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-rw-r--r--fs/cachefiles/bind.c4
-rw-r--r--fs/cachefiles/namei.c4
-rw-r--r--fs/ecryptfs/inode.c18
-rw-r--r--fs/ecryptfs/mmap.c13
-rw-r--r--fs/overlayfs/copy_up.c4
-rw-r--r--fs/overlayfs/super.c4
-rw-r--r--fs/xattr.c44
-rw-r--r--include/linux/xattr.h3
-rw-r--r--security/commoncap.c25
-rw-r--r--security/integrity/evm/evm_crypto.c7
-rw-r--r--security/integrity/evm/evm_main.c4
-rw-r--r--security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c21
-rw-r--r--security/selinux/hooks.c19
-rw-r--r--security/smack/smack_lsm.c12
14 files changed, 97 insertions, 85 deletions
diff --git a/fs/cachefiles/bind.c b/fs/cachefiles/bind.c
index 6af790fc3df8..3ff867f87d73 100644
--- a/fs/cachefiles/bind.c
+++ b/fs/cachefiles/bind.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/statfs.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
+#include <linux/xattr.h>
#include "internal.h"
static int cachefiles_daemon_add_cache(struct cachefiles_cache *caches);
@@ -126,8 +127,7 @@ static int cachefiles_daemon_add_cache(struct cachefiles_cache *cache)
if (d_is_negative(root) ||
!d_backing_inode(root)->i_op->lookup ||
!d_backing_inode(root)->i_op->mkdir ||
- !d_backing_inode(root)->i_op->setxattr ||
- !d_backing_inode(root)->i_op->getxattr ||
+ !(d_backing_inode(root)->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR) ||
!root->d_sb->s_op->statfs ||
!root->d_sb->s_op->sync_fs)
goto error_unsupported;
diff --git a/fs/cachefiles/namei.c b/fs/cachefiles/namei.c
index 3f7c2cd41f8f..6eb3dec2adbb 100644
--- a/fs/cachefiles/namei.c
+++ b/fs/cachefiles/namei.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
#include <linux/namei.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/xattr.h>
#include "internal.h"
#define CACHEFILES_KEYBUF_SIZE 512
@@ -799,8 +800,7 @@ struct dentry *cachefiles_get_directory(struct cachefiles_cache *cache,
}
ret = -EPERM;
- if (!d_backing_inode(subdir)->i_op->setxattr ||
- !d_backing_inode(subdir)->i_op->getxattr ||
+ if (!(d_backing_inode(subdir)->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR) ||
!d_backing_inode(subdir)->i_op->lookup ||
!d_backing_inode(subdir)->i_op->mkdir ||
!d_backing_inode(subdir)->i_op->create ||
diff --git a/fs/ecryptfs/inode.c b/fs/ecryptfs/inode.c
index cef32ccc3fcb..32fee255d7b5 100644
--- a/fs/ecryptfs/inode.c
+++ b/fs/ecryptfs/inode.c
@@ -1005,15 +1005,14 @@ ecryptfs_setxattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode,
const char *name, const void *value,
size_t size, int flags)
{
- int rc = 0;
+ int rc;
struct dentry *lower_dentry;
lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
- if (!d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_op->setxattr) {
+ if (!(d_inode(lower_dentry)->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR)) {
rc = -EOPNOTSUPP;
goto out;
}
-
rc = vfs_setxattr(lower_dentry, name, value, size, flags);
if (!rc && inode)
fsstack_copy_attr_all(inode, d_inode(lower_dentry));
@@ -1025,15 +1024,14 @@ ssize_t
ecryptfs_getxattr_lower(struct dentry *lower_dentry, struct inode *lower_inode,
const char *name, void *value, size_t size)
{
- int rc = 0;
+ int rc;
- if (!lower_inode->i_op->getxattr) {
+ if (!(lower_inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR)) {
rc = -EOPNOTSUPP;
goto out;
}
inode_lock(lower_inode);
- rc = lower_inode->i_op->getxattr(lower_dentry, lower_inode,
- name, value, size);
+ rc = __vfs_getxattr(lower_dentry, lower_inode, name, value, size);
inode_unlock(lower_inode);
out:
return rc;
@@ -1069,18 +1067,18 @@ out:
static int ecryptfs_removexattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode,
const char *name)
{
- int rc = 0;
+ int rc;
struct dentry *lower_dentry;
struct inode *lower_inode;
lower_dentry = ecryptfs_dentry_to_lower(dentry);
lower_inode = ecryptfs_inode_to_lower(inode);
- if (!lower_inode->i_op->removexattr) {
+ if (!(lower_inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR)) {
rc = -EOPNOTSUPP;
goto out;
}
inode_lock(lower_inode);
- rc = lower_inode->i_op->removexattr(lower_dentry, name);
+ rc = __vfs_removexattr(lower_dentry, name);
inode_unlock(lower_inode);
out:
return rc;
diff --git a/fs/ecryptfs/mmap.c b/fs/ecryptfs/mmap.c
index 9c3437c8a5b1..1f0c471b4ba3 100644
--- a/fs/ecryptfs/mmap.c
+++ b/fs/ecryptfs/mmap.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/scatterlist.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/xattr.h>
#include <asm/unaligned.h>
#include "ecryptfs_kernel.h"
@@ -422,7 +423,7 @@ static int ecryptfs_write_inode_size_to_xattr(struct inode *ecryptfs_inode)
struct inode *lower_inode = d_inode(lower_dentry);
int rc;
- if (!lower_inode->i_op->getxattr || !lower_inode->i_op->setxattr) {
+ if (!(lower_inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR)) {
printk(KERN_WARNING
"No support for setting xattr in lower filesystem\n");
rc = -ENOSYS;
@@ -436,15 +437,13 @@ static int ecryptfs_write_inode_size_to_xattr(struct inode *ecryptfs_inode)
goto out;
}
inode_lock(lower_inode);
- size = lower_inode->i_op->getxattr(lower_dentry, lower_inode,
- ECRYPTFS_XATTR_NAME,
- xattr_virt, PAGE_SIZE);
+ size = __vfs_getxattr(lower_dentry, lower_inode, ECRYPTFS_XATTR_NAME,
+ xattr_virt, PAGE_SIZE);
if (size < 0)
size = 8;
put_unaligned_be64(i_size_read(ecryptfs_inode), xattr_virt);
- rc = lower_inode->i_op->setxattr(lower_dentry, lower_inode,
- ECRYPTFS_XATTR_NAME,
- xattr_virt, size, 0);
+ rc = __vfs_setxattr(lower_dentry, lower_inode, ECRYPTFS_XATTR_NAME,
+ xattr_virt, size, 0);
inode_unlock(lower_inode);
if (rc)
printk(KERN_ERR "Error whilst attempting to write inode size "
diff --git a/fs/overlayfs/copy_up.c b/fs/overlayfs/copy_up.c
index 43fdc2765aea..807951cb438c 100644
--- a/fs/overlayfs/copy_up.c
+++ b/fs/overlayfs/copy_up.c
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ int ovl_copy_xattr(struct dentry *old, struct dentry *new)
char *buf, *name, *value = NULL;
int uninitialized_var(error);
- if (!old->d_inode->i_op->getxattr ||
- !new->d_inode->i_op->getxattr)
+ if (!(old->d_inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR) ||
+ !(new->d_inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR))
return 0;
list_size = vfs_listxattr(old, NULL, 0);
diff --git a/fs/overlayfs/super.c b/fs/overlayfs/super.c
index e2a94a26767b..f170114481f7 100644
--- a/fs/overlayfs/super.c
+++ b/fs/overlayfs/super.c
@@ -275,10 +275,10 @@ static bool ovl_is_opaquedir(struct dentry *dentry)
char val;
struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
- if (!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || !inode->i_op->getxattr)
+ if (!S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || !(inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR))
return false;
- res = inode->i_op->getxattr(dentry, inode, OVL_XATTR_OPAQUE, &val, 1);
+ res = __vfs_getxattr(dentry, inode, OVL_XATTR_OPAQUE, &val, 1);
if (res == 1 && val == 'y')
return true;
diff --git a/fs/xattr.c b/fs/xattr.c
index 1f5d0b48422a..54a411519127 100644
--- a/fs/xattr.c
+++ b/fs/xattr.c
@@ -136,6 +136,16 @@ xattr_permission(struct inode *inode, const char *name, int mask)
return inode_permission(inode, mask);
}
+int
+__vfs_setxattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode, const char *name,
+ const void *value, size_t size, int flags)
+{
+ if (!inode->i_op->setxattr)
+ return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+ return inode->i_op->setxattr(dentry, inode, name, value, size, flags);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(__vfs_setxattr);
+
/**
* __vfs_setxattr_noperm - perform setxattr operation without performing
* permission checks.
@@ -163,7 +173,7 @@ int __vfs_setxattr_noperm(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name,
if (issec)
inode->i_flags &= ~S_NOSEC;
if (inode->i_op->setxattr) {
- error = inode->i_op->setxattr(dentry, inode, name, value, size, flags);
+ error = __vfs_setxattr(dentry, inode, name, value, size, flags);
if (!error) {
fsnotify_xattr(dentry);
security_inode_post_setxattr(dentry, name, value,
@@ -275,6 +285,16 @@ vfs_getxattr_alloc(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name, char **xattr_value,
}
ssize_t
+__vfs_getxattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode, const char *name,
+ void *value, size_t size)
+{
+ if (!inode->i_op->getxattr)
+ return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+ return inode->i_op->getxattr(dentry, inode, name, value, size);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(__vfs_getxattr);
+
+ssize_t
vfs_getxattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name, void *value, size_t size)
{
struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
@@ -301,13 +321,7 @@ vfs_getxattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name, void *value, size_t size)
return ret;
}
nolsm:
- if (inode->i_op->getxattr)
- error = inode->i_op->getxattr(dentry, inode, name, value, size);
- else
- error = -EOPNOTSUPP;
-
- return error;
-
+ return __vfs_getxattr(dentry, inode, name, value, size);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfs_getxattr);
@@ -332,13 +346,21 @@ vfs_listxattr(struct dentry *d, char *list, size_t size)
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfs_listxattr);
int
-vfs_removexattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name)
+__vfs_removexattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name)
{
struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
- int error;
if (!inode->i_op->removexattr)
return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+ return inode->i_op->removexattr(dentry, name);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(__vfs_removexattr);
+
+int
+vfs_removexattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name)
+{
+ struct inode *inode = dentry->d_inode;
+ int error;
error = xattr_permission(inode, name, MAY_WRITE);
if (error)
@@ -349,7 +371,7 @@ vfs_removexattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *name)
if (error)
goto out;
- error = inode->i_op->removexattr(dentry, name);
+ error = __vfs_removexattr(dentry, name);
if (!error) {
fsnotify_xattr(dentry);
diff --git a/include/linux/xattr.h b/include/linux/xattr.h
index 94079bab9243..6ae6b2e68efb 100644
--- a/include/linux/xattr.h
+++ b/include/linux/xattr.h
@@ -46,10 +46,13 @@ struct xattr {
};
ssize_t xattr_getsecurity(struct inode *, const char *, void *, size_t);
+ssize_t __vfs_getxattr(struct dentry *, struct inode *, const char *, void *, size_t);
ssize_t vfs_getxattr(struct dentry *, const char *, void *, size_t);
ssize_t vfs_listxattr(struct dentry *d, char *list, size_t size);
+int __vfs_setxattr(struct dentry *, struct inode *, const char *, const void *, size_t, int);
int __vfs_setxattr_noperm(struct dentry *, const char *, const void *, size_t, int);
int vfs_setxattr(struct dentry *, const char *, const void *, size_t, int);
+int __vfs_removexattr(struct dentry *, const char *);
int vfs_removexattr(struct dentry *, const char *);
ssize_t generic_getxattr(struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode, const char *name, void *buffer, size_t size);
diff --git a/security/commoncap.c b/security/commoncap.c
index 14540bd78561..8df676fbd393 100644
--- a/security/commoncap.c
+++ b/security/commoncap.c
@@ -310,13 +310,8 @@ int cap_inode_need_killpriv(struct dentry *dentry)
struct inode *inode = d_backing_inode(dentry);
int error;
- if (!inode->i_op->getxattr)
- return 0;
-
- error = inode->i_op->getxattr(dentry, inode, XATTR_NAME_CAPS, NULL, 0);
- if (error <= 0)
- return 0;
- return 1;
+ error = __vfs_getxattr(dentry, inode, XATTR_NAME_CAPS, NULL, 0);
+ return error > 0;
}
/**
@@ -329,12 +324,12 @@ int cap_inode_need_killpriv(struct dentry *dentry)
*/
int cap_inode_killpriv(struct dentry *dentry)
{
- struct inode *inode = d_backing_inode(dentry);
-
- if (!inode->i_op->removexattr)
- return 0;
+ int error;
- return inode->i_op->removexattr(dentry, XATTR_NAME_CAPS);
+ error = __vfs_removexattr(dentry, XATTR_NAME_CAPS);
+ if (error == -EOPNOTSUPP)
+ error = 0;
+ return error;
}
/*
@@ -394,11 +389,11 @@ int get_vfs_caps_from_disk(const struct dentry *dentry, struct cpu_vfs_cap_data
memset(cpu_caps, 0, sizeof(struct cpu_vfs_cap_data));
- if (!inode || !inode->i_op->getxattr)
+ if (!inode)
return -ENODATA;
- size = inode->i_op->getxattr((struct dentry *)dentry, inode,
- XATTR_NAME_CAPS, &caps, XATTR_CAPS_SZ);
+ size = __vfs_getxattr((struct dentry *)dentry, inode,
+ XATTR_NAME_CAPS, &caps, XATTR_CAPS_SZ);
if (size == -ENODATA || size == -EOPNOTSUPP)
/* no data, that's ok */
return -ENODATA;
diff --git a/security/integrity/evm/evm_crypto.c b/security/integrity/evm/evm_crypto.c
index 11c1d30bd705..bf663915412e 100644
--- a/security/integrity/evm/evm_crypto.c
+++ b/security/integrity/evm/evm_crypto.c
@@ -182,8 +182,9 @@ static int evm_calc_hmac_or_hash(struct dentry *dentry,
int error;
int size;
- if (!inode->i_op->getxattr)
+ if (!(inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR))
return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+
desc = init_desc(type);
if (IS_ERR(desc))
return PTR_ERR(desc);
@@ -253,8 +254,8 @@ int evm_update_evmxattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *xattr_name,
rc = __vfs_setxattr_noperm(dentry, XATTR_NAME_EVM,
&xattr_data,
sizeof(xattr_data), 0);
- } else if (rc == -ENODATA && inode->i_op->removexattr) {
- rc = inode->i_op->removexattr(dentry, XATTR_NAME_EVM);
+ } else if (rc == -ENODATA && (inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR)) {
+ rc = __vfs_removexattr(dentry, XATTR_NAME_EVM);
}
return rc;
}
diff --git a/security/integrity/evm/evm_main.c b/security/integrity/evm/evm_main.c
index b9e26288d30c..ba8615576d4d 100644
--- a/security/integrity/evm/evm_main.c
+++ b/security/integrity/evm/evm_main.c
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ static int evm_find_protected_xattrs(struct dentry *dentry)
int error;
int count = 0;
- if (!inode->i_op->getxattr)
+ if (!(inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR))
return -EOPNOTSUPP;
for (xattr = evm_config_xattrnames; *xattr != NULL; xattr++) {
- error = inode->i_op->getxattr(dentry, inode, *xattr, NULL, 0);
+ error = __vfs_getxattr(dentry, inode, *xattr, NULL, 0);
if (error < 0) {
if (error == -ENODATA)
continue;
diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c
index 4b9b4a4e1b89..0cc40af9c218 100644
--- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c
+++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c
@@ -165,13 +165,13 @@ enum hash_algo ima_get_hash_algo(struct evm_ima_xattr_data *xattr_value,
int ima_read_xattr(struct dentry *dentry,
struct evm_ima_xattr_data **xattr_value)
{
- struct inode *inode = d_backing_inode(dentry);
-
- if (!inode->i_op->getxattr)
- return 0;
+ ssize_t ret;
- return vfs_getxattr_alloc(dentry, XATTR_NAME_IMA, (char **)xattr_value,
- 0, GFP_NOFS);
+ ret = vfs_getxattr_alloc(dentry, XATTR_NAME_IMA, (char **)xattr_value,
+ 0, GFP_NOFS);
+ if (ret == -EOPNOTSUPP)
+ ret = 0;
+ return ret;
}
/*
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ int ima_appraise_measurement(enum ima_hooks func,
enum integrity_status status = INTEGRITY_UNKNOWN;
int rc = xattr_len, hash_start = 0;
- if (!inode->i_op->getxattr)
+ if (!(inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR))
return INTEGRITY_UNKNOWN;
if (rc <= 0) {
@@ -322,10 +322,10 @@ void ima_inode_post_setattr(struct dentry *dentry)
{
struct inode *inode = d_backing_inode(dentry);
struct integrity_iint_cache *iint;
- int must_appraise, rc;
+ int must_appraise;
if (!(ima_policy_flag & IMA_APPRAISE) || !S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)
- || !inode->i_op->removexattr)
+ || !(inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR))
return;
must_appraise = ima_must_appraise(inode, MAY_ACCESS, POST_SETATTR);
@@ -338,8 +338,7 @@ void ima_inode_post_setattr(struct dentry *dentry)
iint->flags |= IMA_APPRAISE;
}
if (!must_appraise)
- rc = inode->i_op->removexattr(dentry, XATTR_NAME_IMA);
- return;
+ __vfs_removexattr(dentry, XATTR_NAME_IMA);
}
/*
diff --git a/security/selinux/hooks.c b/security/selinux/hooks.c
index 13185a6c266a..3db31ac7986b 100644
--- a/security/selinux/hooks.c
+++ b/security/selinux/hooks.c
@@ -507,14 +507,14 @@ static int sb_finish_set_opts(struct super_block *sb)
the root directory. -ENODATA is ok, as this may be
the first boot of the SELinux kernel before we have
assigned xattr values to the filesystem. */
- if (!root_inode->i_op->getxattr) {
+ if (!(root_inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR)) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "SELinux: (dev %s, type %s) has no "
"xattr support\n", sb->s_id, sb->s_type->name);
rc = -EOPNOTSUPP;
goto out;
}
- rc = root_inode->i_op->getxattr(root, root_inode,
- XATTR_NAME_SELINUX, NULL, 0);
+
+ rc = __vfs_getxattr(root, root_inode, XATTR_NAME_SELINUX, NULL, 0);
if (rc < 0 && rc != -ENODATA) {
if (rc == -EOPNOTSUPP)
printk(KERN_WARNING "SELinux: (dev %s, type "
@@ -1410,11 +1410,10 @@ static int inode_doinit_with_dentry(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *opt_dent
case SECURITY_FS_USE_NATIVE:
break;
case SECURITY_FS_USE_XATTR:
- if (!inode->i_op->getxattr) {
+ if (!(inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR)) {
isec->sid = sbsec->def_sid;
break;
}
-
/* Need a dentry, since the xattr API requires one.
Life would be simpler if we could just pass the inode. */
if (opt_dentry) {
@@ -1445,14 +1444,12 @@ static int inode_doinit_with_dentry(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *opt_dent
goto out_unlock;
}
context[len] = '\0';
- rc = inode->i_op->getxattr(dentry, inode, XATTR_NAME_SELINUX,
- context, len);
+ rc = __vfs_getxattr(dentry, inode, XATTR_NAME_SELINUX, context, len);
if (rc == -ERANGE) {
kfree(context);
/* Need a larger buffer. Query for the right size. */
- rc = inode->i_op->getxattr(dentry, inode, XATTR_NAME_SELINUX,
- NULL, 0);
+ rc = __vfs_getxattr(dentry, inode, XATTR_NAME_SELINUX, NULL, 0);
if (rc < 0) {
dput(dentry);
goto out_unlock;
@@ -1465,9 +1462,7 @@ static int inode_doinit_with_dentry(struct inode *inode, struct dentry *opt_dent
goto out_unlock;
}
context[len] = '\0';
- rc = inode->i_op->getxattr(dentry, inode,
- XATTR_NAME_SELINUX,
- context, len);
+ rc = __vfs_getxattr(dentry, inode, XATTR_NAME_SELINUX, context, len);
}
dput(dentry);
if (rc < 0) {
diff --git a/security/smack/smack_lsm.c b/security/smack/smack_lsm.c
index 87a9741b0d02..516b3f50f23d 100644
--- a/security/smack/smack_lsm.c
+++ b/security/smack/smack_lsm.c
@@ -265,14 +265,14 @@ static struct smack_known *smk_fetch(const char *name, struct inode *ip,
char *buffer;
struct smack_known *skp = NULL;
- if (ip->i_op->getxattr == NULL)
+ if (!(ip->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR))
return ERR_PTR(-EOPNOTSUPP);
buffer = kzalloc(SMK_LONGLABEL, GFP_KERNEL);
if (buffer == NULL)
return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
- rc = ip->i_op->getxattr(dp, ip, name, buffer, SMK_LONGLABEL);
+ rc = __vfs_getxattr(dp, ip, name, buffer, SMK_LONGLABEL);
if (rc < 0)
skp = ERR_PTR(rc);
else if (rc == 0)
@@ -3520,8 +3520,8 @@ static void smack_d_instantiate(struct dentry *opt_dentry, struct inode *inode)
* It would be curious if the label of the task
* does not match that assigned.
*/
- if (inode->i_op->getxattr == NULL)
- break;
+ if (!(inode->i_opflags & IOP_XATTR))
+ break;
/*
* Get the dentry for xattr.
*/
@@ -3545,12 +3545,12 @@ static void smack_d_instantiate(struct dentry *opt_dentry, struct inode *inode)
*/
if (isp->smk_flags & SMK_INODE_CHANGED) {
isp->smk_flags &= ~SMK_INODE_CHANGED;
- rc = inode->i_op->setxattr(dp, inode,
+ rc = __vfs_setxattr(dp, inode,
XATTR_NAME_SMACKTRANSMUTE,
TRANS_TRUE, TRANS_TRUE_SIZE,
0);
} else {
- rc = inode->i_op->getxattr(dp, inode,
+ rc = __vfs_getxattr(dp, inode,
XATTR_NAME_SMACKTRANSMUTE, trattr,
TRANS_TRUE_SIZE);
if (rc >= 0 && strncmp(trattr, TRANS_TRUE,
Copyright © 1996 – 2023 Jason A. Donenfeld. All Rights Reverse Engineered.