same as if they were interpreted only.
+ */
+ for (i = 0, insn = prog->insnsi; i < prog->len; i++, insn++) {
+ unsigned long addr;
+
+ if (insn->code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) ||
+ insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
+ continue;
+ insn->off = env->insn_aux_data[i].call_imm;
+ subprog = find_subprog(env, i + insn->off + 1);
+ addr = (unsigned long)func[subprog + 1]->bpf_func;
+ addr &= PAGE_MASK;
+ insn->imm = (u64 (*)(u64, u64, u64, u64, u64))
+ addr - __bpf_call_base;
+ }
+
prog->jited = 1;
prog->bpf_func = func[0]->bpf_func;
prog->aux->func = func;
@@ -5427,6 +5500,9 @@ skip_full_check:
sanitize_dead_code(env);
if (ret == 0)
+ ret = check_max_stack_depth(env);
+
+ if (ret == 0)
/* program is valid, convert *(u32*)(ctx + off) accesses */
ret = convert_ctx_accesses(env);