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+=============================
+BPF Kernel Functions (kfuncs)
+=============================
+
+1. Introduction
+===============
+
+BPF Kernel Functions or more commonly known as kfuncs are functions in the Linux
+kernel which are exposed for use by BPF programs. Unlike normal BPF helpers,
+kfuncs do not have a stable interface and can change from one kernel release to
+another. Hence, BPF programs need to be updated in response to changes in the
+kernel.
+
+2. Defining a kfunc
+===================
+
+There are two ways to expose a kernel function to BPF programs, either make an
+existing function in the kernel visible, or add a new wrapper for BPF. In both
+cases, care must be taken that BPF program can only call such function in a
+valid context. To enforce this, visibility of a kfunc can be per program type.
+
+If you are not creating a BPF wrapper for existing kernel function, skip ahead
+to :ref:`BPF_kfunc_nodef`.
+
+2.1 Creating a wrapper kfunc
+----------------------------
+
+When defining a wrapper kfunc, the wrapper function should have extern linkage.
+This prevents the compiler from optimizing away dead code, as this wrapper kfunc
+is not invoked anywhere in the kernel itself. It is not necessary to provide a
+prototype in a header for the wrapper kfunc.
+
+An example is given below::
+
+        /* Disables missing prototype warnings */
+        __diag_push();
+        __diag_ignore_all("-Wmissing-prototypes",
+                          "Global kfuncs as their definitions will be in BTF");
+
+        struct task_struct *bpf_find_get_task_by_vpid(pid_t nr)
+        {
+                return find_get_task_by_vpid(nr);
+        }
+
+        __diag_pop();
+
+A wrapper kfunc is often needed when we need to annotate parameters of the
+kfunc. Otherwise one may directly make the kfunc visible to the BPF program by
+registering it with the BPF subsystem. See :ref:`BPF_kfunc_nodef`.
+
+2.2 Annotating kfunc parameters
+-------------------------------
+
+Similar to BPF helpers, there is sometime need for additional context required
+by the verifier to make the usage of kernel functions safer and more useful.
+Hence, we can annotate a parameter by suffixing the name of the argument of the
+kfunc with a __tag, where tag may be one of the supported annotations.
+
+2.2.1 __sz Annotation
+---------------------
+
+This annotation is used to indicate a memory and size pair in the argument list.
+An example is given below::
+
+        void bpf_memzero(void *mem, int mem__sz)
+        {
+        ...
+        }
+
+Here, the verifier will treat first argument as a PTR_TO_MEM, and second
+argument as its size. By default, without __sz annotation, the size of the type
+of the pointer is used. Without __sz annotation, a kfunc cannot accept a void
+pointer.
+
+.. _BPF_kfunc_nodef:
+
+2.3 Using an existing kernel function
+-------------------------------------
+
+When an existing function in the kernel is fit for consumption by BPF programs,
+it can be directly registered with the BPF subsystem. However, care must still
+be taken to review the context in which it will be invoked by the BPF program
+and whether it is safe to do so.
+
+2.4 Annotating kfuncs
+---------------------
+
+In addition to kfuncs' arguments, verifier may need more information about the
+type of kfunc(s) being registered with the BPF subsystem. To do so, we define
+flags on a set of kfuncs as follows::
+
+        BTF_SET8_START(bpf_task_set)
+        BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_get_task_pid, KF_ACQUIRE | KF_RET_NULL)
+        BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_put_pid, KF_RELEASE)
+        BTF_SET8_END(bpf_task_set)
+
+This set encodes the BTF ID of each kfunc listed above, and encodes the flags
+along with it. Ofcourse, it is also allowed to specify no flags.
+
+2.4.1 KF_ACQUIRE flag
+---------------------
+
+The KF_ACQUIRE flag is used to indicate that the kfunc returns a pointer to a
+refcounted object. The verifier will then ensure that the pointer to the object
+is eventually released using a release kfunc, or transferred to a map using a
+referenced kptr (by invoking bpf_kptr_xchg). If not, the verifier fails the
+loading of the BPF program until no lingering references remain in all possible
+explored states of the program.
+
+2.4.2 KF_RET_NULL flag
+----------------------
+
+The KF_RET_NULL flag is used to indicate that the pointer returned by the kfunc
+may be NULL. Hence, it forces the user to do a NULL check on the pointer
+returned from the kfunc before making use of it (dereferencing or passing to
+another helper). This flag is often used in pairing with KF_ACQUIRE flag, but
+both are orthogonal to each other.
+
+2.4.3 KF_RELEASE flag
+---------------------
+
+The KF_RELEASE flag is used to indicate that the kfunc releases the pointer
+passed in to it. There can be only one referenced pointer that can be passed in.
+All copies of the pointer being released are invalidated as a result of invoking
+kfunc with this flag.
+
+2.4.4 KF_KPTR_GET flag
+----------------------
+
+The KF_KPTR_GET flag is used to indicate that the kfunc takes the first argument
+as a pointer to kptr, safely increments the refcount of the object it points to,
+and returns a reference to the user. The rest of the arguments may be normal
+arguments of a kfunc. The KF_KPTR_GET flag should be used in conjunction with
+KF_ACQUIRE and KF_RET_NULL flags.
+
+2.4.5 KF_TRUSTED_ARGS flag
+--------------------------
+
+The KF_TRUSTED_ARGS flag is used for kfuncs taking pointer arguments. It
+indicates that the all pointer arguments will always have a guaranteed lifetime,
+and pointers to kernel objects are always passed to helpers in their unmodified
+form (as obtained from acquire kfuncs).
+
+It can be used to enforce that a pointer to a refcounted object acquired from a
+kfunc or BPF helper is passed as an argument to this kfunc without any
+modifications (e.g. pointer arithmetic) such that it is trusted and points to
+the original object.
+
+Meanwhile, it is also allowed pass pointers to normal memory to such kfuncs,
+but those can have a non-zero offset.
+
+This flag is often used for kfuncs that operate (change some property, perform
+some operation) on an object that was obtained using an acquire kfunc. Such
+kfuncs need an unchanged pointer to ensure the integrity of the operation being
+performed on the expected object.
+
+2.4.6 KF_SLEEPABLE flag
+-----------------------
+
+The KF_SLEEPABLE flag is used for kfuncs that may sleep. Such kfuncs can only
+be called by sleepable BPF programs (BPF_F_SLEEPABLE).
+
+2.4.7 KF_DESTRUCTIVE flag
+--------------------------
+
+The KF_DESTRUCTIVE flag is used to indicate functions calling which is
+destructive to the system. For example such a call can result in system
+rebooting or panicking. Due to this additional restrictions apply to these
+calls. At the moment they only require CAP_SYS_BOOT capability, but more can be
+added later.
+
+2.5 Registering the kfuncs
+--------------------------
+
+Once the kfunc is prepared for use, the final step to making it visible is
+registering it with the BPF subsystem. Registration is done per BPF program
+type. An example is shown below::
+
+        BTF_SET8_START(bpf_task_set)
+        BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_get_task_pid, KF_ACQUIRE | KF_RET_NULL)
+        BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_put_pid, KF_RELEASE)
+        BTF_SET8_END(bpf_task_set)
+
+        static const struct btf_kfunc_id_set bpf_task_kfunc_set = {
+                .owner = THIS_MODULE,
+                .set   = &bpf_task_set,
+        };
+
+        static int init_subsystem(void)
+        {
+                return register_btf_kfunc_id_set(BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACING, &bpf_task_kfunc_set);
+        }
+        late_initcall(init_subsystem);