import NSD 4.0.0, tests from Dorian Büttner, Patrik Lundin, requested by brad@

66 files changed, 15885 insertions, 3040 deletions

diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/LICENSE b/usr.sbin/nsd/LICENSE
index 955c3665a36..55faacfc49b 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/LICENSE
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
 
 This software is open source.
 
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/acx_nlnetlabs.m4 b/usr.sbin/nsd/acx_nlnetlabs.m4
index 719112645aa..e1cf83a70bd 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/acx_nlnetlabs.m4
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/acx_nlnetlabs.m4
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 # Copyright 2009, Wouter Wijngaards, NLnet Labs.   
 # BSD licensed.
 #
-# Version 24
+# Version 26
+# 2013-09-19 FLTO help text improved.
+# 2013-07-18 Enable ACX_CHECK_COMPILER_FLAG to test for -Wstrict-prototypes
 # 2013-06-25 FLTO has --disable-flto option.
 # 2013-05-03 Update W32_SLEEP for newer mingw that links but not defines it.
 # 2013-03-22 Fix ACX_RSRC_VERSION for long version numbers.
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@ AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether $CC supports -$1)
 cache=`echo $1 | sed 'y%.=/+-%___p_%'`
 AC_CACHE_VAL(cv_prog_cc_flag_$cache,
 [
-echo 'void f(){}' >conftest.c
+echo 'void f(void){}' >conftest.c
 if test -z "`$CC $CPPFLAGS $CFLAGS -$1 -c conftest.c 2>&1`"; then
 eval "cv_prog_cc_flag_$cache=yes"
 else
@@ -409,7 +411,7 @@ dnl Check if CC supports -flto.
 dnl in a way that supports clang and suncc (that flag does something else,
 dnl but fails to link).  It sets it in CFLAGS if it works.
 AC_DEFUN([ACX_CHECK_FLTO], [
-    AC_ARG_ENABLE([flto], AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-flto], [Disable link-time optimization]))
+    AC_ARG_ENABLE([flto], AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-flto], [Disable link-time optimization (gcc specific option)]))
     AS_IF([test "x$enable_flto" != "xno"], [
         AC_MSG_CHECKING([if $CC supports -flto])
         BAKCFLAGS="$CFLAGS"
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/answer.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/answer.c
index 8fa4ab16821..0377f0b5859 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/answer.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/answer.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * answer.c -- manipulating query answers and encoding them.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/answer.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/answer.h
index 85d349f438d..acb3665af11 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/answer.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/answer.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * answer.h -- manipulating query answers and encoding them.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/axfr.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/axfr.h
index b5d7afc29fd..33a68629523 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/axfr.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/axfr.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * axfr.h -- generating AXFR responses.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/buffer.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/buffer.c
index 49151018fa9..d71fa15e3f3 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/buffer.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/buffer.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * buffer.c -- generic memory buffer .
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/buffer.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/buffer.h
index 28610fe9310..bee7d8b29eb 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/buffer.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/buffer.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * buffer.h -- generic memory buffer.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/memcmp.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/memcmp.c
index 6d3d27ac9e7..371b3d11baf 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/memcmp.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/memcmp.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
- * memcmp.c: memcmp compat implementation.
+ *	memcmp.c: memcmp compat implementation.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2010-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ *	Copyright (c) 2010, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/memmove.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/memmove.c
index fd65a93f84e..f83996684fe 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/memmove.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/memmove.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
- * memmove.c: memmove compat implementation.
+ *	memmove.c: memmove compat implementation.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ *	Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/strptime.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/strptime.c
index 6986d35ce73..4ec96c12cef 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/strptime.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/compat/strptime.c
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
   * - Does not properly processes year day
   *
   * LICENSE
-  * Copyright (c) 2008-2011, NLnet Labs, Matthijs Mekking.
+  * Copyright (c) 2008, NLnet Labs, Matthijs Mekking.
   * All rights reserved.
   *
   * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/configlexer.lex b/usr.sbin/nsd/configlexer.lex
index 55bf4cfe62a..ee4ad1522d9 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/configlexer.lex
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/configlexer.lex
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 /*
  * configlexer.lex - lexical analyzer for NSD config file
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@
 #include "configparser.h"
 void c_error(const char *message);
 
-#define YY_NO_UNPUT
-
 #if 0
 #define LEXOUT(s)  printf s /* used ONLY when debugging */
 #else
@@ -47,6 +45,15 @@ static void config_start_include(const char* filename)
 		c_error_msg("includes nested too deeply, skipped (>%d)", MAXINCLUDES);
 		return;
 	}
+	if (cfg_parser->chroot) {
+		int l = strlen(cfg_parser->chroot); /* chroot has trailing slash */
+		if (strncmp(cfg_parser->chroot, filename, l) != 0) {
+			c_error_msg("include file '%s' is not relative to chroot '%s'",
+				filename, cfg_parser->chroot);
+			return;
+		}
+		filename += l - 1; /* strip chroot without trailing slash */
+	}
 	input = fopen(filename, "r");
 	if(!input) {
 		c_error_msg("cannot open include file '%s': %s",
@@ -82,6 +89,16 @@ static void config_end_include(void)
 #endif
 
 %}
+%option noinput
+%option nounput
+%{
+#ifndef YY_NO_UNPUT
+#define YY_NO_UNPUT 1
+#endif
+#ifndef YY_NO_INPUT
+#define YY_NO_INPUT 1
+#endif
+%}
 
 SPACE   [ \t]
 LETTER  [a-zA-Z]
@@ -104,6 +121,8 @@ debug-mode{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_DEBUG_MODE;}
 hide-version{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_HIDE_VERSION;}
 ip4-only{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_IP4_ONLY;}
 ip6-only{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_IP6_ONLY;}
+do-ip4{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_DO_IP4;}
+do-ip6{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_DO_IP6;}
 database{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_DATABASE;}
 identity{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_IDENTITY;}
 nsid{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_NSID;}
@@ -117,12 +136,13 @@ ipv6-edns-size{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_IPV6_EDNS_SIZE;}
 pidfile{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_PIDFILE;}
 port{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_PORT;}
 statistics{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_STATISTICS;}
-zone-stats-file{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_ZONESTATSFILE;}
 chroot{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_CHROOT;}
 username{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_USERNAME;}
 zonesdir{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_ZONESDIR;}
+zonelistfile{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_ZONELISTFILE;}
 difffile{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_DIFFFILE;}
 xfrdfile{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_XFRDFILE;}
+xfrdir{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_XFRDIR;}
 xfrd-reload-timeout{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_XFRD_RELOAD_TIMEOUT;}
 verbosity{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_VERBOSITY;}
 zone{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_ZONE;}
@@ -137,6 +157,16 @@ allow-axfr-fallback{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_ALLOW_AXFR_F
 key{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_KEY;}
 algorithm{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_ALGORITHM;}
 secret{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_SECRET;}
+pattern{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_PATTERN;}
+include-pattern{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_INCLUDEPATTERN;}
+remote-control{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_REMOTE_CONTROL;}
+control-enable{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_CONTROL_ENABLE;}
+control-interface{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_CONTROL_INTERFACE;}
+control-port{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_CONTROL_PORT;}
+server-key-file{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_SERVER_KEY_FILE;}
+server-cert-file{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_SERVER_CERT_FILE;}
+control-key-file{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_CONTROL_KEY_FILE;}
+control-cert-file{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_CONTROL_CERT_FILE;}
 AXFR			{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_AXFR;}
 UDP			{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_UDP;}
 rrl-size{COLON}		{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_RRL_SIZE;}
@@ -146,6 +176,7 @@ rrl-ipv4-prefix-length{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_RRL_IPV4_
 rrl-ipv6-prefix-length{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_RRL_IPV6_PREFIX_LENGTH;}
 rrl-whitelist-ratelimit{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_RRL_WHITELIST_RATELIMIT;}
 rrl-whitelist{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_RRL_WHITELIST;}
+zonefiles-check{COLON}	{ LEXOUT(("v(%s) ", yytext)); return VAR_ZONEFILES_CHECK;}
 {NEWLINE}		{ LEXOUT(("NL\n")); cfg_parser->line++;}
 
 	/* Quoted strings. Strip leading and ending quotes */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/configyyrename.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/configyyrename.h
index 856dfe96d3e..6beb810aa8e 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/configyyrename.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/configyyrename.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * configyyrename.h -- renames for config file yy values to avoid conflicts.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #define yyps    c_ps
 #define yypv    c_pv
 #define yys     c_s
+#define yyss    c_ss
 #define yy_yys  c_yys
 #define yystate c_state
 #define yytmp   c_tmp
@@ -85,5 +86,34 @@
 #define yyget_leng c_get_leng
 #define yylineno c_lineno
 #define yyget_text c_get_text
+#define yyvsp c_vsp
+#define yyvs c_vs
+#define yytext c_text
+#define yyleng c_leng
+#define yy_meta c__meta
+#define yy_start c__start
+#define yy_nxt c__nxt
+#define yy_n_chars c__n_chars
+#define yy_more_flag c__more_flag
+#define yy_more_len c__more_len
+#define yy_try_NUL_trans c__try_NUL_trans
+#define yy_last_accepting_cpos c__last_accepting_cpos
+#define yy_last_accepting_state c__last_accepting_state
+#define yy_init c__init
+#define yy_base c__base
+#define yy_accept c__accept
+#define yy_c_buf_p c__c_buf_p
+#define yy_chk c__chk
+#define yy_current_buffer c__current_buffer
+#define yy_def c__def
+#define yy_did_buffer_switch_on_eof c__did_buffer_switch_on_eof
+#define yy_ec c__ec
+#define yy_fatal_error c__fatal_error
+#define yy_flex_alloc c__flex_alloc
+#define yy_flex_free c__flex_free
+#define yy_flex_realloc c__flex_realloc
+#define yy_get_next_buffer c__get_next_buffer
+#define yy_get_previous_state c__get_previous_state
+#define yy_hold_char c__hold_char
 
 #endif /* CONFIGYYRENAME_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/dbaccess.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/dbaccess.c
index abecce7a1f5..866c762ea70 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/dbaccess.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/dbaccess.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * dbaccess.c -- access methods for nsd(8) database
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -17,467 +17,569 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <stdio.h>		/* DEBUG */
 
 #include "dns.h"
 #include "namedb.h"
 #include "util.h"
 #include "options.h"
+#include "rdata.h"
+#include "udb.h"
+#include "udbradtree.h"
+#include "udbzone.h"
+#include "zonec.h"
+#include "nsec3.h"
+#include "difffile.h"
+
+static time_t udb_time = 0;
+static unsigned udb_rrsets = 0;
+static unsigned udb_rrset_count = 0;
 
-int
-namedb_lookup(struct namedb    *db,
-	      const dname_type *dname,
-	      domain_type     **closest_match,
-	      domain_type     **closest_encloser)
+void
+namedb_close(struct namedb* db)
 {
-	return domain_table_search(
-		db->domains, dname, closest_match, closest_encloser);
+	if(db) {
+		if(db->udb) {
+			udb_base_close(db->udb);
+			udb_base_free(db->udb);
+		}
+		zonec_desetup_parser();
+		region_destroy(db->region);
+	}
 }
 
-static int
-read_magic(namedb_type *db)
+void
+namedb_close_udb(struct namedb* db)
 {
-	char buf[NAMEDB_MAGIC_SIZE];
-
-	if (fread(buf, sizeof(char), sizeof(buf), db->fd) != sizeof(buf))
-		return 0;
-
-	return memcmp(buf, NAMEDB_MAGIC, NAMEDB_MAGIC_SIZE) == 0;
+	if(db) {
+		/* we cannot actually munmap the data, because other
+		 * processes still need to access the udb, so cleanup the
+		 * udb */
+		udb_base_free_keep_mmap(db->udb);
+		db->udb = NULL;
+	}
 }
 
-static const dname_type *
-read_dname(FILE *fd, region_type *region)
+void
+apex_rrset_checks(namedb_type* db, rrset_type* rrset, domain_type* domain)
 {
-	uint8_t size;
-	uint8_t temp[MAXDOMAINLEN];
+	uint32_t soa_minimum;
+	unsigned i;
+	zone_type* zone = rrset->zone;
+	assert(domain == zone->apex);
+	(void)domain;
+	if (rrset_rrtype(rrset) == TYPE_SOA) {
+		zone->soa_rrset = rrset;
 
-	if (fread(&size, sizeof(uint8_t), 1, fd) != 1)
-		return NULL;
-	if (fread(temp, sizeof(uint8_t), size, fd) != size)
-		return NULL;
+		/* BUG #103 add another soa with a tweaked ttl */
+		if(zone->soa_nx_rrset == 0) {
+			zone->soa_nx_rrset = region_alloc(db->region,
+				sizeof(rrset_type));
+			zone->soa_nx_rrset->rr_count = 1;
+			zone->soa_nx_rrset->next = 0;
+			zone->soa_nx_rrset->zone = zone;
+			zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs = region_alloc(db->region,
+				sizeof(rr_type));
+		}
+		memcpy(zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs, rrset->rrs, sizeof(rr_type));
 
-	return dname_make(region, temp, 1);
+		/* check the ttl and MINIMUM value and set accordinly */
+		memcpy(&soa_minimum, rdata_atom_data(rrset->rrs->rdatas[6]),
+				rdata_atom_size(rrset->rrs->rdatas[6]));
+		if (rrset->rrs->ttl > ntohl(soa_minimum)) {
+			zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs[0].ttl = ntohl(soa_minimum);
+		}
+	} else if (rrset_rrtype(rrset) == TYPE_NS) {
+		zone->ns_rrset = rrset;
+	} else if (rrset_rrtype(rrset) == TYPE_RRSIG) {
+		for (i = 0; i < rrset->rr_count; ++i) {
+			if(rr_rrsig_type_covered(&rrset->rrs[i])==TYPE_DNSKEY){
+				zone->is_secure = 1;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
 }
 
-static int
-read_size(namedb_type *db, uint32_t *result)
+/** read rr */
+static void
+read_rr(namedb_type* db, rr_type* rr, udb_ptr* urr, domain_type* domain)
 {
-	if (fread(result, sizeof(*result), 1, db->fd) == 1) {
-		*result = ntohl(*result);
-		return 1;
-	} else {
-		return 0;
+	buffer_type buffer;
+	ssize_t c;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(urr) == udb_chunk_type_rr);
+	rr->owner = domain;
+	rr->type = RR(urr)->type;
+	rr->klass = RR(urr)->klass;
+	rr->ttl = RR(urr)->ttl;
+
+	buffer_create_from(&buffer, RR(urr)->wire, RR(urr)->len);
+	c = rdata_wireformat_to_rdata_atoms(db->region, db->domains,
+		rr->type, RR(urr)->len, &buffer, &rr->rdatas);
+	if(c == -1) {
+		/* safe on error */
+		rr->rdata_count = 0;
+		rr->rdatas = NULL;
+		return;
 	}
+	rr->rdata_count = c;
 }
 
-static domain_type *
-read_domain(namedb_type *db, uint32_t domain_count, domain_type **domains)
+/** calculate rr count */
+static uint16_t
+calculate_rr_count(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rrset)
 {
-	uint32_t domain_number;
-
-	if (!read_size(db, &domain_number))
-		return NULL;
-
-	if (domain_number == 0 || domain_number > domain_count)
-		return NULL;
-
-	return domains[domain_number - 1];
+	udb_ptr rr;
+	uint16_t num = 0;
+	udb_ptr_new(&rr, udb, &RRSET(rrset)->rrs);
+	while(rr.data) {
+		num++;
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&rr, udb, &RR(&rr)->next);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&rr, udb);
+	return num;
 }
 
-static zone_type *
-read_zone(namedb_type *db, uint32_t zone_count, zone_type **zones)
+/** read rrset */
+static void
+read_rrset(udb_base* udb, namedb_type* db, zone_type* zone,
+	domain_type* domain, udb_ptr* urrset)
 {
-	uint32_t zone_number;
-
-	if (!read_size(db, &zone_number))
-		return NULL;
-
-	if (zone_number == 0 || zone_number > zone_count)
-		return NULL;
-
-	return zones[zone_number - 1];
+	rrset_type* rrset;
+	udb_ptr urr;
+	unsigned i;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(urrset) == udb_chunk_type_rrset);
+	/* if no RRs, do not create anything (robust) */
+	if(RRSET(urrset)->rrs.data == 0)
+		return;
+	rrset = (rrset_type *) region_alloc(db->region, sizeof(rrset_type));
+	rrset->zone = zone;
+	rrset->rr_count = calculate_rr_count(udb, urrset);
+	rrset->rrs = (rr_type *) region_alloc(
+		db->region, rrset->rr_count * sizeof(rr_type));
+	/* add the RRs */
+	udb_ptr_new(&urr, udb, &RRSET(urrset)->rrs);
+	for(i=0; i<rrset->rr_count; i++) {
+		read_rr(db, &rrset->rrs[i], &urr, domain);
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&urr, udb, &RR(&urr)->next);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&urr, udb);
+	domain_add_rrset(domain, rrset);
+	if(domain == zone->apex)
+		apex_rrset_checks(db, rrset, domain);
 }
 
-static int
-read_rdata_atom(namedb_type *db, uint16_t type, int index, uint32_t domain_count, domain_type **domains, rdata_atom_type *result)
+/** read one elem from db, of type domain_d */
+static void read_node_elem(udb_base* udb, namedb_type* db, 
+	region_type* dname_region, zone_type* zone, struct domain_d* d)
 {
-	uint8_t data[65536];
-
-	if (rdata_atom_is_domain(type, index)) {
-		result->domain = read_domain(db, domain_count, domains);
-		if (!result->domain)
-			return 0;
-	} else {
-		uint16_t size;
-
-		if (fread(&size, sizeof(size), 1, db->fd) != 1)
-			return 0;
-		size = ntohs(size);
-		if (fread(data, sizeof(uint8_t), size, db->fd) != size)
-			return 0;
-
-		result->data = (uint16_t *) region_alloc(
-			db->region, sizeof(uint16_t) + size);
-		memcpy(result->data, &size, sizeof(uint16_t));
-		memcpy((uint8_t *) result->data + sizeof(uint16_t), data, size);
+	const dname_type* dname;
+	domain_type* domain;
+	udb_ptr urrset;
+
+	dname = dname_make(dname_region, d->name, 0);
+	if(!dname) return;
+	domain = domain_table_insert(db->domains, dname);
+	assert(domain); /* domain_table_insert should always return non-NULL */
+
+	/* add rrsets */
+	udb_ptr_init(&urrset, udb);
+	udb_ptr_set_rptr(&urrset, udb, &d->rrsets);
+	while(urrset.data) {
+		read_rrset(udb, db, zone, domain, &urrset);
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&urrset, udb, &RRSET(&urrset)->next);
+
+		if(++udb_rrsets % ZONEC_PCT_COUNT == 0 && time(NULL) > udb_time + ZONEC_PCT_TIME) {
+			udb_time = time(NULL);
+			VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO, "read %s %d %%",
+				zone->opts->name, udb_rrsets*100/udb_rrset_count));
+		}
 	}
-
-	return 1;
+	region_free_all(dname_region);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&urrset, udb);
 }
 
-static rrset_type *
-read_rrset(namedb_type *db,
-	   uint32_t domain_count, domain_type **domains,
-	   uint32_t zone_count, zone_type **zones)
+/** recurse read radix from disk. This radix tree is by domain name, so max of
+ * 256 depth, and thus the stack usage is small. */
+static void read_zone_recurse(udb_base* udb, namedb_type* db,
+	region_type* dname_region, zone_type* zone, struct udb_radnode_d* node)
 {
-	rrset_type *rrset;
-	int i, j;
-	domain_type *owner;
-	uint16_t type;
-	uint16_t klass;
-	uint32_t soa_minimum;
-
-	owner = read_domain(db, domain_count, domains);
-	if (!owner)
-		return NULL;
-
-	rrset = (rrset_type *) region_alloc(db->region, sizeof(rrset_type));
-
-	rrset->zone = read_zone(db, zone_count, zones);
-	if (!rrset->zone)
-		return NULL;
-
-	if (fread(&type, sizeof(type), 1, db->fd) != 1)
-		return NULL;
-	type = ntohs(type);
-
-	if (fread(&klass, sizeof(klass), 1, db->fd) != 1)
-		return NULL;
-	klass = ntohs(klass);
-
-	if (fread(&rrset->rr_count, sizeof(rrset->rr_count), 1, db->fd) != 1)
-		return NULL;
-	rrset->rr_count = ntohs(rrset->rr_count);
-	rrset->rrs = (rr_type *) region_alloc(
-		db->region, rrset->rr_count * sizeof(rr_type));
-
-	assert(rrset->rr_count > 0);
-
-	for (i = 0; i < rrset->rr_count; ++i) {
-		rr_type *rr = &rrset->rrs[i];
-
-		rr->owner = owner;
-		rr->type = type;
-		rr->klass = klass;
-
-		if (fread(&rr->rdata_count, sizeof(rr->rdata_count), 1, db->fd) != 1)
-			return NULL;
-		rr->rdata_count = ntohs(rr->rdata_count);
-		rr->rdatas = (rdata_atom_type *) region_alloc(
-			db->region, rr->rdata_count * sizeof(rdata_atom_type));
-
-		if (fread(&rr->ttl, sizeof(rr->ttl), 1, db->fd) != 1)
-			return NULL;
-		rr->ttl = ntohl(rr->ttl);
-
-		for (j = 0; j < rr->rdata_count; ++j) {
-			if (!read_rdata_atom(db, rr->type, j, domain_count, domains, &rr->rdatas[j]))
-				return NULL;
+	if(node->elem.data) {
+		/* pre-order process of node->elem, for radix tree this is
+		 * also in-order processing (identical to order tree_next()) */
+		read_node_elem(udb, db, dname_region, zone, (struct domain_d*)
+			(udb->base + node->elem.data));
+	}
+	if(node->lookup.data) {
+		uint16_t i;
+		struct udb_radarray_d* a = (struct udb_radarray_d*)
+			(udb->base + node->lookup.data);
+		/* we do not care for what the exact radix key is, we want
+		 * to add all of them and the read routine does not need
+		 * the radix-key, it has it stored */
+		for(i=0; i<a->len; i++) {
+			if(a->array[i].node.data) {
+				read_zone_recurse(udb, db, dname_region, zone,
+					(struct udb_radnode_d*)(udb->base +
+						a->array[i].node.data));
+			}
 		}
 	}
+}
 
-	domain_add_rrset(owner, rrset);
-
-	if (rrset_rrtype(rrset) == TYPE_SOA) {
-		assert(owner == rrset->zone->apex);
-		rrset->zone->soa_rrset = rrset;
-
-		/* BUG #103 add another soa with a tweaked ttl */
-		rrset->zone->soa_nx_rrset = region_alloc(db->region, sizeof(rrset_type));
-		rrset->zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs =
-			region_alloc(db->region, rrset->rr_count * sizeof(rr_type));
-
-		memcpy(rrset->zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs, rrset->rrs, sizeof(rr_type));
-		rrset->zone->soa_nx_rrset->rr_count = 1;
-		rrset->zone->soa_nx_rrset->next = 0;
+/** read zone data */
+static void
+read_zone_data(udb_base* udb, namedb_type* db, region_type* dname_region,
+	udb_ptr* z, zone_type* zone)
+{
+	udb_ptr dtree;
+	/* recursively read domains, we only read so ptrs stay valid */
+	udb_ptr_new(&dtree, udb, &ZONE(z)->domains);
+	if(RADTREE(&dtree)->root.data)
+		read_zone_recurse(udb, db, dname_region, zone,
+			(struct udb_radnode_d*)
+			(udb->base + RADTREE(&dtree)->root.data));
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&dtree, udb);
+}
 
-		/* also add a link to the zone */
-		rrset->zone->soa_nx_rrset->zone = rrset->zone;
+/** create a zone */
+zone_type*
+namedb_zone_create(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
+	zone_options_t* zo)
+{
+	zone_type* zone = (zone_type *) region_alloc(db->region,
+		sizeof(zone_type));
+	zone->node = radname_insert(db->zonetree, dname_name(dname),
+		dname->name_size, zone);
+	assert(zone->node);
+	zone->apex = domain_table_insert(db->domains, dname);
+	zone->apex->usage++; /* the zone.apex reference */
+	zone->apex->is_apex = 1;
+	zone->soa_rrset = NULL;
+	zone->soa_nx_rrset = NULL;
+	zone->ns_rrset = NULL;
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	zone->nsec3_param = NULL;
+	zone->nsec3_last = NULL;
+	zone->nsec3tree = NULL;
+	zone->hashtree = NULL;
+	zone->wchashtree = NULL;
+	zone->dshashtree = NULL;
+#endif
+	zone->opts = zo;
+	zone->is_secure = 0;
+	zone->is_changed = 0;
+	zone->is_ok = 1;
+	return zone;
+}
 
-		/* check the ttl and MINIMUM value and set accordinly */
-		memcpy(&soa_minimum, rdata_atom_data(rrset->rrs->rdatas[6]),
-				rdata_atom_size(rrset->rrs->rdatas[6]));
-		if (rrset->rrs->ttl > ntohl(soa_minimum)) {
-			rrset->zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs[0].ttl = ntohl(soa_minimum);
+void
+namedb_zone_delete(namedb_type* db, zone_type* zone)
+{
+	/* RRs and UDB and NSEC3 and so on must be already deleted */
+	radix_delete(db->zonetree, zone->node);
+
+	/* see if apex can be deleted */
+	if(zone->apex) {
+		zone->apex->usage --;
+		if(zone->apex->usage == 0) {
+			/* delete the apex, possibly */
+			domain_table_deldomain(db, zone->apex);
 		}
-		owner->has_SOA = 1;
+	}
 
-	} else if (owner == rrset->zone->apex
-		   && rrset_rrtype(rrset) == TYPE_NS)
-	{
-		rrset->zone->ns_rrset = rrset;
+	/* soa_rrset is freed when the SOA was deleted */
+	if(zone->soa_nx_rrset) {
+		region_recycle(db->region, zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs,
+			sizeof(rr_type));
+		region_recycle(db->region, zone->soa_nx_rrset,
+			sizeof(rrset_type));
 	}
 #ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	else if (type == TYPE_NSEC3) {
-		if (0 != namedb_add_nsec3_domain(db, owner, rrset->zone)) {
-			return NULL;
-		}
-	}
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-	if (rrset_rrtype(rrset) == TYPE_RRSIG && owner == rrset->zone->apex) {
-		for (i = 0; i < rrset->rr_count; ++i) {
-			if (rr_rrsig_type_covered(&rrset->rrs[i]) == TYPE_DNSKEY) {
-				rrset->zone->is_secure = 1;
-				break;
-			}
-		}
+	hash_tree_delete(db->region, zone->nsec3tree);
+	hash_tree_delete(db->region, zone->hashtree);
+	hash_tree_delete(db->region, zone->wchashtree);
+	hash_tree_delete(db->region, zone->dshashtree);
+#endif
+	region_recycle(db->region, zone, sizeof(zone_type));
+}
+
+/** read a zone */
+static void
+read_zone(udb_base* udb, namedb_type* db, nsd_options_t* opt,
+	region_type* dname_region, udb_ptr* z)
+{
+	/* construct dname */
+	const dname_type* dname = dname_make(dname_region, ZONE(z)->name, 0);
+	zone_options_t* zo = dname?zone_options_find(opt, dname):NULL;
+	zone_type* zone;
+	if(!dname) return;
+	if(!zo) {
+		/* deleted from the options, remove it from the nsd.db too */
+		VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_WARNING, "zone %s is deleted",
+			dname_to_string(dname, NULL)));
+		udb_zone_delete(udb, z);
+		region_free_all(dname_region);
+		return;
 	}
-	return rrset;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(z) == udb_chunk_type_zone);
+	udb_rrsets = 0;
+	udb_rrset_count = ZONE(z)->rrset_count;
+	zone = namedb_zone_create(db, dname, zo);
+	region_free_all(dname_region);
+	read_zone_data(udb, db, dname_region, z, zone);
+	zone->is_changed = (ZONE(z)->is_changed != 0);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	prehash_zone_complete(db, zone);
+#endif
 }
 
-struct namedb *
-namedb_open (const char *filename, nsd_options_t* opt, size_t num_children)
+/** read zones from nsd.db */
+static void
+read_zones(udb_base* udb, namedb_type* db, nsd_options_t* opt,
+	region_type* dname_region)
 {
-	namedb_type *db;
+	udb_ptr ztree, n, z;
+	udb_ptr_init(&z, udb);
+	udb_ptr_new(&ztree, udb, udb_base_get_userdata(udb));
+	udb_radix_first(udb,&ztree,&n);
+	udb_time = time(NULL);
+	while(n.data) {
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&z, udb, &RADNODE(&n)->elem);
+		udb_radix_next(udb, &n); /* store in case n is deleted */
+		read_zone(udb, db, opt, dname_region, &z);
+		udb_ptr_zero(&z, udb);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&ztree, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&z, udb);
+}
 
+/** try to read the udb file or fail */
+static int
+try_read_udb(namedb_type* db, int fd, const char* filename,
+	nsd_options_t* opt)
+{
 	/*
 	 * Temporary region used while loading domain names from the
 	 * database.  The region is freed after each time a dname is
 	 * read from the database.
 	 */
-	region_type *dname_region;
+	region_type* dname_region;
+
+	assert(fd != -1);
+	if(!(db->udb=udb_base_create_fd(filename, fd, &namedb_walkfunc,
+		NULL))) {
+		/* fd is closed by failed udb create call */
+		VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_WARNING, "can not use %s, "
+			"will create anew", filename));
+		return 0;
+	}
+	/* sanity check if can be opened */
+	if(udb_base_get_userflags(db->udb) != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "%s was not closed properly, it might "
+			"be corrupted, will create anew", filename);
+		udb_base_free(db->udb);
+		db->udb = NULL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	/* read if it can be opened */
+	dname_region = region_create(xalloc, free);
+	/* this operation does not fail, we end up with
+	 * something, even if that is an empty namedb */
+	read_zones(db->udb, db, opt, dname_region);
+	region_destroy(dname_region);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+struct namedb *
+namedb_open (const char* filename, nsd_options_t* opt)
+{
+	namedb_type* db;
 
 	/*
-	 * Temporary region used to store array of domains and zones
-	 * while loading the database.  The region is freed before
-	 * returning.
+	 * Region used to store the loaded database.  The region is
+	 * freed in namedb_close.
 	 */
-	region_type *temp_region;
-
-	uint32_t dname_count;
-	domain_type **domains;	/* Indexed by domain number.  */
-
-	uint32_t zone_count;
-	zone_type **zones;	/* Indexed by zone number.  */
-
-	uint32_t i;
-	uint32_t rrset_count = 0;
-	uint32_t rr_count = 0;
-
-	rrset_type *rrset;
-
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_DBACCESS, 2,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "sizeof(namedb_type) = %lu\n", (unsigned long) sizeof(namedb_type)));
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_DBACCESS, 2,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "sizeof(zone_type) = %lu\n", (unsigned long) sizeof(zone_type)));
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_DBACCESS, 2,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "sizeof(domain_type) = %lu\n", (unsigned long) sizeof(domain_type)));
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_DBACCESS, 2,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "sizeof(rrset_type) = %lu\n", (unsigned long) sizeof(rrset_type)));
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_DBACCESS, 2,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "sizeof(rr_type) = %lu\n", (unsigned long) sizeof(rr_type)));
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_DBACCESS, 2,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "sizeof(rdata_atom_type) = %lu\n", (unsigned long) sizeof(rdata_atom_type)));
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_DBACCESS, 2,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "sizeof(rbnode_t) = %lu\n", (unsigned long) sizeof(rbnode_t)));
-
-	if ((db = namedb_create()) == NULL) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR,
-			"insufficient memory to create database");
-		return NULL;
+	region_type* db_region;
+	int fd;
+
+	/* attempt to open, if does not exist, create a new one */
+	fd = open(filename, O_RDWR);
+	if(fd == -1) {
+		if(errno != ENOENT) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: %s", filename, strerror(errno));
+			return NULL;
+		}
 	}
- 	db->filename = region_strdup(db->region, filename);
+
+#ifdef USE_MMAP_ALLOC
+	db_region = region_create_custom(mmap_alloc, mmap_free, MMAP_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE,
+		MMAP_ALLOC_LARGE_OBJECT_SIZE, MMAP_ALLOC_INITIAL_CLEANUP_SIZE, 1);
+#else /* !USE_MMAP_ALLOC */
+	db_region = region_create_custom(xalloc, free, DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE,
+		DEFAULT_LARGE_OBJECT_SIZE, DEFAULT_INITIAL_CLEANUP_SIZE, 1);
+#endif /* !USE_MMAP_ALLOC */
+	db = (namedb_type *) region_alloc(db_region, sizeof(struct namedb));
+	db->region = db_region;
+	db->domains = domain_table_create(db->region);
+	db->zonetree = radix_tree_create(db->region);
+	db->diff_skip = 0;
+	db->diff_pos = 0;
 
 	if (gettimeofday(&(db->diff_timestamp), NULL) != 0) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "unable to load %s: cannot initialize"
-				 "timestamp", db->filename);
-		namedb_destroy(db);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	/* Open it... */
-	db->fd = fopen(db->filename, "r");
-	if (db->fd == NULL) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "unable to load %s: %s",
-			db->filename, strerror(errno));
-		namedb_destroy(db);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	if (!read_magic(db)) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "corrupted database (read magic): %s", db->filename);
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot load database, incompatible version "
-					"number. Please rebuild database and "
-                                        "start again.");
-		namedb_close(db);
+				 "timestamp", filename);
+		region_destroy(db_region);
+		close(fd);
 		return NULL;
-	}
+        }
 
-	if (!read_size(db, &zone_count)) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "corrupted database (read size): %s", db->filename);
-		namedb_close(db);
-		return NULL;
+	/* attempt to read the file (if it exists) */
+	if(fd != -1) {
+		if(!try_read_udb(db, fd, filename, opt))
+			fd = -1;
 	}
-
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_DBACCESS, 1,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "Retrieving %lu zones\n", (unsigned long) zone_count));
-
-	temp_region = region_create(xalloc, free);
-	dname_region = region_create(xalloc, free);
-
-	db->zone_count = zone_count;
-	zones = (zone_type **) region_alloc(temp_region,
-					    zone_count * sizeof(zone_type *));
-	for (i = 0; i < zone_count; ++i) {
-		const dname_type *dname = read_dname(db->fd, dname_region);
-		if (!dname) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "corrupted database (read dname): %s", db->filename);
-			region_destroy(dname_region);
-			region_destroy(temp_region);
-			namedb_close(db);
-			return NULL;
-		}
-		zones[i] = (zone_type *) region_alloc(db->region,
-						      sizeof(zone_type));
-		zones[i]->next = db->zones;
-		db->zones = zones[i];
-		zones[i]->apex = domain_table_insert(db->domains, dname);
-		zones[i]->soa_rrset = NULL;
-		zones[i]->soa_nx_rrset = NULL;
-		zones[i]->ns_rrset = NULL;
-#ifdef NSEC3
-		zones[i]->nsec3_soa_rr = NULL;
-		zones[i]->nsec3_last = NULL;
-#endif
-		zones[i]->opts = zone_options_find(opt, domain_dname(zones[i]->apex));
-		zones[i]->number = i + 1;
-		zones[i]->is_secure = 0;
-		zones[i]->updated = 1;
-		zones[i]->is_ok = 0;
-		zones[i]->dirty = region_alloc(db->region, sizeof(uint8_t)*num_children);
-		memset(zones[i]->dirty, 0, sizeof(uint8_t)*num_children);
-		if(!zones[i]->opts) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot load database. Zone %s in db "
-					 "%s, but not in config file (might "
-					 "happen if you edited the config "
-					 "file). Please rebuild database and "
-					 "start again.",
-				dname_to_string(dname, NULL), db->filename);
-			region_destroy(dname_region);
-			region_destroy(temp_region);
-			namedb_close(db);
+	/* attempt to create the file (if necessary or failed read) */
+	if(fd == -1) {
+		if(!(db->udb=udb_base_create_new(filename, &namedb_walkfunc,
+			NULL))) {
+			region_destroy(db_region);
 			return NULL;
 		}
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-		zones[i]->nsec3_domains = NULL;
-		if (0 != zone_nsec3_domains_create(db, zones[i])) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR,
-				"insufficient memory for NSEC3 tree, "
-				"unable to read database");
-			region_destroy(dname_region);
-			region_destroy(temp_region);
-			namedb_close(db);
+		if(!udb_dns_init_file(db->udb)) {
+			region_destroy(db->region);
 			return NULL;
 		}
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-		region_free_all(dname_region);
 	}
+	zonec_setup_parser(db);
+	return db;
+}
 
-	if (!read_size(db, &dname_count)) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "corrupted database (read size): %s", db->filename);
-		region_destroy(dname_region);
-		region_destroy(temp_region);
-		namedb_close(db);
-		return NULL;
+/** the the file mtime stat (or nonexist or error) */
+static int
+file_get_mtime(const char* file, time_t* mtime, int* nonexist)
+{
+	struct stat s;
+	if(stat(file, &s) != 0) {
+		*mtime = 0;
+		*nonexist = (errno == ENOENT);
+		return 0;
 	}
+	*nonexist = 0;
+	*mtime = s.st_mtime;
+	return 1;
+}
 
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_DBACCESS, 1,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "Retrieving %lu domain names\n", (unsigned long) dname_count));
-
-	domains = (domain_type **) region_alloc(
-		temp_region, dname_count * sizeof(domain_type *));
-	for (i = 0; i < dname_count; ++i) {
-		const dname_type *dname = read_dname(db->fd, dname_region);
-		if (!dname) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "corrupted database (read dname): %s", db->filename);
-			region_destroy(dname_region);
-			region_destroy(temp_region);
-			namedb_close(db);
-			return NULL;
+void
+namedb_read_zonefile(struct namedb* db, struct zone* zone, udb_base* taskudb,
+	udb_ptr* last_task)
+{
+	time_t mtime = 0;
+	int nonexist = 0;
+	unsigned int errors;
+	const char* fname;
+	if(!db || !db->udb || !zone || !zone->opts || !zone->opts->pattern->zonefile)
+		return;
+	fname = config_make_zonefile(zone->opts);
+	if(!file_get_mtime(fname, &mtime, &nonexist)) {
+		if(nonexist) {
+			VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "zonefile %s does not exist",
+				fname));
+		} else
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "zonefile %s: %s",
+				fname, strerror(errno));
+		if(taskudb) task_new_soainfo(taskudb, last_task, zone);
+		return;
+	} else {
+		/* check the mtime */
+		if(udb_zone_get_mtime(db->udb, dname_name(domain_dname(
+			zone->apex)), domain_dname(zone->apex)->name_size)
+			>= (uint64_t)mtime) {
+			VERBOSITY(3, (LOG_INFO, "zonefile %s is not modified",
+				fname));
+			return;
 		}
-		domains[i] = domain_table_insert(db->domains, dname);
-		region_free_all(dname_region);
 	}
 
-	region_destroy(dname_region);
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-	fprintf(stderr, "database region after loading domain names: ");
-	region_dump_stats(db->region, stderr);
-	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+	assert(parser);
+	/* wipe zone from memory */
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	nsec3_hash_tree_clear(zone);
 #endif
-
-	while ((rrset = read_rrset(db, dname_count, domains, zone_count, zones))) {
-		++rrset_count;
-		rr_count += rrset->rr_count;
-	}
-
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_DBACCESS, 1,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "Retrieved %lu RRs in %lu RRsets\n",
-	       (unsigned long) rr_count, (unsigned long) rrset_count));
-
-	region_destroy(temp_region);
-
-	if ((db->crc_pos = ftello(db->fd)) == -1) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "ftello %s failed: %s",
-			db->filename, strerror(errno));
-		namedb_close(db);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	if (!read_size(db, &db->crc)) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "corrupted database (read size): %s", db->filename);
-		namedb_close(db);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	if (!read_magic(db)) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "corrupted database (read magic): %s", db->filename);
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot load database, incompatible version "
-					"number. Please rebuild database and "
-                                        "start again.");
-		namedb_close(db);
-		return NULL;
+	delete_zone_rrs(db, zone);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	nsec3_clear_precompile(db, zone);
+	zone->nsec3_param = NULL;
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+	errors = zonec_read(zone->opts->name, fname, zone);
+	if(errors > 0) {
+		region_type* dname_region;
+		udb_ptr z;
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "zone %s file %s read with %u errors",
+			zone->opts->name, fname, errors);
+		/* wipe (partial) zone from memory */
+		zone->is_ok = 1;
+#ifdef NSEC3
+		nsec3_hash_tree_clear(zone);
+#endif
+		delete_zone_rrs(db, zone);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+		nsec3_clear_precompile(db, zone);
+		zone->nsec3_param = NULL;
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+		/* see if we can revert to the udb stored version */
+		if(!udb_zone_search(db->udb, &z, dname_name(domain_dname(
+			zone->apex)), domain_dname(zone->apex)->name_size)) {
+			/* tell that zone contents has been lost */
+			if(taskudb) task_new_soainfo(taskudb, last_task, zone);
+			return;
+		}
+		/* read from udb */
+		dname_region = region_create(xalloc, free);
+		udb_rrsets = 0;
+		udb_rrset_count = ZONE(&z)->rrset_count;
+		udb_time = time(NULL);
+		read_zone_data(db->udb, db, dname_region, &z, zone);
+		region_destroy(dname_region);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&z, db->udb);
+	} else {
+		VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO, "zone %s read with no errors",
+			zone->opts->name));
+		zone->is_ok = 1;
+		zone->is_changed = 0;
+		/* store zone into udb */
+		if(!write_zone_to_udb(db->udb, zone, mtime)) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "failed to store zone in db");
+		} else {
+			VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "zone %s written to db",
+				zone->opts->name));
+		}
 	}
-
-	fclose(db->fd);
-	db->fd = NULL;
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-	fprintf(stderr, "database region after loading database: ");
-	region_dump_stats(db->region, stderr);
-	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+	if(taskudb) task_new_soainfo(taskudb, last_task, zone);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	prehash_zone_complete(db, zone);
 #endif
-
-	return db;
 }
 
-void
-namedb_close (struct namedb *db)
+void namedb_check_zonefile(struct namedb* db, udb_base* taskudb,
+	udb_ptr* last_task, zone_options_t* zopt)
 {
-	namedb_fd_close(db);
-	if (db) {
-		namedb_destroy(db);
+	zone_type* zone;
+	const dname_type* dname = (const dname_type*)zopt->node.key;
+	/* find zone to go with it, or create it */
+	zone = namedb_find_zone(db, dname);
+	if(!zone) {
+		zone = namedb_zone_create(db, dname, zopt);
 	}
+	namedb_read_zonefile(db, zone, taskudb, last_task);
 }
 
-void
-namedb_fd_close (struct namedb *db)
+void namedb_check_zonefiles(struct namedb* db, nsd_options_t* opt,
+	udb_base* taskudb, udb_ptr* last_task)
 {
-	if (db && db->fd) {
-		fclose(db->fd);
+	zone_options_t* zo;
+	/* check all zones in opt, create if not exist in main db */
+	RBTREE_FOR(zo, zone_options_t*, opt->zone_options) {
+		namedb_check_zonefile(db, taskudb, last_task, zo);
 	}
 }
-
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/dbcreate.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/dbcreate.c
index f193792debb..f0fbb112784 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/dbcreate.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/dbcreate.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * dbcreate.c -- routines to create an nsd(8) name database
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 #include "config.h"
 
+#include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
@@ -17,266 +18,362 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "namedb.h"
+#include "udb.h"
+#include "udbradtree.h"
+#include "udbzone.h"
+#include "options.h"
 
-static int write_db (namedb_type *db);
-static int write_number(struct namedb *db, uint32_t number);
+/* pathname directory separator character */
+#define PATHSEP '/'
 
-struct namedb *
-namedb_new (const char *filename)
+/** add an rdata (uncompressed) to the destination */
+static size_t
+add_rdata(rr_type* rr, unsigned i, uint8_t* buf, size_t buflen)
 {
-	namedb_type *db;
-	/* Make a new structure... */
-	if ((db = namedb_create()) == NULL) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR,
-			"insufficient memory to create database");
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	db->filename = region_strdup(db->region, filename);
-	db->crc = 0xffffffff;
-	db->diff_skip = 0;
-	db->fd = NULL;
-
-	if (gettimeofday(&(db->diff_timestamp), NULL) != 0) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "unable to load %s: cannot initialize "
-						 "timestamp", db->filename);
-		namedb_destroy(db);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Unlink the old database, if it exists.  This is useful to
-	 * ensure that NSD doesn't see the changes until a reload is done.
-	 */
-	if (unlink(db->filename) == -1 && errno != ENOENT) {
-		namedb_destroy(db);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	/* Create the database */
-	if ((db->fd = fopen(db->filename, "w")) == NULL) {
-		namedb_destroy(db);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, NAMEDB_MAGIC, NAMEDB_MAGIC_SIZE, &db->crc)) {
-		fclose(db->fd);
-		namedb_discard(db);
-		return NULL;
+	switch(rdata_atom_wireformat_type(rr->type, i)) {
+		case RDATA_WF_COMPRESSED_DNAME:
+		case RDATA_WF_UNCOMPRESSED_DNAME:
+		{
+			const dname_type* dname = domain_dname(
+				rdata_atom_domain(rr->rdatas[i]));
+			if(dname->name_size > buflen)
+				return 0;
+			memmove(buf, dname_name(dname), dname->name_size);
+			return dname->name_size;
+		}
+		default:
+			break;
 	}
-
-	return db;
+	memmove(buf, rdata_atom_data(rr->rdatas[i]),
+		rdata_atom_size(rr->rdatas[i]));
+	return rdata_atom_size(rr->rdatas[i]);
 }
 
-
-int
-namedb_save (struct namedb *db)
+/* marshal rdata into buffer, must be MAX_RDLENGTH in size */
+size_t
+rr_marshal_rdata(rr_type* rr, uint8_t* rdata, size_t sz)
 {
-	if (write_db(db) != 0) {
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	/* Finish up and write the crc */
-	if (!write_number(db, ~db->crc)) {
-		fclose(db->fd);
-		return -1;
+	size_t len = 0;
+	unsigned i;
+	assert(rr);
+	for(i=0; i<rr->rdata_count; i++) {
+		len += add_rdata(rr, i, rdata+len, sz-len);
 	}
-
-	/* Write the magic... */
-	if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, NAMEDB_MAGIC, NAMEDB_MAGIC_SIZE, &db->crc)) {
-		fclose(db->fd);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	/* Close the database */
-	fclose(db->fd);
-	namedb_destroy(db);
-	return 0;
+	return len;
 }
 
-
+/** delete an RR */
 void
-namedb_discard (struct namedb *db)
+udb_del_rr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* z, rr_type* rr)
 {
-	unlink(db->filename);
-	namedb_destroy(db);
+	/* marshal the rdata (uncompressed) into a buffer */
+	uint8_t rdata[MAX_RDLENGTH];
+	size_t rdatalen = rr_marshal_rdata(rr, rdata, sizeof(rdata));
+	assert(udb);
+	udb_zone_del_rr(udb, z, dname_name(domain_dname(rr->owner)),
+		domain_dname(rr->owner)->name_size, rr->type, rr->klass,
+		rdata, rdatalen);
 }
 
-static int
-write_dname(struct namedb *db, domain_type *domain)
+/** write rr */
+int
+udb_write_rr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* z, rr_type* rr)
 {
-	const dname_type *dname = domain_dname(domain);
-
-	if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, &dname->name_size, sizeof(dname->name_size), &db->crc))
-		return -1;
-
-	if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, dname_name(dname), dname->name_size, &db->crc))
-		return -1;
-
-	return 0;
+	/* marshal the rdata (uncompressed) into a buffer */
+	uint8_t rdata[MAX_RDLENGTH];
+	size_t rdatalen = 0;
+	unsigned i;
+	assert(rr);
+	for(i=0; i<rr->rdata_count; i++) {
+		rdatalen += add_rdata(rr, i, rdata+rdatalen,
+			sizeof(rdata)-rdatalen);
+	}
+	assert(udb);
+	return udb_zone_add_rr(udb, z, dname_name(domain_dname(rr->owner)),
+		domain_dname(rr->owner)->name_size, rr->type, rr->klass,
+		rr->ttl, rdata, rdatalen);
 }
 
+/** write rrset */
 static int
-write_number(struct namedb *db, uint32_t number)
+write_rrset(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* z, rrset_type* rrset)
 {
-	number = htonl(number);
-	return write_data_crc(db->fd, &number, sizeof(number), &db->crc);
+	unsigned i;
+	for(i=0; i<rrset->rr_count; i++) {
+		if(!udb_write_rr(udb, z, &rrset->rrs[i]))
+			return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
 }
 
+/** write a zone */
 static int
-write_rrset(struct namedb *db, domain_type *domain, rrset_type *rrset)
+write_zone(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* z, zone_type* zone)
 {
-	uint16_t rr_count;
-	int i, j;
-	uint16_t type;
-	uint16_t klass;
-
-	assert(db);
-	assert(domain);
-	assert(rrset);
-
-	rr_count = htons(rrset->rr_count);
-
-	if (!write_number(db, domain->number))
-		return 1;
-
-	if (!write_number(db, rrset->zone->number))
-		return 1;
-
-	type = htons(rrset_rrtype(rrset));
-	if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, &type, sizeof(type), &db->crc))
-		return 1;
-
-	klass = htons(rrset_rrclass(rrset));
-	if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, &klass, sizeof(klass), &db->crc))
-		return 1;
-
-	if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, &rr_count, sizeof(rr_count), &db->crc))
-		return 1;
-
-	for (i = 0; i < rrset->rr_count; ++i) {
-		rr_type *rr = &rrset->rrs[i];
-		uint32_t ttl;
-		uint16_t rdata_count;
-
-		rdata_count = htons(rr->rdata_count);
-		if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, &rdata_count, sizeof(rdata_count), &db->crc))
-			return 1;
-
-		ttl = htonl(rr->ttl);
-		if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, &ttl, sizeof(ttl), &db->crc))
-			return 1;
-
-		for (j = 0; j < rr->rdata_count; ++j) {
-			rdata_atom_type atom = rr->rdatas[j];
-			if (rdata_atom_is_domain(rr->type, j)) {
-				if (!write_number(db, rdata_atom_domain(atom)->number))
-					return 1;
-
-			} else {
-				uint16_t size = htons(rdata_atom_size(atom));
-				if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, &size, sizeof(size), &db->crc))
-					return 1;
-
-				if (!write_data_crc(db->fd,
-						rdata_atom_data(atom),
-						rdata_atom_size(atom), &db->crc))
-					return 1;
-
+	/* write all domains in the zone */
+	domain_type* walk;
+	rrset_type* rrset;
+	int n = 0, c = 0;
+	time_t t = time(NULL);
+
+	/* count domains: for pct logging */
+	for(walk=zone->apex; walk && domain_is_subdomain(walk, zone->apex);
+		walk=domain_next(walk)) {
+		n++;
+	}
+	/* write them */
+	for(walk=zone->apex; walk && domain_is_subdomain(walk, zone->apex);
+		walk=domain_next(walk)) {
+		/* write all rrsets (in the zone) for this domain */
+		for(rrset=walk->rrsets; rrset; rrset=rrset->next) {
+			if(rrset->zone == zone) {
+				if(!write_rrset(udb, z, rrset))
+					return 0;
 			}
 		}
+		/* only check every ... domains, and print pct */
+		if(++c % ZONEC_PCT_COUNT == 0 && time(NULL) > t + ZONEC_PCT_TIME) {
+			t = time(NULL);
+			VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO, "write %s %d %%",
+				zone->opts->name, c*100/n));
+		}
 	}
+	return 1;
+}
 
-	return 0;
+/** create and write a zone */
+int
+write_zone_to_udb(udb_base* udb, zone_type* zone, time_t mtime)
+{
+	udb_ptr z;
+	/* make udb dirty */
+	udb_base_set_userflags(udb, 1);
+	/* find or create zone */
+	if(udb_zone_search(udb, &z, dname_name(domain_dname(zone->apex)),
+		domain_dname(zone->apex)->name_size)) {
+		/* wipe existing contents */
+		udb_zone_clear(udb, &z);
+	} else {
+		if(!udb_zone_create(udb, &z, dname_name(domain_dname(
+			zone->apex)), domain_dname(zone->apex)->name_size)) {
+			udb_base_set_userflags(udb, 0);
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+	/* set mtime */
+	ZONE(&z)->mtime = (uint64_t)mtime;
+	ZONE(&z)->is_changed = 0;
+	udb_zone_set_log_str(udb, &z, NULL);
+	/* write zone */
+	if(!write_zone(udb, &z, zone)) {
+		udb_base_set_userflags(udb, 0);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&z, udb);
+	udb_base_set_userflags(udb, 0);
+	return 1;
 }
 
 static int
-number_dnames_iterator(domain_type *node, void *user_data)
+print_rrs(FILE* out, struct zone* zone)
 {
-	uint32_t *current_number = (uint32_t *) user_data;
-
-	node->number = *current_number;
-	++*current_number;
-
-	return 0;
+	rrset_type *rrset;
+	domain_type *domain = zone->apex;
+	region_type* region = region_create(xalloc, free);
+	struct state_pretty_rr* state = create_pretty_rr(region);
+	/* first print the SOA record for the zone */
+	if(zone->soa_rrset) {
+		size_t i;
+		for(i=0; i < zone->soa_rrset->rr_count; i++) {
+			if(!print_rr(out, state, &zone->soa_rrset->rrs[i])){
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "There was an error "
+				   "printing SOARR to zone %s",
+				   zone->opts->name);
+				region_destroy(region);
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	/* go through entire tree below the zone apex (incl subzones) */
+	while(domain && domain_is_subdomain(domain, zone->apex))
+	{
+		for(rrset = domain->rrsets; rrset; rrset=rrset->next)
+		{
+			size_t i;
+			if(rrset->zone != zone || rrset == zone->soa_rrset)
+				continue;
+			for(i=0; i < rrset->rr_count; i++) {
+				if(!print_rr(out, state, &rrset->rrs[i])){
+					log_msg(LOG_ERR, "There was an error "
+					   "printing RR to zone %s",
+					   zone->opts->name);
+					region_destroy(region);
+					return 0;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		domain = domain_next(domain);
+	}
+	region_destroy(region);
+	return 1;
 }
 
 static int
-write_dname_iterator(domain_type *node, void *user_data)
+print_header(zone_type* zone, FILE* out, time_t* now, const char* logs)
 {
-	namedb_type *db = (namedb_type *) user_data;
-
-	return write_dname(db, node);
+	char buf[4096];
+	/* ctime prints newline at end of this line */
+	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "; zone %s written by NSD %s on %s",
+		zone->opts->name, PACKAGE_VERSION, ctime(now));
+	if(!write_data(out, buf, strlen(buf)))
+		return 0;
+	if(!logs || logs[0] == 0) return 1;
+	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "; %s\n", logs);
+	return write_data(out, buf, strlen(buf));
 }
 
 static int
-write_domain_iterator(domain_type *node, void *user_data)
+write_to_zonefile(zone_type* zone, const char* filename, const char* logs)
 {
-	namedb_type *db = (namedb_type *) user_data;
-	rrset_type *rrset;
-	int error = 0;
-
-	for (rrset = node->rrsets; rrset; rrset = rrset->next) {
-		error += write_rrset(db, node, rrset);
+	time_t now = time(0);
+	FILE *out;
+	VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO, "writing zone %s to file %s",
+		zone->opts->name, filename));
+
+	out = fopen(filename, "w");
+	if(!out) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot write zone %s file %s: %s",
+			zone->opts->name, filename, strerror(errno));
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if(!print_header(zone, out, &now, logs)) {
+		fclose(out);
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "There was an error printing "
+			"the header to zone %s", zone->opts->name);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if(!print_rrs(out, zone)) {
+		fclose(out);
+		return 0;
 	}
+	fclose(out);
+	return 1;
+}
 
-	return error;
+/** create directories above this file, .../dir/dir/dir/file */
+int
+create_dirs(const char* path)
+{
+	char dir[4096];
+	char* p;
+	strlcpy(dir, path, sizeof(dir));
+	/* if we start with / then do not try to create '' */
+	if(dir[0] == PATHSEP)
+		p = strchr(dir+1, PATHSEP);
+	else	p = strchr(dir, PATHSEP);
+	/* create each directory component from the left */
+	while(p) {
+		assert(*p == PATHSEP);
+		*p = 0; /* end the directory name here */
+		if(mkdir(dir
+#ifndef MKDIR_HAS_ONE_ARG
+			, 0750
+#endif
+			) == -1) {
+			if(errno != EEXIST) {
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "create dir %s: %s",
+					dir, strerror(errno));
+				return 0;
+			}
+			/* it already exists, OK, continue */
+		}
+		*p = PATHSEP;
+		p = strchr(p+1, PATHSEP);
+	}
+	return 1;
 }
 
-/*
- * Writes databse data into open database *db
- *
- * Returns zero if success.
- */
+/** create pathname components and check if file exists */
 static int
-write_db(namedb_type *db)
+create_path_components(const char* path, int* notexist)
 {
-	zone_type *zone;
-	uint32_t terminator = 0;
-	uint32_t dname_count = 1;
-	uint32_t zone_count = 1;
-	int errors = 0;
-
-	for (zone = db->zones; zone; zone = zone->next) {
-		zone->number = zone_count;
-		++zone_count;
-
-		if (!zone->soa_rrset) {
-			fprintf(stderr, "SOA record not present in %s\n",
-				dname_to_string(domain_dname(zone->apex),
-						NULL));
-			++errors;
+	/* stat the file, to see if it exists, and if its directories exist */
+	struct stat s;
+	if(stat(path, &s) != 0) {
+		if(errno == ENOENT) {
+			*notexist = 1;
+			/* see if we need to create pathname components */
+			return create_dirs(path);
 		}
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot stat %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
+		return 0;
 	}
+	*notexist = 0;
+	return 1;
+}
 
-	if (errors > 0)
-		return -1;
-
-	--zone_count;
-	if (!write_number(db, zone_count))
-		return -1;
-	for (zone = db->zones; zone; zone = zone->next) {
-		if (write_dname(db, zone->apex))
-			return -1;
+void
+namedb_write_zonefile(namedb_type* db, zone_options_t* zopt)
+{
+	const char* zfile;
+	int notexist = 0;
+	zone_type* zone;
+	/* if no zone exists, it has no contents or it has no zonefile
+	 * configured, then no need to write data to disk */
+	if(!zopt->pattern->zonefile)
+		return;
+	zone = namedb_find_zone(db, (const dname_type*)zopt->node.key);
+	if(!zone || !zone->apex)
+		return;
+	/* write if file does not exist, or if changed */
+	/* so, determine filename, create directory components, check exist*/
+	zfile = config_make_zonefile(zopt);
+	if(!create_path_components(zfile, &notexist)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write zone %s to file %s because "
+			"the path could not be created", zopt->name, zfile);
+		return;
 	}
 
-	if (domain_table_iterate(db->domains, number_dnames_iterator, &dname_count))
-		return -1;
-
-	--dname_count;
-	if (!write_number(db, dname_count))
-		return -1;
-
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_ZONEC, 1,
-	      (LOG_INFO, "Storing %lu domain names\n", (unsigned long) dname_count));
-
-	if (domain_table_iterate(db->domains, write_dname_iterator, db))
-		return -1;
-
-	if (domain_table_iterate(db->domains, write_domain_iterator, db))
-		return -1;
-
-	if (!write_data_crc(db->fd, &terminator, sizeof(terminator), &db->crc))
-		return -1;
+	/* if not changed, do not write. */
+	if(notexist || zone->is_changed) {
+		char logs[4096];
+		char bakfile[4096];
+		udb_ptr zudb;
+		if(!udb_zone_search(db->udb, &zudb,
+			dname_name(domain_dname(zone->apex)),
+			domain_dname(zone->apex)->name_size))
+			return; /* zone does not exist in db */
+		/* write to zfile~ first, then rename if that works */
+		snprintf(bakfile, sizeof(bakfile), "%s~", zfile);
+		if(ZONE(&zudb)->log_str.data) {
+			udb_ptr s;
+			udb_ptr_new(&s, db->udb, &ZONE(&zudb)->log_str);
+			strlcpy(logs, (char*)udb_ptr_data(&s), sizeof(logs));
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&s, db->udb);
+		} else logs[0] = 0;
+		if(!write_to_zonefile(zone, bakfile, logs)) {
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&zudb, db->udb);
+			return; /* error already printed */
+		}
+		if(rename(bakfile, zfile) == -1) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "rename(%s to %s) failed: %s",
+				bakfile, zfile, strerror(errno));
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&zudb, db->udb);
+			return;
+		}
+		zone->is_changed = 0;
+		ZONE(&zudb)->mtime = (uint64_t)time(0);
+		ZONE(&zudb)->is_changed = 0;
+		udb_zone_set_log_str(db->udb, &zudb, NULL);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&zudb, db->udb);
+	}
+}
 
-	return 0;
+void
+namedb_write_zonefiles(namedb_type* db, nsd_options_t* options)
+{
+	zone_options_t* zo;
+	RBTREE_FOR(zo, zone_options_t*, options->zone_options) {
+		namedb_write_zonefile(db, zo);
+	}
 }
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/difffile.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/difffile.c
index 2b6d721d878..0719cf6f9dc 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/difffile.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/difffile.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * difffile.c - DIFF file handling source code. Read and write diff files.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -14,22 +14,26 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include "difffile.h"
+#include "xfrd-disk.h"
 #include "util.h"
 #include "packet.h"
 #include "rdata.h"
+#include "udb.h"
+#include "udbzone.h"
 #include "nsec3.h"
+#include "nsd.h"
+#include "rrl.h"
 
 static int
-write_32(FILE *out, uint32_t val)
+write_64(FILE *out, uint64_t val)
 {
-	val = htonl(val);
 	return write_data(out, &val, sizeof(val));
 }
 
 static int
-write_16(FILE *out, uint16_t val)
+write_32(FILE *out, uint32_t val)
 {
-	val = htons(val);
+	val = htonl(val);
 	return write_data(out, &val, sizeof(val));
 }
 
@@ -49,142 +53,117 @@ write_str(FILE *out, const char* str)
 }
 
 void
-diff_write_packet(const char* zone, uint32_t new_serial, uint16_t id,
-	uint32_t seq_nr, uint8_t* data, size_t len, nsd_options_t* opt)
+diff_write_packet(const char* zone, const char* pat, uint32_t old_serial,
+	uint32_t new_serial, uint32_t seq_nr, uint8_t* data, size_t len,
+	struct nsd* nsd, uint64_t filenumber)
 {
-	const char* filename = opt->difffile;
-	struct timeval tv;
-	FILE *df;
-	uint32_t file_len = sizeof(uint32_t) + strlen(zone) +
-		sizeof(new_serial) + sizeof(id) + sizeof(seq_nr) + len;
-
-	if (gettimeofday(&tv, NULL) != 0) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not set timestamp for %s: %s",
-			filename, strerror(errno));
+	FILE* df = xfrd_open_xfrfile(nsd, filenumber, seq_nr?"a":"w");
+	if(!df) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not open transfer %s file %lld: %s",
+			zone, (long long)filenumber, strerror(errno));
 		return;
 	}
 
-	df = fopen(filename, "a");
-	if(!df) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not open file %s for append: %s",
-			filename, strerror(errno));
-		return;
+	/* if first part, first write the header */
+	if(seq_nr == 0) {
+		struct timeval tv;
+		if (gettimeofday(&tv, NULL) != 0) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not get timestamp for %s: %s",
+				zone, strerror(errno));
+		}
+		if(!write_32(df, DIFF_PART_XFRF) ||
+			!write_8(df, 0) /* notcommitted(yet) */ ||
+			!write_32(df, 0) /* numberofparts when done */ ||
+			!write_64(df, (uint64_t) tv.tv_sec) ||
+			!write_32(df, (uint32_t) tv.tv_usec) ||
+			!write_32(df, old_serial) ||
+			!write_32(df, new_serial) ||
+			!write_64(df, (uint64_t) tv.tv_sec) ||
+			!write_32(df, (uint32_t) tv.tv_usec) ||
+			!write_str(df, zone) ||
+			!write_str(df, pat)) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write transfer %s file %lld: %s",
+				zone, (long long)filenumber, strerror(errno));
+			fclose(df);
+			return;
+		}
 	}
 
-	if(!write_32(df, DIFF_PART_IXFR) ||
-		!write_32(df, (uint32_t) tv.tv_sec) ||
-		!write_32(df, (uint32_t) tv.tv_usec) ||
-		!write_32(df, file_len) ||
-		!write_str(df, zone) ||
-		!write_32(df, new_serial) ||
-		!write_16(df, id) ||
-		!write_32(df, seq_nr) ||
+	if(!write_32(df, DIFF_PART_XXFR) ||
+		!write_32(df, len) ||
 		!write_data(df, data, len) ||
-		!write_32(df, file_len))
+		!write_32(df, len))
 	{
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write to file %s: %s",
-			filename, strerror(errno));
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write transfer %s file %lld: %s",
+			zone, (long long)filenumber, strerror(errno));
 	}
 	fclose(df);
 }
 
 void
-diff_write_commit(const char* zone, uint32_t old_serial,
-	uint32_t new_serial, uint16_t id, uint32_t num_parts,
-	uint8_t commit, const char* log_str, nsd_options_t* opt)
+diff_write_commit(const char* zone, uint32_t old_serial, uint32_t new_serial,
+	uint32_t num_parts, uint8_t commit, const char* log_str,
+	struct nsd* nsd, uint64_t filenumber)
 {
-	const char* filename = opt->difffile;
 	struct timeval tv;
-	FILE *df;
-	uint32_t len;
+	FILE* df;
 
 	if (gettimeofday(&tv, NULL) != 0) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not set timestamp for %s: %s",
-			filename, strerror(errno));
-		return;
+			zone, strerror(errno));
 	}
 
-	df = fopen(filename, "a");
+	/* overwrite the first part of the file with 'committed = 1', 
+	 * as well as the end_time and number of parts.
+	 * also write old_serial and new_serial, so that a bad file mixup
+	 * will result in unusable serial numbers. */
+
+	df = xfrd_open_xfrfile(nsd, filenumber, "r+");
 	if(!df) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not open file %s for append: %s",
-			filename, strerror(errno));
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not open transfer %s file %lld: %s",
+			zone, (long long)filenumber, strerror(errno));
 		return;
 	}
-
-	len = strlen(zone) + sizeof(len) + sizeof(old_serial) +
-		sizeof(new_serial) + sizeof(id) + sizeof(num_parts) +
-		sizeof(commit) + strlen(log_str) + sizeof(len);
-
-	if(!write_32(df, DIFF_PART_SURE) ||
-		!write_32(df, (uint32_t) tv.tv_sec) ||
+	if(!write_32(df, DIFF_PART_XFRF) ||
+		!write_8(df, commit) /* committed */ ||
+		!write_32(df, num_parts) ||
+		!write_64(df, (uint64_t) tv.tv_sec) ||
 		!write_32(df, (uint32_t) tv.tv_usec) ||
-		!write_32(df, len) ||
-		!write_str(df, zone) ||
 		!write_32(df, old_serial) ||
-		!write_32(df, new_serial) ||
-		!write_16(df, id) ||
-		!write_32(df, num_parts) ||
-		!write_8(df, commit) ||
-		!write_str(df, log_str) ||
-		!write_32(df, len))
+		!write_32(df, new_serial))
 	{
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write to file %s: %s",
-			filename, strerror(errno));
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write transfer %s file %lld: %s",
+			zone, (long long)filenumber, strerror(errno));
+		fclose(df);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* append the log_str to the end of the file */
+	if(fseek(df, 0, SEEK_END) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not fseek transfer %s file %lld: %s",
+			zone, (long long)filenumber, strerror(errno));
+		fclose(df);
+		return;
+	}
+	if(!write_str(df, log_str)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write transfer %s file %lld: %s",
+			zone, (long long)filenumber, strerror(errno));
+		fclose(df);
+		return;
+
 	}
 	fflush(df);
 	fclose(df);
 }
 
-/*
- * Checksum to signal no data change occured (for example, by a
- * zonec run.
- */
 int
-db_crc_different(namedb_type* db)
+diff_read_64(FILE *in, uint64_t* result)
 {
-	FILE *fd = fopen(db->filename, "r");
-	uint32_t crc_file;
-	char buf[NAMEDB_MAGIC_SIZE];
-	if(fd == NULL) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "unable to load %s: %s",
-			db->filename, strerror(errno));
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	/* seek to position of CRC, check it and magic no */
-	if(fseeko(fd, db->crc_pos, SEEK_SET)==-1) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "unable to fseeko %s: %s. db changed?",
-			db->filename, strerror(errno));
-		fclose(fd);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	if(fread(&crc_file, sizeof(crc_file), 1, fd) != 1) {
-		if(!feof(fd))
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not read %s CRC: %s. "
-				"db changed?", db->filename, strerror(errno));
-		fclose(fd);
-		return -1;
-	}
-	crc_file = ntohl(crc_file);
-
-	if(fread(buf, sizeof(char), sizeof(buf), fd) != sizeof(buf)) {
-		if(!feof(fd))
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not read %s magic: %s. "
-				"db changed?", db->filename, strerror(errno));
-		fclose(fd);
-		return -1;
-	}
-	if(memcmp(buf, NAMEDB_MAGIC, NAMEDB_MAGIC_SIZE) != 0) {
-		fclose(fd);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	fclose(fd);
-
-	if(db->crc == crc_file)
+	if (fread(result, sizeof(*result), 1, in) == 1) {
+		return 1;
+	} else {
 		return 0;
-	return 1;
+	}
 }
 
 int
@@ -199,17 +178,6 @@ diff_read_32(FILE *in, uint32_t* result)
 }
 
 int
-diff_read_16(FILE *in, uint16_t* result)
-{
-        if (fread(result, sizeof(*result), 1, in) == 1) {
-                *result = ntohs(*result);
-                return 1;
-        } else {
-                return 0;
-        }
-}
-
-int
 diff_read_8(FILE *in, uint8_t* result)
 {
         if (fread(result, sizeof(*result), 1, in) == 1) {
@@ -259,7 +227,7 @@ has_data_below(domain_type* top)
 	assert(d != NULL);
 	/* in the canonical ordering subdomains are after this name */
 	d = domain_next(d);
-	while(d != NULL && dname_is_subdomain(domain_dname(d), domain_dname(top))) {
+	while(d != NULL && domain_is_subdomain(d, top)) {
 		if(d->is_existing)
 			return 1;
 		d = domain_next(d);
@@ -267,35 +235,8 @@ has_data_below(domain_type* top)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-
-/* this routine makes empty terminals non-existent.
- * @domain the lowest empty terminal
- * @ce the closest encloser
- */
-static domain_type*
-rrset_delete_empty_terminals(domain_type* domain, domain_type* ce)
-{
-	assert(domain);
-	if (domain->rrsets == 0) {
-		/* if there is no data below it, it becomes non existing.
-		   also empty nonterminals above it become nonexisting */
-		/* check for data below this node. */
-		if(!has_data_below(domain)) {
-			/* nonexist this domain and all parent empty nonterminals */
-			domain_type* p = domain;
-			while(p != NULL && p->rrsets == 0) {
-				if(p == ce || has_data_below(p))
-					return p;
-				p->is_existing = 0;
-				p = p->parent;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return NULL;
-}
-
-
-static domain_type*
+/** remove rrset.  Adjusts zone params.  Does not remove domain */
+static void
 rrset_delete(namedb_type* db, domain_type* domain, rrset_type* rrset)
 {
 	int i;
@@ -306,40 +247,29 @@ rrset_delete(namedb_type* db, domain_type* domain, rrset_type* rrset)
 	}
 	if(!*pp) {
 		/* rrset does not exist for domain */
-		return NULL;
+		return;
 	}
 	*pp = rrset->next;
 
 	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "delete rrset of %s type %s",
-		dname_to_string(domain_dname(domain),0),
+		domain_to_string(domain),
 		rrtype_to_string(rrset_rrtype(rrset))));
 
 	/* is this a SOA rrset ? */
 	if(rrset->zone->soa_rrset == rrset) {
 		rrset->zone->soa_rrset = 0;
-		rrset->zone->updated = 1;
-		domain->has_SOA = 0;
 	}
 	if(rrset->zone->ns_rrset == rrset) {
 		rrset->zone->ns_rrset = 0;
 	}
 	if(domain == rrset->zone->apex && rrset_rrtype(rrset) == TYPE_RRSIG) {
 		for (i = 0; i < rrset->rr_count; ++i) {
-			if (rr_rrsig_type_covered(&rrset->rrs[i]) == TYPE_DNSKEY) {
+			if(rr_rrsig_type_covered(&rrset->rrs[i])==TYPE_DNSKEY) {
 				rrset->zone->is_secure = 0;
 				break;
 			}
 		}
 	}
-
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	if (rrset->rrs[0].type == TYPE_NSEC3) {
-		namedb_del_nsec3_domain(db, domain, rrset->zone);
-	}
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-
 	/* recycle the memory space of the rrset */
 	for (i = 0; i < rrset->rr_count; ++i)
 		add_rdata_to_recyclebin(db, &rrset->rrs[i]);
@@ -349,60 +279,334 @@ rrset_delete(namedb_type* db, domain_type* domain, rrset_type* rrset)
 	region_recycle(db->region, rrset, sizeof(rrset_type));
 
 	/* is the node now an empty node (completely deleted) */
-	if (domain->rrsets == 0) {
-		return domain;
+	if(domain->rrsets == 0) {
+		/* if there is no data below it, it becomes non existing.
+		   also empty nonterminals above it become nonexisting */
+		/* check for data below this node. */
+		if(!has_data_below(domain)) {
+			/* nonexist this domain and all parent empty nonterminals */
+			domain_type* p = domain;
+			while(p != NULL && p->rrsets == 0) {
+				if(has_data_below(p))
+					break;
+				p->is_existing = 0;
+				p = p->parent;
+			}
+		}
 	}
-	return NULL;
 }
 
 static int
-rdatas_equal(rdata_atom_type *a, rdata_atom_type *b, int num, uint16_t type)
+rdatas_equal(rdata_atom_type *a, rdata_atom_type *b, int num, uint16_t type,
+	int* rdnum, char** reason)
 {
 	int k;
 	for(k = 0; k < num; k++)
 	{
 		if(rdata_atom_is_domain(type, k)) {
 			if(dname_compare(domain_dname(a[k].domain),
-				domain_dname(b[k].domain))!=0)
+				domain_dname(b[k].domain))!=0) {
+				*rdnum = k;
+				*reason = "dname data";
+				return 0;
+			}
+		} else if(rdata_atom_is_literal_domain(type, k)) {
+			/* literal dname, but compare case insensitive */
+			if(a[k].data[0] != b[k].data[0]) {
+				*rdnum = k;
+				*reason = "literal dname len";
+				return 0; /* uncompressed len must be equal*/
+			}
+			if(!dname_equal_nocase((uint8_t*)(a[k].data+1),
+				(uint8_t*)(b[k].data+1), a[k].data[0])) {
+				*rdnum = k;
+				*reason = "literal dname data";
 				return 0;
+			}
 		} else {
 			/* check length */
-			if(a[k].data[0] != b[k].data[0])
+			if(a[k].data[0] != b[k].data[0]) {
+				*rdnum = k;
+				*reason = "rdata len";
 				return 0;
+			}
 			/* check data */
-			if(memcmp(a[k].data+1, b[k].data+1, a[k].data[0])!=0)
+			if(memcmp(a[k].data+1, b[k].data+1, a[k].data[0])!=0) {
+				*rdnum = k;
+				*reason = "rdata data";
 				return 0;
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int
-find_rr_num(rrset_type* rrset,
-	uint16_t type, uint16_t klass,
+static void
+debug_find_rr_num(rrset_type* rrset, uint16_t type, uint16_t klass,
 	rdata_atom_type *rdatas, ssize_t rdata_num)
 {
-	int i;
+	int i, rd;
+	char* reason = "";
+
+	for(i=0; i < rrset->rr_count; ++i) {
+		if (rrset->rrs[i].type != type) {
+			log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "diff: RR <%s, %s> does not match "
+				"RR num %d type %s",
+				dname_to_string(rrset->rrs[i].owner->dname,0),
+				rrtype_to_string(type),	i,
+				rrtype_to_string(rrset->rrs[i].type));
+		}
+		if (rrset->rrs[i].klass != klass) {
+			log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "diff: RR <%s, %s> class %d "
+				"does not match RR num %d class %d",
+				dname_to_string(rrset->rrs[i].owner->dname,0),
+				rrtype_to_string(type),
+				klass, i,
+				rrset->rrs[i].klass);
+		}
+		if (rrset->rrs[i].rdata_count != rdata_num) {
+			log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "diff: RR <%s, %s> rdlen %u "
+				"does not match RR num %d rdlen %d",
+				dname_to_string(rrset->rrs[i].owner->dname,0),
+				rrtype_to_string(type),
+				(unsigned) rdata_num, i,
+				(unsigned) rrset->rrs[i].rdata_count);
+		}
+		if (!rdatas_equal(rdatas, rrset->rrs[i].rdatas, rdata_num, type,
+			&rd, &reason)) {
+			log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "diff: RR <%s, %s> rdata element "
+				"%d differs from RR num %d rdata (%s)",
+				dname_to_string(rrset->rrs[i].owner->dname,0),
+				rrtype_to_string(type),
+				rd, i, reason);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+find_rr_num(rrset_type* rrset, uint16_t type, uint16_t klass,
+	rdata_atom_type *rdatas, ssize_t rdata_num, int add)
+{
+	int i, rd;
+	char* reason;
 
 	for(i=0; i < rrset->rr_count; ++i) {
 		if(rrset->rrs[i].type == type &&
 		   rrset->rrs[i].klass == klass &&
 		   rrset->rrs[i].rdata_count == rdata_num &&
-		   rdatas_equal(rdatas, rrset->rrs[i].rdatas, rdata_num, type))
+		   rdatas_equal(rdatas, rrset->rrs[i].rdatas, rdata_num, type,
+			&rd, &reason))
 		{
 			return i;
 		}
 	}
-
+        /* this is odd. Log why rr cannot be found. */
+	if (!add) {
+		debug_find_rr_num(rrset, type, klass, rdatas, rdata_num);
+	}
 	return -1;
 }
 
-static int
+#ifdef NSEC3
+/* see if nsec3 deletion triggers need action */
+static void
+nsec3_delete_rr_trigger(namedb_type* db, rr_type* rr, zone_type* zone,
+	udb_ptr* udbz)
+{
+	/* the RR has not actually been deleted yet, so we can inspect it */
+	if(!zone->nsec3_param)
+		return;
+	/* see if the domain was an NSEC3-domain in the chain, but no longer */
+	if(rr->type == TYPE_NSEC3 && rr->owner->nsec3 &&
+		rr->owner->nsec3->nsec3_node.key &&
+		nsec3_rr_uses_params(rr, zone) &&
+		nsec3_in_chain_count(rr->owner, zone) <= 1) {
+		domain_type* prev = nsec3_chain_find_prev(zone, rr->owner);
+		/* remove from prehash because no longer an NSEC3 domain */
+		if(domain_is_prehash(db->domains, rr->owner))
+			prehash_del(db->domains, rr->owner);
+		/* fixup the last in the zone */
+		if(rr->owner == zone->nsec3_last)
+			zone->nsec3_last = prev;
+		/* unlink from the nsec3tree */
+		zone_del_domain_in_hash_tree(zone->nsec3tree,
+			&rr->owner->nsec3->nsec3_node);
+		/* add previous NSEC3 to the prehash list */
+		if(prev && prev != rr->owner)
+			prehash_add(db->domains, prev);
+		else	nsec3_clear_precompile(db, zone);
+		/* this domain becomes ordinary data domain: done later */
+	}
+	/* see if the rr was NSEC3PARAM that we were using */
+	else if(rr->type == TYPE_NSEC3PARAM && rr == zone->nsec3_param) {
+		/* clear trees, wipe hashes, wipe precompile */
+		nsec3_clear_precompile(db, zone);
+		/* pick up new nsec3param from udb */
+		nsec3_find_zone_param(db, zone, udbz);
+		/* if no more NSEC3, done */
+		if(!zone->nsec3_param)
+			return;
+		nsec3_precompile_newparam(db, zone);
+	}
+}
+
+/* see if nsec3 prehash can be removed with new rrset content */
+static void
+nsec3_rrsets_changed_remove_prehash(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone)
+{
+	/* deletion of rrset already done, we can check if conditions apply */
+	/* see if the domain is no longer precompiled */
+	/* it has a hash_node, but no longer fulfills conditions */
+	if(nsec3_domain_part_of_zone(domain, zone) && domain->nsec3 &&
+		domain->nsec3->hash_node.key &&
+		!nsec3_condition_hash(domain, zone)) {
+		/* remove precompile */
+		domain->nsec3->nsec3_cover = NULL;
+		domain->nsec3->nsec3_wcard_child_cover = NULL;
+		domain->nsec3->nsec3_is_exact = 0;
+		/* remove it from the hash tree */
+		zone_del_domain_in_hash_tree(zone->hashtree,
+			&domain->nsec3->hash_node);
+		zone_del_domain_in_hash_tree(zone->wchashtree,
+			&domain->nsec3->wchash_node);
+	}
+	if(domain != zone->apex && domain->nsec3 &&
+		domain->nsec3->dshash_node.key &&
+		!nsec3_condition_dshash(domain, zone)) {
+		/* remove precompile */
+		domain->nsec3->nsec3_ds_parent_cover = NULL;
+		domain->nsec3->nsec3_ds_parent_is_exact = 0;
+		/* remove it from the hash tree */
+		zone_del_domain_in_hash_tree(zone->dshashtree,
+			&domain->nsec3->dshash_node);
+	}
+}
+
+/* see if domain needs to get precompiled info */
+static void
+nsec3_rrsets_changed_add_prehash(namedb_type* db, domain_type* domain,
+	zone_type* zone)
+{
+	if(!zone->nsec3_param)
+		return;
+	if((!domain->nsec3 || !domain->nsec3->hash_node.key)
+		&& nsec3_condition_hash(domain, zone)) {
+		region_type* tmpregion = region_create(xalloc, free);
+		nsec3_precompile_domain(db, domain, zone, tmpregion);
+		region_destroy(tmpregion);
+	}
+	if((!domain->nsec3 || !domain->nsec3->dshash_node.key)
+		&& nsec3_condition_dshash(domain, zone)) {
+		nsec3_precompile_domain_ds(db, domain, zone);
+	}
+}
+
+/* see if nsec3 rrset-deletion triggers need action */
+static void
+nsec3_delete_rrset_trigger(namedb_type* db, domain_type* domain,
+	zone_type* zone, uint16_t type)
+{
+	if(!zone->nsec3_param)
+		return;
+	nsec3_rrsets_changed_remove_prehash(domain, zone);
+	/* for type nsec3, or a delegation, the domain may have become a
+	 * 'normal' domain with its remaining data now */
+	if(type == TYPE_NSEC3 || type == TYPE_NS || type == TYPE_DS)
+		nsec3_rrsets_changed_add_prehash(db, domain, zone);
+	/* for type DNAME or a delegation, obscured data may be revealed */
+	if(type == TYPE_NS || type == TYPE_DS || type == TYPE_DNAME) {
+		/* walk over subdomains and check them each */
+		domain_type *d;
+		for(d=domain_next(domain); d && domain_is_subdomain(d, domain);
+			d=domain_next(d)) {
+			nsec3_rrsets_changed_add_prehash(db, d, zone);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/* see if nsec3 addition triggers need action */
+static void
+nsec3_add_rr_trigger(namedb_type* db, rr_type* rr, zone_type* zone,
+	udb_ptr* udbz)
+{
+	/* the RR has been added in full, also to UDB (and thus NSEC3PARAM 
+	 * in the udb has been adjusted) */
+	if(zone->nsec3_param && rr->type == TYPE_NSEC3 &&
+		(!rr->owner->nsec3 || !rr->owner->nsec3->nsec3_node.key)
+		&& nsec3_rr_uses_params(rr, zone)) {
+		/* added NSEC3 into the chain */
+		nsec3_precompile_nsec3rr(db, rr->owner, zone);
+		/* the domain has become an NSEC3-domain, if it was precompiled
+		 * previously, remove that, neatly done in routine above */
+		nsec3_rrsets_changed_remove_prehash(rr->owner, zone);
+		/* set this NSEC3 to prehash */
+		prehash_add(db->domains, rr->owner);
+	} else if(!zone->nsec3_param && rr->type == TYPE_NSEC3PARAM) {
+		/* see if this means NSEC3 chain can be used */
+		nsec3_find_zone_param(db, zone, udbz);
+		if(!zone->nsec3_param)
+			return;
+		nsec3_zone_trees_create(db->region, zone);
+		nsec3_precompile_newparam(db, zone);
+	}
+}
+
+/* see if nsec3 rrset-addition triggers need action */
+static void
+nsec3_add_rrset_trigger(namedb_type* db, domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone,
+	uint16_t type)
+{
+	/* the rrset has been added so we can inspect it */
+	if(!zone->nsec3_param)
+		return;
+	/* because the rrset is added we can check conditions easily.
+	 * check if domain needs to become precompiled now */
+	nsec3_rrsets_changed_add_prehash(db, domain, zone);
+	/* if a delegation, it changes from normal name to unhashed referral */
+	if(type == TYPE_NS || type == TYPE_DS) {
+		nsec3_rrsets_changed_remove_prehash(domain, zone);
+	}
+	/* if delegation or DNAME added, then some RRs may get obscured */
+	if(type == TYPE_NS || type == TYPE_DS || type == TYPE_DNAME) {
+		/* walk over subdomains and check them each */
+		domain_type *d;
+		for(d=domain_next(domain); d && domain_is_subdomain(d, domain);
+			d=domain_next(d)) {
+			nsec3_rrsets_changed_remove_prehash(d, zone);
+		}
+	}
+}
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+
+/* fixup usage lower for domain names in the rdata */
+static void
+rr_lower_usage(namedb_type* db, rr_type* rr)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+	for(i=0; i<rr->rdata_count; i++) {
+		if(rdata_atom_is_domain(rr->type, i)) {
+			assert(rdata_atom_domain(rr->rdatas[i])->usage > 0);
+			rdata_atom_domain(rr->rdatas[i])->usage --;
+			if(rdata_atom_domain(rr->rdatas[i])->usage == 0)
+				domain_table_deldomain(db,
+					rdata_atom_domain(rr->rdatas[i]));
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+rrset_lower_usage(namedb_type* db, rrset_type* rrset)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+	for(i=0; i<rrset->rr_count; i++)
+		rr_lower_usage(db, &rrset->rrs[i]);
+}
+
+int
 delete_RR(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
 	uint16_t type, uint16_t klass,
-	domain_type* prevdomain,
 	buffer_type* packet, size_t rdatalen, zone_type *zone,
-	region_type* temp_region, int is_axfr)
+	region_type* temp_region, udb_ptr* udbz)
 {
 	domain_type *domain;
 	rrset_type *rrset;
@@ -436,36 +640,30 @@ delete_RR(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
 				dname_to_string(dname,0));
 			return 0;
 		}
-		rrnum = find_rr_num(rrset, type, klass, rdatas, rdata_num);
+		rrnum = find_rr_num(rrset, type, klass, rdatas, rdata_num, 0);
 		if(rrnum == -1) {
 			log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "diff: RR <%s, %s> does not exist",
 				dname_to_string(dname,0), rrtype_to_string(type));
 			return 1; /* not fatal error */
 		}
+		/* delete the normalized RR from the udb */
+		udb_del_rr(db->udb, udbz, &rrset->rrs[rrnum]);
 #ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-		if (is_axfr == 0) {
-			struct domain *parent = domain;
-			do {
-				if (0 != namedb_add_nsec3_mod_domain(db,
-								    parent)) {
-					return 0;
-				}
-				parent = parent->parent;
-			} while (parent != zone->apex->parent);
-		}
-#else
-		(void)is_axfr;
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-
+		/* process triggers for RR deletions */
+		nsec3_delete_rr_trigger(db, &rrset->rrs[rrnum], zone, udbz);
+#endif
+		/* lower usage (possibly deleting other domains, and thus
+		 * invalidating the current RR's domain pointers) */
+		rr_lower_usage(db, &rrset->rrs[rrnum]);
 		if(rrset->rr_count == 1) {
 			/* delete entire rrset */
-			domain = rrset_delete(db, domain, rrset);
-			if (domain && domain != prevdomain && !domain->nextdiff) {
-				/* this domain is not yet in the diff chain */
-				prevdomain->nextdiff = domain;
-			}
+			rrset_delete(db, domain, rrset);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+			/* cleanup nsec3 */
+			nsec3_delete_rrset_trigger(db, domain, zone, type);
+#endif
+			/* see if the domain can be deleted (and inspect parents) */
+			domain_table_deldomain(db, domain);
 		} else {
 			/* swap out the bad RR and decrease the count */
 			rr_type* rrs_orig = rrset->rrs;
@@ -482,17 +680,40 @@ delete_RR(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
 			}
 			region_recycle(db->region, rrs_orig,
 				sizeof(rr_type) * rrset->rr_count);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+			if(type == TYPE_NSEC3PARAM && zone->nsec3_param) {
+				/* fixup nsec3_param pointer to same RR */
+				assert(zone->nsec3_param >= rrs_orig &&
+					zone->nsec3_param <=
+					rrs_orig+rrset->rr_count);
+				/* last moved to rrnum, others at same index*/
+				if(zone->nsec3_param == &rrs_orig[
+					rrset->rr_count-1])
+					zone->nsec3_param = &rrset->rrs[rrnum];
+				else
+					zone->nsec3_param =
+						(void*)zone->nsec3_param
+						-(void*)rrs_orig +
+						(void*)rrset->rrs;
+			}
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
 			rrset->rr_count --;
+#ifdef NSEC3
+			/* for type nsec3, the domain may have become a
+			 * 'normal' domain with its remaining data now */
+			if(type == TYPE_NSEC3)
+				nsec3_rrsets_changed_add_prehash(db, domain,
+					zone);
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
 		}
 	}
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int
+int
 add_RR(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
 	uint16_t type, uint16_t klass, uint32_t ttl,
-	buffer_type* packet, size_t rdatalen, zone_type *zone,
-	int is_axfr)
+	buffer_type* packet, size_t rdatalen, zone_type *zone, udb_ptr* udbz)
 {
 	domain_type* domain;
 	rrset_type* rrset;
@@ -500,6 +721,7 @@ add_RR(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
 	rr_type *rrs_old;
 	ssize_t rdata_num;
 	int rrnum;
+	int rrset_added = 0;
 	domain = domain_table_find(db->domains, dname);
 	if(!domain) {
 		/* create the domain */
@@ -517,6 +739,7 @@ add_RR(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
 		rrset->rrs = 0;
 		rrset->rr_count = 0;
 		domain_add_rrset(domain, rrset);
+		rrset_added = 1;
 	}
 
 	/* dnames in rdata are normalized, conform RFC 4035,
@@ -529,21 +752,13 @@ add_RR(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
 			dname_to_string(dname,0));
 		return 0;
 	}
-	rrnum = find_rr_num(rrset, type, klass, rdatas, rdata_num);
+	rrnum = find_rr_num(rrset, type, klass, rdatas, rdata_num, 1);
 	if(rrnum != -1) {
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD, 2, (LOG_ERR, "diff: RR <%s, %s> already exists",
 			dname_to_string(dname,0), rrtype_to_string(type)));
 		/* ignore already existing RR: lenient accepting of messages */
 		return 1;
 	}
-	if(domain == zone->apex) {
-		/* make sure we don't get multiple soa rrs  */
-		if (type == TYPE_SOA && rrset->rr_count > 0) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "diff: multiple soa records for %s",
-				dname_to_string(dname,0));
-			return 0;
-		}
-	}
 
 	/* re-alloc the rrs and add the new */
 	rrs_old = rrset->rrs;
@@ -567,190 +782,104 @@ add_RR(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
 
 	/* see if it is a SOA */
 	if(domain == zone->apex) {
-		if(type == TYPE_SOA) {
-			uint32_t soa_minimum;
-			zone->soa_rrset = rrset;
-			zone->updated = 1;
-			/* BUG #103 tweaked SOA ttl value */
-			if(zone->soa_nx_rrset == 0) {
-				zone->soa_nx_rrset = region_alloc(db->region,
-					sizeof(rrset_type));
-				if(!zone->soa_nx_rrset) {
-					log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory, %s:%d",
-						__FILE__, __LINE__);
-					exit(1);
-				}
-				zone->soa_nx_rrset->rr_count = 1;
-				zone->soa_nx_rrset->next = 0;
-				zone->soa_nx_rrset->zone = zone;
-				zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs = region_alloc(db->region,
-					sizeof(rr_type));
-				if(!zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs) {
-					log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory, %s:%d",
-						__FILE__, __LINE__);
-					exit(1);
-				}
-			}
-			memcpy(zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs, rrset->rrs, sizeof(rr_type));
-			memcpy(&soa_minimum, rdata_atom_data(rrset->rrs->rdatas[6]),
-				rdata_atom_size(rrset->rrs->rdatas[6]));
-			if (rrset->rrs->ttl > ntohl(soa_minimum)) {
-				rrset->zone->soa_nx_rrset->rrs[0].ttl = ntohl(soa_minimum);
-			}
-			domain->has_SOA = 1;
-		}
-		if(type == TYPE_NS) {
-			zone->ns_rrset = rrset;
-		}
-		if(type == TYPE_RRSIG) {
-			int i;
-			for (i = 0; i < rrset->rr_count; ++i) {
-				if (rr_rrsig_type_covered(&rrset->rrs[i]) == TYPE_DNSKEY) {
-					zone->is_secure = 1;
-					break;
-				}
-			}
+		apex_rrset_checks(db, rrset, domain);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+		if(type == TYPE_NSEC3PARAM && zone->nsec3_param) {
+			/* the pointer just changed, fix it up to point
+			 * to the same record */
+			assert(zone->nsec3_param >= rrs_old &&
+				zone->nsec3_param < rrs_old+rrset->rr_count);
+			/* in this order to make sure no overflow/underflow*/
+			zone->nsec3_param = (void*)zone->nsec3_param - 
+				(void*)rrs_old + (void*)rrset->rrs;
 		}
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
 	}
 
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	if ((type == TYPE_NSEC3) &&
-	    (rrset->rr_count == 1)) {
-		/* NSEC3 RRset just added */
-		if (0 != namedb_add_nsec3_domain(db, domain, zone))
-			return 0;
+	/* write the just-normalized RR to the udb */
+	if(!udb_write_rr(db->udb, udbz, &rrset->rrs[rrset->rr_count - 1])) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not add RR to nsd.db, disk-space?");
+		return 0;
 	}
-	if (is_axfr == 0) {
-		struct domain *parent = domain;
-		do {
-			if (0 != namedb_add_nsec3_mod_domain(db, parent))
-				return 0;
-			parent = parent->parent;
-		} while (parent != zone->apex->parent);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	if(rrset_added) {
+		domain_type* p = domain->parent;
+		nsec3_add_rrset_trigger(db, domain, zone, type);
+		/* go up and process (possibly created) empty nonterminals, 
+		 * until we hit the apex or root */
+		while(p && p->rrsets == NULL && !p->is_apex) {
+			nsec3_rrsets_changed_add_prehash(db, p, zone);
+			p = p->parent;
+		}
 	}
-#else
-	(void)is_axfr;
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
+	nsec3_add_rr_trigger(db, &rrset->rrs[rrset->rr_count - 1], zone, udbz);
 #endif /* NSEC3 */
-
 	return 1;
 }
 
 static zone_type*
-find_zone(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* zone_name, nsd_options_t* opt,
-	size_t child_count)
+find_or_create_zone(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* zone_name,
+	nsd_options_t* opt, const char* zstr, const char* patname)
 {
-	domain_type *domain;
 	zone_type* zone;
-	zone_options_t* opts;
-	domain = domain_table_find(db->domains, zone_name);
-	if(!domain) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfr: creating domain %s",
-			dname_to_string(zone_name,0)));
-		/* create the zone and domain of apex (zone has config options) */
-		domain = domain_table_insert(db->domains, zone_name);
-	} else {
-		/* O(1) if SOA exists */
-		zone = domain_find_zone(domain);
-		/* if domain was empty (no rrsets, empty zone) search in zonelist */
-		/* check apex to make sure we don't find a parent zone */
-		if(!zone || zone->apex != domain)
-			zone = namedb_find_zone(db, domain);
-		if(zone) {
-			assert(zone->apex == domain);
-			return zone;
+	zone_options_t* zopt;
+	zone = namedb_find_zone(db, zone_name);
+	if(zone) {
+		return zone;
+	}
+	zopt = zone_options_find(opt, zone_name);
+	if(!zopt) {
+		/* if _implicit_ then insert as _part_of_config */
+		if(strncmp(patname, PATTERN_IMPLICIT_MARKER,
+			strlen(PATTERN_IMPLICIT_MARKER)) == 0) {
+			zopt = zone_options_create(opt->region);
+			if(!zopt) return 0;
+			zopt->part_of_config = 1;
+			zopt->name = region_strdup(opt->region, zstr);
+			zopt->pattern = pattern_options_find(opt, patname);
+			if(!zopt->name || !zopt->pattern) return 0;
+			if(!nsd_options_insert_zone(opt, zopt)) {
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "bad domain name or duplicate zone '%s' "
+					"pattern %s", zstr, patname);
+			}
+		} else {
+			/* create zone : presumably already added to zonelist
+			 * by xfrd, who wrote the AXFR or IXFR to disk, so we only
+			 * need to add it to our config.
+			 * This process does not need linesize and offset zonelist */
+			zopt = zone_list_zone_insert(opt, zstr, patname, 0, 0);
+			if(!zopt)
+				return 0;
 		}
 	}
-	/* lookup in config */
-	opts = zone_options_find(opt, domain_dname(domain));
-	if(!opts) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfr: zone %s not in config.",
-			dname_to_string(zone_name,0));
-		return 0;
-	}
-	/* create the zone */
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfr: creating zone_type %s",
-		dname_to_string(zone_name,0)));
-	zone = (zone_type *) region_alloc(db->region, sizeof(zone_type));
-	if(!zone) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory, %s:%d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
-		exit(1);
-	}
-	zone->next = db->zones;
-	zone->opts = opts;
-	db->zones = zone;
-	db->zone_count++;
-	zone->apex = domain;
-	zone->soa_rrset = 0;
-	zone->soa_nx_rrset = 0;
-	zone->ns_rrset = 0;
-#ifdef NSEC3
-	zone->nsec3_soa_rr = NULL;
-	zone->nsec3_last = NULL;
-#endif
-	zone->dirty = region_alloc(db->region, sizeof(uint8_t)*child_count);
-	if(!zone->dirty) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory, %s:%d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
-		exit(1);
-	}
-	memset(zone->dirty, 0, sizeof(uint8_t)*child_count);
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	zone->nsec3_domains = NULL;
-
-	if (0 != zone_nsec3_domains_create(db, zone)) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR,
-			"xfr: zone NSEC3 domains "
-			"memory allocation failure");
-		return 0;
-	}
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-	zone->number = db->zone_count;
-	zone->is_secure = 0;
-	zone->updated = 1;
-	zone->is_ok = 0;
+	zone = namedb_zone_create(db, zone_name, zopt);
 	return zone;
 }
 
-static void
+void
 delete_zone_rrs(namedb_type* db, zone_type* zone)
 {
 	rrset_type *rrset;
-	domain_type *domain = zone->apex;
-	domain_type *next = NULL;
-	zone->updated = 1;
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	zone_nsec3_domains_destroy(db, zone);
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-
+	domain_type *domain = zone->apex, *next;
 	/* go through entire tree below the zone apex (incl subzones) */
-	while(domain && dname_is_subdomain(
-		domain_dname(domain), domain_dname(zone->apex)))
+	while(domain && domain_is_subdomain(domain, zone->apex))
 	{
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "delete zone visit %s",
-			dname_to_string(domain_dname(domain),0)));
+			domain_to_string(domain)));
 		/* delete all rrsets of the zone */
 		while((rrset = domain_find_any_rrset(domain, zone))) {
-			(void)rrset_delete(db, domain, rrset);
+			/* lower usage can delete other domains */
+			rrset_lower_usage(db, rrset);
+			/* rrset del does not delete our domain(yet) */
+			rrset_delete(db, domain, rrset);
 		}
+		/* the delete upcoming could delete parents, but nothing next
+		 * or after the domain so store next ptr */
 		next = domain_next(domain);
-		domain->nextdiff = next;
+		/* see if the domain can be deleted (and inspect parents) */
+		domain_table_deldomain(db, domain);
 		domain = next;
 	}
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	if (0 != zone_nsec3_domains_create(db, zone)) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR,
-			"Zone %s: unable to create zone NSEC3 prehash table",
-			dname_to_string(domain_dname(zone->apex),
-			NULL));
-	}
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
 
 	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD, 1, (LOG_INFO, "axfrdel: recyclebin holds %lu bytes",
 		(unsigned long) region_get_recycle_size(db->region)));
@@ -760,34 +889,19 @@ delete_zone_rrs(namedb_type* db, zone_type* zone)
 #endif
 
 	assert(zone->soa_rrset == 0);
-	/* keep zone->soa_nx_rrset alloced */
+	/* keep zone->soa_nx_rrset alloced: it is reused */
 	assert(zone->ns_rrset == 0);
 	assert(zone->is_secure == 0);
-	assert(zone->updated == 1);
-}
-
-/* fix empty terminals */
-static void
-fix_empty_terminals(zone_type* zone_db)
-{
-	domain_type* domain = zone_db->apex, *ce = NULL, *next = NULL;
-	while (domain) {
-		ce = rrset_delete_empty_terminals(domain, ce);
-		next = domain->nextdiff;
-		domain->nextdiff = NULL;
-		domain = next;
-	}
 }
 
 /* return value 0: syntaxerror,badIXFR, 1:OK, 2:done_and_skip_it */
 static int
-apply_ixfr(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, const off_t* startpos,
-	const char* zone, uint32_t serialno, nsd_options_t* opt,
-	uint16_t id, uint32_t seq_nr, uint32_t seq_total,
+apply_ixfr(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, const char* zone, uint32_t serialno,
+	nsd_options_t* opt, uint32_t seq_nr, uint32_t seq_total,
 	int* is_axfr, int* delete_mode, int* rr_count,
-	size_t child_count)
+	udb_ptr* udbz, struct zone** zone_res, const char* patname, int* bytes)
 {
-	uint32_t filelen, msglen, pkttype, timestamp[2];
+	uint32_t msglen, checklen, pkttype;
 	int qcount, ancount, counter;
 	buffer_type* packet;
 	region_type* region;
@@ -795,36 +909,24 @@ apply_ixfr(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, const off_t* startpos,
 	uint16_t rrlen;
 	const dname_type *dname_zone, *dname;
 	zone_type* zone_db;
-	domain_type* last_in_list;
-	char file_zone_name[3072];
-	uint32_t file_serial, file_seq_nr;
-	uint16_t file_id;
-	off_t mempos;
-
-	memmove(&mempos, startpos, sizeof(off_t));
-	if(fseeko(in, mempos, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
-		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not fseeko: %s.", strerror(errno));
-		return 0;
-	}
-	/* read ixfr packet RRs and apply to in memory db */
 
-	if(!diff_read_32(in, &pkttype) || pkttype != DIFF_PART_IXFR) {
+	/* note that errors could not really happen due to format of the
+	 * packet since xfrd has checked all dnames and RRs before commit,
+	 * this is why the errors are fatal (exit process), it must be
+	 * something internal or a bad disk or something. */
+
+	/* read ixfr packet RRs and apply to in memory db */
+	if(!diff_read_32(in, &pkttype) || pkttype != DIFF_PART_XXFR) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not read type or wrong type");
 		return 0;
 	}
-	if(!diff_read_32(in, &timestamp[0]) ||
-	   !diff_read_32(in, &timestamp[1])) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not read timestamp");
-		return 0;
-	}
 
-	if(!diff_read_32(in, &filelen)) {
+	if(!diff_read_32(in, &msglen)) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not read len");
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	/* read header */
-	if(filelen < QHEADERSZ + sizeof(uint32_t)*3 + sizeof(uint16_t)) {
+	if(msglen < QHEADERSZ) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "msg too short");
 		return 0;
 	}
@@ -834,35 +936,7 @@ apply_ixfr(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, const off_t* startpos,
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory");
 		return 0;
 	}
-
-	if(!diff_read_str(in, file_zone_name, sizeof(file_zone_name)) ||
-		!diff_read_32(in, &file_serial) ||
-		!diff_read_16(in, &file_id) ||
-		!diff_read_32(in, &file_seq_nr))
-	{
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not part data");
-		region_destroy(region);
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	if(strcmp(file_zone_name, zone) != 0 || serialno != file_serial ||
-		id != file_id || seq_nr != file_seq_nr) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "internal error: reading part with changed id");
-		region_destroy(region);
-		return 0;
-	}
-	msglen = filelen - sizeof(uint32_t)*3 - sizeof(uint16_t)
-		- strlen(file_zone_name);
 	packet = buffer_create(region, QIOBUFSZ);
-	dname_zone = dname_parse(region, zone);
-	zone_db = find_zone(db, dname_zone, opt, child_count);
-	if(!zone_db) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "no zone exists");
-		region_destroy(region);
-		/* break out and stop the IXFR, ignore it */
-		return 2;
-	}
-
 	if(msglen > QIOBUFSZ) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "msg too long");
 		region_destroy(region);
@@ -876,6 +950,23 @@ apply_ixfr(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, const off_t* startpos,
 	}
 	buffer_set_limit(packet, msglen);
 
+	/* see if check on data fails: checks that we are not reading
+	 * random garbage */
+	if(!diff_read_32(in, &checklen) || checklen != msglen) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "transfer part has incorrect checkvalue");
+		return 0;
+	}
+	*bytes += msglen;
+
+	dname_zone = dname_parse(region, zone);
+	zone_db = find_or_create_zone(db, dname_zone, opt, zone, patname);
+	if(!zone_db) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not create zone %s %s", zone, patname);
+		region_destroy(region);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	*zone_res = zone_db;
+
 	/* only answer section is really used, question, additional and
 	   authority section RRs are skipped */
 	qcount = QDCOUNT(packet);
@@ -931,8 +1022,8 @@ apply_ixfr(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, const off_t* startpos,
 		}
 		if(buffer_read_u32(packet) != serialno) {
 			buffer_skip(packet, -4);
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "SOA serial %d different from commit %d",
-				buffer_read_u32(packet), serialno);
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "SOA serial %u different from commit %u",
+				(unsigned)buffer_read_u32(packet), (unsigned)serialno);
 			region_destroy(region);
 			return 0;
 		}
@@ -941,13 +1032,11 @@ apply_ixfr(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, const off_t* startpos,
 		*rr_count = 1;
 		*is_axfr = 0;
 		*delete_mode = 0;
-
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "diff: %s start count %d, ax %d, delmode %d",
 			dname_to_string(dname_zone, 0), *rr_count, *is_axfr, *delete_mode));
 	}
 	else  counter = 0;
 
-	last_in_list = zone_db->apex;
 	for(; counter < ancount; ++counter,++(*rr_count))
 	{
 		uint16_t type, klass;
@@ -978,7 +1067,15 @@ apply_ixfr(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, const off_t* startpos,
 
 		if(*rr_count == 1 && type != TYPE_SOA) {
 			/* second RR: if not SOA: this is an AXFR; delete all zone contents */
+#ifdef NSEC3
+			nsec3_hash_tree_clear(zone_db);
+#endif
 			delete_zone_rrs(db, zone_db);
+			udb_zone_clear(db->udb, udbz);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+			nsec3_clear_precompile(db, zone_db);
+			zone_db->nsec3_param = NULL;
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
 			/* add everything else (incl end SOA) */
 			*delete_mode = 0;
 			*is_axfr = 1;
@@ -1000,7 +1097,15 @@ apply_ixfr(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, const off_t* startpos,
 			thisserial = buffer_read_u32(packet);
 			if(thisserial == serialno) {
 				/* AXFR */
+#ifdef NSEC3
+				nsec3_hash_tree_clear(zone_db);
+#endif
 				delete_zone_rrs(db, zone_db);
+				udb_zone_clear(db->udb, udbz);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+				nsec3_clear_precompile(db, zone_db);
+				zone_db->nsec3_param = NULL;
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
 				*delete_mode = 0;
 				*is_axfr = 1;
 			}
@@ -1040,26 +1145,22 @@ apply_ixfr(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, const off_t* startpos,
 				&& seq_nr == seq_total-1) {
 				continue; /* do not delete final SOA RR for IXFR */
 			}
-			if(!delete_RR(db, dname, type, klass, last_in_list, packet,
-				rrlen, zone_db, region, *is_axfr)) {
+			if(!delete_RR(db, dname, type, klass, packet,
+				rrlen, zone_db, region, udbz)) {
 				region_destroy(region);
 				return 0;
 			}
-			if (!*is_axfr && last_in_list->nextdiff) {
-				last_in_list = last_in_list->nextdiff;
-			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			/* add this rr */
 			if(!add_RR(db, dname, type, klass, ttl, packet,
-				rrlen, zone_db, *is_axfr)) {
+				rrlen, zone_db, udbz)) {
 				region_destroy(region);
 				return 0;
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	fix_empty_terminals(zone_db);
 	region_destroy(region);
 	return 1;
 }
@@ -1089,601 +1190,764 @@ check_for_bad_serial(namedb_type* db, const char* zone_str, uint32_t old_serial)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-/* for multiple tcp packets use a data structure that has
- * a rbtree (zone_names) with for each zone:
- * 	has a rbtree by sequence number
- *		with inside a serial_number and ID (for checking only)
- *		and contains a off_t to the IXFR packet in the file.
- * so when you get a commit for a zone, get zone obj, find sequence,
- * then check if you have all sequence numbers available. Apply all packets.
- */
-struct diff_read_data {
-	/* rbtree of struct diff_zone*/
-	rbtree_t* zones;
-	/* region for allocation */
-	region_type* region;
-};
-struct diff_zone {
-	/* key is dname of zone */
-	rbnode_t node;
-	/* rbtree of struct diff_xfrpart */
-	rbtree_t* parts;
-};
-struct diff_xfrpart {
-	/* key is sequence number */
-	rbnode_t node;
-	uint32_t seq_nr;
-	uint32_t new_serial;
-	uint16_t id;
-	off_t file_pos;
-};
-
-static struct diff_read_data*
-diff_read_data_create()
-{
-	region_type* region = region_create(xalloc, free);
-	struct diff_read_data* data = (struct diff_read_data*)
-		region_alloc(region, sizeof(struct diff_read_data));
-	if(!data) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory, %s:%d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
-		exit(1);
-	}
-	data->region = region;
-	data->zones = rbtree_create(region,
-		(int (*)(const void *, const void *)) dname_compare);
-	return data;
-}
-
-static struct diff_zone*
-diff_read_find_zone(struct diff_read_data* data, const char* name)
-{
-	const dname_type* dname = dname_parse(data->region, name);
-	struct diff_zone* zp = (struct diff_zone*)
-		rbtree_search(data->zones, dname);
-	return zp;
-}
-
-static int intcompf(const void* a, const void* b)
-{
-	if(*(uint32_t*)a < *(uint32_t*)b)
-		return -1;
-	if(*(uint32_t*)a > *(uint32_t*)b)
-		return +1;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static struct diff_zone*
-diff_read_insert_zone(struct diff_read_data* data, const char* name)
-{
-	const dname_type* dname = dname_parse(data->region, name);
-	struct diff_zone* zp = region_alloc(data->region,
-		sizeof(struct diff_zone));
-	if(!zp) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory, %s:%d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
-		exit(1);
-	}
-	zp->node = *RBTREE_NULL;
-	zp->node.key = dname;
-	zp->parts = rbtree_create(data->region, intcompf);
-	rbtree_insert(data->zones, (rbnode_t*)zp);
-	return zp;
-}
-
-static struct diff_xfrpart*
-diff_read_find_part(struct diff_zone* zp, uint32_t seq_nr)
-{
-	struct diff_xfrpart* xp = (struct diff_xfrpart*)
-		rbtree_search(zp->parts, &seq_nr);
-	return xp;
-}
-
-static struct diff_xfrpart*
-diff_read_insert_part(struct diff_read_data* data,
-	struct diff_zone* zp, uint32_t seq_nr)
-{
-	struct diff_xfrpart* xp = region_alloc(data->region,
-		sizeof(struct diff_xfrpart));
-	if(!xp) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory, %s:%d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
-		exit(1);
-	}
-	xp->node = *RBTREE_NULL;
-	xp->node.key = &xp->seq_nr;
-	xp->seq_nr = seq_nr;
-	rbtree_insert(zp->parts, (rbnode_t*)xp);
-	return xp;
-}
-
-/* mark commit as rollback and close inputfile, fatal exits */
-static void
-mark_and_exit(nsd_options_t* opt, FILE* f, off_t commitpos, const char* desc)
-{
-	const char* filename = opt->difffile;
-	fclose(f);
-	if(!(f = fopen(filename, "r+"))) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "mark xfr, failed to re-open difffile %s: %s",
-			filename, strerror(errno));
-	} else if(fseeko(f, commitpos, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
-		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not fseeko: %s.", strerror(errno));
-		fclose(f);
-	} else {
-		uint8_t c = 0;
-		(void)write_data(f, &c, sizeof(c));
-		fclose(f);
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "marked xfr as failed: %s", desc);
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "marked xfr so that next reload can succeed");
-	}
-	exit(1);
-}
-
 static int
-read_sure_part(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, nsd_options_t* opt,
-	struct diff_read_data* data, struct diff_log** log,
-	size_t child_count)
+apply_ixfr_for_zone(nsd_type* nsd, zone_type* zonedb, FILE* in,
+	nsd_options_t* opt, udb_base* taskudb, udb_ptr* last_task,
+	uint32_t xfrfilenr)
 {
 	char zone_buf[3072];
 	char log_buf[5120];
-	uint32_t old_serial, new_serial, num_parts;
-	uint16_t id;
+	char patname_buf[2048];
+
+	uint32_t old_serial, new_serial, num_parts, type;
+	uint64_t time_end_0, time_start_0;
+	uint32_t time_end_1, time_start_1;
 	uint8_t committed;
-	struct diff_zone *zp;
 	uint32_t i;
-	int have_all_parts = 1;
-	struct diff_log* thislog = 0;
-	off_t commitpos;
+	int num_bytes = 0;
 
 	/* read zone name and serial */
-	if(!diff_read_str(in, zone_buf, sizeof(zone_buf)) ||
-		!diff_read_32(in, &old_serial) ||
-		!diff_read_32(in, &new_serial) ||
-		!diff_read_16(in, &id) ||
-		!diff_read_32(in, &num_parts)) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "diff file bad commit part");
+	if(!diff_read_32(in, &type)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "diff file too short");
 		return 0;
 	}
-	commitpos = ftello(in); /* position of commit byte */
-	if(commitpos == -1) {
-		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not ftello: %s.", strerror(errno));
+	if(type != DIFF_PART_XFRF) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfr file has wrong format");
 		return 0;
+
 	}
+	/* committed and num_parts are first because they need to be
+	 * updated once the rest is written.  The log buf is not certain
+	 * until its done, so at end of file.  The patname is in case a
+	 * new zone is created, we know what the options-pattern is */
 	if(!diff_read_8(in, &committed) ||
-		!diff_read_str(in, log_buf, sizeof(log_buf)) )
-	{
+		!diff_read_32(in, &num_parts) ||
+		!diff_read_64(in, &time_end_0) ||
+		!diff_read_32(in, &time_end_1) ||
+		!diff_read_32(in, &old_serial) ||
+		!diff_read_32(in, &new_serial) ||
+		!diff_read_64(in, &time_start_0) ||
+		!diff_read_32(in, &time_start_1) ||
+		!diff_read_str(in, zone_buf, sizeof(zone_buf)) ||
+		!diff_read_str(in, patname_buf, sizeof(patname_buf))) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "diff file bad commit part");
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	if(log) {
-		thislog = (struct diff_log*)region_alloc(db->region, sizeof(struct diff_log));
-		if(!thislog) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory, %s:%d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
-			exit(1);
-		}
-		thislog->zone_name = region_strdup(db->region, zone_buf);
-		thislog->comment = region_strdup(db->region, log_buf);
-		thislog->error = 0;
-		thislog->next = *log;
-		*log = thislog;
-	}
-
 	/* has been read in completely */
-	zp = diff_read_find_zone(data, zone_buf);
-	if(!zp) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "diff file commit without IXFR");
-		if(thislog)
-			thislog->error = "error no IXFR parts";
-		return 1;
+	if(strcmp(zone_buf, dname_to_string(zonedb->apex->dname,0)) != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "file %s does not match task %s",
+			zone_buf, dname_to_string(zonedb->apex->dname,0));
+		return 0;
 	}
-	if(committed && check_for_bad_serial(db, zone_buf, old_serial)) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR,
-			"skipping diff file commit with bad serial"));
-		zp->parts->root = RBTREE_NULL;
-		zp->parts->count = 0;
-		if(thislog)
-			thislog->error = "error bad serial";
-		return 1;
+	if(!committed) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "diff file %s was not committed", zone_buf);
+		return 0;
 	}
-	for(i=0; i<num_parts; i++) {
-		struct diff_xfrpart *xp = diff_read_find_part(zp, i);
-		if(!xp || xp->id != id || xp->new_serial != new_serial) {
-			have_all_parts = 0;
-		}
+	if(num_parts == 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "diff file %s was not completed", zone_buf);
+		return 0;
 	}
-	if(!have_all_parts) {
+	if(check_for_bad_serial(nsd->db, zone_buf, old_serial)) {
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_ERR,
-			"skipping diff file commit without all parts"));
-		if(thislog)
-			thislog->error = "error missing parts";
+			"skipping diff file commit with bad serial"));
+		return 1;
 	}
 
-	if(committed && have_all_parts)
+	if(committed)
 	{
 		int is_axfr=0, delete_mode=0, rr_count=0;
-		off_t resume_pos;
+		const dname_type* apex = zonedb->apex->dname;
+		udb_ptr z;
 
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-		struct region *region;
-		dname_type const *zone_dname;
-		struct zone *zone;
-
-		region = region_create(xalloc, free);
-		if (region == NULL) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory");
-			return 0;
-		}
-		zone_dname = dname_parse(region, zone_buf);
-		if (zone_dname == NULL) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory");
-		        region_destroy(region);
-			return 0;
-		}
-		zone = find_zone(db, zone_dname, opt, child_count);
-		region_destroy(region);
-		if (zone == NULL) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "no zone exists");
-			/* just stop trying applying ixfr */
-			return 1;
-		}
-		if (0 != namedb_nsec3_mod_domains_create(db)) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR,
-				"unable to allocate space "
-				"for modified NSEC3 domains");
-			return 0;
+		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "processing xfr: %s", zone_buf));
+		if(udb_base_get_userflags(nsd->db->udb) != 0) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "database corrupted, cannot update");
+			xfrd_unlink_xfrfile(nsd, xfrfilenr);
+			exit(1);
 		}
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "processing xfr: %s", log_buf));
-
-		resume_pos = ftello(in);
-		if(resume_pos == -1) {
-			log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not ftello: %s.", strerror(errno));
-			return 0;
+		/* all parts were checked by xfrd before commit */
+		if(!udb_zone_search(nsd->db->udb, &z, dname_name(apex),
+			apex->name_size)) {
+			/* create it */
+			if(!udb_zone_create(nsd->db->udb, &z, dname_name(apex),
+				apex->name_size)) {
+				/* out of disk space perhaps */
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not udb_create_zone "
+					"%s, disk space full?", log_buf);
+				return 0;
+			}
 		}
+		/* set the udb dirty until we are finished applying changes */
+		udb_base_set_userflags(nsd->db->udb, 1);
+		/* read and apply all of the parts */
 		for(i=0; i<num_parts; i++) {
-			struct diff_xfrpart *xp = diff_read_find_part(zp, i);
 			int ret;
 			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "processing xfr: apply part %d", (int)i));
-			ret = apply_ixfr(db, in, &xp->file_pos, zone_buf, new_serial, opt,
-				id, xp->seq_nr, num_parts, &is_axfr, &delete_mode,
-				&rr_count, child_count);
+			ret = apply_ixfr(nsd->db, in, zone_buf, new_serial, opt,
+				i, num_parts, &is_axfr, &delete_mode,
+				&rr_count, &z, &zonedb, patname_buf, &num_bytes);
 			if(ret == 0) {
-				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "bad ixfr packet part %d in %s", (int)i,
-					opt->difffile);
-				mark_and_exit(opt, in, commitpos, log_buf);
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "bad ixfr packet part %d in diff file for %s", (int)i, zone_buf);
+				xfrd_unlink_xfrfile(nsd, xfrfilenr);
+				/* the udb is still dirty, it is bad */
+				exit(1);
 			} else if(ret == 2) {
 				break;
 			}
 		}
+		udb_base_set_userflags(nsd->db->udb, 0);
+		/* read the final log_str: but do not fail on it */
+		if(!diff_read_str(in, log_buf, sizeof(log_buf))) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not read log for transfer %s",
+				zone_buf);
+			snprintf(log_buf, sizeof(log_buf), "error reading log");
+		}
 #ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-		if (is_axfr != 0)
-			prehash_zone(db, zone);
-		else
-			prehash_zone_incremental(db, zone);
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
+		if(zonedb) prehash_zone(nsd->db, zonedb);
 #endif /* NSEC3 */
-
-		if(fseeko(in, resume_pos, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
-			log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not fseeko: %s.", strerror(errno));
-			return 0;
+		zonedb->is_changed = 1;
+		ZONE(&z)->is_changed = 1;
+		ZONE(&z)->mtime = time_end_0;
+		udb_zone_set_log_str(nsd->db->udb, &z, log_buf);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&z, nsd->db->udb);
+		if(taskudb) task_new_soainfo(taskudb, last_task, zonedb);
+
+		if(1 <= verbosity) {
+			double elapsed = (double)(time_end_0 - time_start_0)+
+				(double)((double)time_end_1
+				-(double)time_start_1) / 1000000.0;
+			VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "zone %s %s of %d bytes in %g seconds",
+				zone_buf, log_buf, num_bytes, elapsed));
 		}
 	}
 	else {
 	 	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "skipping xfr: %s", log_buf));
 	}
-
-	/* clean out the parts for the zone after the commit/rollback */
-	zp->parts->root = RBTREE_NULL;
-	zp->parts->count = 0;
 	return 1;
 }
 
+struct udb_base* task_file_create(const char* file)
+{
+        return udb_base_create_new(file, &namedb_walkfunc, NULL);
+}
+
 static int
-store_ixfr_data(FILE *in, uint32_t len, struct diff_read_data* data, off_t* startpos)
+task_create_new_elem(struct udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, udb_ptr* e,
+	size_t sz, const dname_type* zname)
 {
-	char zone_name[3072];
-	struct diff_zone* zp;
-	struct diff_xfrpart* xp;
-	uint32_t new_serial, seq;
-	uint16_t id;
-	if(!diff_read_str(in, zone_name, sizeof(zone_name)) ||
-		!diff_read_32(in, &new_serial) ||
-		!diff_read_16(in, &id) ||
-		!diff_read_32(in, &seq)) {
-		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not read ixfr store info: file format error");
+	if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(e, udb, udb_chunk_type_task, sz)) {
 		return 0;
 	}
-	len -= sizeof(uint32_t)*3 + sizeof(uint16_t) + strlen(zone_name);
-	if(fseeko(in, len, SEEK_CUR) == -1)
-		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "fseek failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-	/* store the info */
-	zp = diff_read_find_zone(data, zone_name);
-	if(!zp)
-		zp = diff_read_insert_zone(data, zone_name);
-	xp = diff_read_find_part(zp, seq);
-	if(xp) {
-		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "discarding partial xfr part: %s %d", zone_name, seq);
-		/* overwrite with newer value (which probably relates to next commit) */
+	if(udb_ptr_is_null(last)) {
+		udb_base_set_userdata(udb, e->data);
+	} else {
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&TASKLIST(last)->next, udb, e);
 	}
-	else {
-		xp = diff_read_insert_part(data, zp, seq);
+	udb_ptr_set_ptr(last, udb, e);
+
+	/* fill in tasklist item */
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&TASKLIST(e)->next);
+	TASKLIST(e)->size = sz;
+	TASKLIST(e)->oldserial = 0;
+	TASKLIST(e)->newserial = 0;
+	TASKLIST(e)->yesno = 0;
+
+	if(zname) {
+		memmove(TASKLIST(e)->zname, zname, dname_total_size(zname));
 	}
-	xp->new_serial = new_serial;
-	xp->id = id;
-	memmove(&xp->file_pos, startpos, sizeof(off_t));
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int
-read_process_part(namedb_type* db, FILE *in, uint32_t type,
-	nsd_options_t* opt, struct diff_read_data* data,
-	struct diff_log** log, size_t child_count, off_t* startpos)
+void task_new_soainfo(struct udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, struct zone* z)
 {
-	uint32_t len, len2;
+	/* calculate size */
+	udb_ptr e;
+	size_t sz;
+	const dname_type* apex, *ns, *em;
+	if(!z || !z->apex || !domain_dname(z->apex))
+		return; /* safety check */
+
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "nsd: add soa info for zone %s",
+		domain_to_string(z->apex)));
+	apex = domain_dname(z->apex);
+	sz = sizeof(struct task_list_d) + dname_total_size(apex);
+	if(z->soa_rrset) {
+		ns = domain_dname(rdata_atom_domain(
+			z->soa_rrset->rrs[0].rdatas[0]));
+		em = domain_dname(rdata_atom_domain(
+			z->soa_rrset->rrs[0].rdatas[1]));
+		sz += sizeof(uint32_t)*6 + sizeof(uint8_t)*2
+			+ ns->name_size + em->name_size;
+	} else {
+		ns = 0;
+		em = 0;
+	}
 
-	/* read length */
-	if(!diff_read_32(in, &len))
-		return 1;
-	/* read content */
-	if(type == DIFF_PART_IXFR) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "part IXFR len %d", len));
-		if(!store_ixfr_data(in, len, data, startpos))
-			return 0;
+	/* create new task_list item */
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sz, apex)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add SOAINFO");
+		return;
 	}
-	else if(type == DIFF_PART_SURE) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "part SURE len %d", len));
-		if(!read_sure_part(db, in, opt, data, log, child_count))
-			return 0;
-	} else {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "unknown part %x len %d", type, len));
-		return 0;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_soa_info;
+
+	if(z->soa_rrset) {
+		uint32_t ttl = htonl(z->soa_rrset->rrs[0].ttl);
+		uint8_t* p = (uint8_t*)TASKLIST(&e)->zname;
+		p += dname_total_size(apex);
+		memmove(p, &ttl, sizeof(uint32_t));
+		p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+		memmove(p, &ns->name_size, sizeof(uint8_t));
+		p += sizeof(uint8_t);
+		memmove(p, dname_name(ns), ns->name_size);
+		p += ns->name_size;
+		memmove(p, &em->name_size, sizeof(uint8_t));
+		p += sizeof(uint8_t);
+		memmove(p, dname_name(em), em->name_size);
+		p += em->name_size;
+		memmove(p, rdata_atom_data(z->soa_rrset->rrs[0].rdatas[2]),
+			sizeof(uint32_t));
+		p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+		memmove(p, rdata_atom_data(z->soa_rrset->rrs[0].rdatas[3]),
+			sizeof(uint32_t));
+		p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+		memmove(p, rdata_atom_data(z->soa_rrset->rrs[0].rdatas[4]),
+			sizeof(uint32_t));
+		p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+		memmove(p, rdata_atom_data(z->soa_rrset->rrs[0].rdatas[5]),
+			sizeof(uint32_t));
+		p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+		memmove(p, rdata_atom_data(z->soa_rrset->rrs[0].rdatas[6]),
+			sizeof(uint32_t));
 	}
-	/* read length */
-	if(!diff_read_32(in, &len2))
-		return 1; /* short read is OK */
-	/* verify length */
-	if(len != len2)
-		return 0; /* bad data is wrong */
-	return 1;
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
 }
 
-/*
- * Finds smallest offset in data structs
- * returns 0 if no offsets in the data structs.
- */
-static int
-find_smallest_offset(struct diff_read_data* data, off_t* offset)
+void task_process_sync(struct udb_base* taskudb)
 {
-	int found_any = 0;
-	struct diff_zone* dz;
-	struct diff_xfrpart* dx;
-	off_t mem_offset, mem_fpos;
+	/* need to sync before other process uses the mmap? */
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "task procsync %s size %d",
+		taskudb->fname, (int)taskudb->base_size));
+	(void)taskudb;
+}
 
-	if(!data || !data->zones)
-		return 0;
-	RBTREE_FOR(dz, struct diff_zone*, data->zones)
-	{
-		if(!dz->parts)
-			continue;
-		RBTREE_FOR(dx, struct diff_xfrpart*, dz->parts)
-		{
-			memmove(&mem_fpos, &dx->file_pos, sizeof(off_t));
+void task_remap(struct udb_base* taskudb)
+{
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "task remap %s size %d",
+		taskudb->fname, (int)taskudb->glob_data->fsize));
+	udb_base_remap_process(taskudb);
+}
 
-			if(found_any) {
-				memmove(&mem_offset, offset, sizeof(off_t));
+void task_clear(struct udb_base* taskudb)
+{
+	udb_ptr t, n;
+	udb_ptr_new(&t, taskudb, udb_base_get_userdata(taskudb));
+	udb_base_set_userdata(taskudb, 0);
+	udb_ptr_init(&n, taskudb);
+	while(!udb_ptr_is_null(&t)) {
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&n, taskudb, &TASKLIST(&t)->next);
+		udb_rptr_zero(&TASKLIST(&t)->next, taskudb);
+		udb_ptr_free_space(&t, taskudb, TASKLIST(&t)->size);
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(&t, taskudb, &n);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&t, taskudb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&n, taskudb);
+}
 
-				if(mem_fpos < mem_offset)
-					memmove(offset, &mem_fpos, sizeof(off_t));
-			} else {
-				found_any = 1;
-				memmove(offset, &mem_fpos, sizeof(off_t));
-			}
-		}
+void task_new_expire(struct udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last,
+	const struct dname* z, int expired)
+{
+	udb_ptr e;
+	if(!z) return;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add expire info for zone %s",
+		dname_to_string(z,NULL)));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d)+
+		dname_total_size(z), z)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add expire");
+		return;
 	}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_expire;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->yesno = expired;
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+}
 
-	return found_any;
+void task_new_check_zonefiles(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last,
+	const dname_type* zone)
+{
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task checkzonefiles"));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d) +
+		(zone?dname_total_size(zone):0), zone)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add check_zones");
+		return;
+	}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_check_zonefiles;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->yesno = (zone!=NULL);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
 }
 
-int
-diff_read_file(namedb_type* db, nsd_options_t* opt, struct diff_log** log,
+void task_new_write_zonefiles(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last,
+	const dname_type* zone)
+{
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task writezonefiles"));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d) +
+		(zone?dname_total_size(zone):0), zone)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add writezones");
+		return;
+	}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_write_zonefiles;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->yesno = (zone!=NULL);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+}
+
+void task_new_set_verbosity(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, int v)
+{
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task set_verbosity"));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d),
+		NULL)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add set_v");
+		return;
+	}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_set_verbosity;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->yesno = v;
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+}
+
+#ifdef BIND8_STATS
+void* task_new_stat_info(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, struct nsdst* stat,
 	size_t child_count)
 {
-	const char* filename = opt->difffile;
-	FILE *df;
-	uint32_t type, timestamp[2], curr_timestamp[2];
-	struct diff_read_data* data = diff_read_data_create();
-	off_t startpos;
+	void* p;
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task stat_info"));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d)+
+		sizeof(*stat) + sizeof(stc_t)*child_count, NULL)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add stati");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_stat_info;
+	p = TASKLIST(&e)->zname;
+	memcpy(p, stat, sizeof(*stat));
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+	return p + sizeof(*stat);
+}
+#endif /* BIND8_STATS */
 
-	df = fopen(filename, "r");
-	if(!df) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "could not open file %s for reading: %s",
-			filename, strerror(errno)));
-		region_destroy(data->region);
-		return 1;
+void
+task_new_add_zone(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, const char* zone,
+	const char* pattern)
+{
+	size_t zlen = strlen(zone);
+	size_t plen = strlen(pattern);
+	void *p;
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task addzone %s %s", zone, pattern));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d)+
+		zlen + 1 + plen + 1, NULL)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add addz");
+		return;
 	}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_add_zone;
+	p = TASKLIST(&e)->zname;
+	memcpy(p, zone, zlen+1);
+	memmove(p+zlen+1, pattern, plen+1);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+}
 
-	/* check timestamp */
-	curr_timestamp[0] = (uint32_t) db->diff_timestamp.tv_sec;
-	curr_timestamp[1] = (uint32_t) db->diff_timestamp.tv_usec;
+void
+task_new_del_zone(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, const dname_type* dname)
+{
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task delzone %s", dname_to_string(dname, 0)));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d)
+		+dname_total_size(dname), dname)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add delz");
+		return;
+	}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_del_zone;
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+}
 
-	if(!diff_read_32(df, &type)) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "difffile %s is empty",
-			filename));
-		db->diff_skip = 0;
-		db->diff_pos = 0;
+void task_new_add_key(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, key_options_t* key)
+{
+	char* p;
+	udb_ptr e;
+	assert(key->name && key->algorithm && key->secret);
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task addkey"));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d)
+		+strlen(key->name)+1+strlen(key->algorithm)+1+
+		strlen(key->secret)+1, NULL)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add addk");
+		return;
 	}
-	else if (!diff_read_32(df, &timestamp[0]) ||
-		 !diff_read_32(df, &timestamp[1])) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "difffile %s bad first part: no timestamp",
-			filename);
-		region_destroy(data->region);
-		fclose(df);
-		return 0;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_add_key;
+	p = (char*)TASKLIST(&e)->zname;
+	memmove(p, key->name, strlen(key->name)+1);
+	p+=strlen(key->name)+1;
+	memmove(p, key->algorithm, strlen(key->algorithm)+1);
+	p+=strlen(key->algorithm)+1;
+	memmove(p, key->secret, strlen(key->secret)+1);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+}
+
+void task_new_del_key(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, const char* name)
+{
+	char* p;
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task delkey"));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d)
+		+strlen(name)+1, NULL)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add delk");
+		return;
 	}
-	else if (curr_timestamp[0] != timestamp[0] ||
-		 curr_timestamp[1] != timestamp[1]) {
-		/* new timestamp, no skipping */
-		db->diff_timestamp.tv_sec = (time_t) timestamp[0];
-		db->diff_timestamp.tv_usec = (suseconds_t) timestamp[1];
-
-		if (db->diff_skip) {
-			DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "new timestamp on "
-				"difffile %s, restoring diff_skip and diff_pos "
-				"[old timestamp: %u.%u; new timestamp: %u.%u]",
-				filename, curr_timestamp[0], curr_timestamp[1],
-				timestamp[0], timestamp[1]));
-			db->diff_skip = 0;
-			db->diff_pos = 0;
-		}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_del_key;
+	p = (char*)TASKLIST(&e)->zname;
+	memmove(p, name, strlen(name)+1);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+}
+
+void task_new_add_pattern(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, pattern_options_t* p)
+{
+	region_type* temp;
+	buffer_type* buffer;
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task addpattern %s", p->pname));
+	temp = region_create(xalloc, free);
+	buffer = buffer_create(temp, 4096);
+	pattern_options_marshal(buffer, p);
+	buffer_flip(buffer);
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d)
+		+ buffer_limit(buffer), NULL)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add addp");
+		region_destroy(temp);
+		return;
 	}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_add_pattern;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->yesno = buffer_limit(buffer);
+	memmove(TASKLIST(&e)->zname, buffer_begin(buffer),
+		buffer_limit(buffer));
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+	region_destroy(temp);
+}
 
-	/* Always seek, to diff_pos or to beginning of the file. */
-	if (fseeko(df, 0, SEEK_SET)==-1) {
-		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not fseeko file %s: %s.", filename,
-				strerror(errno));
-		region_destroy(data->region);
-		fclose(df);
-		return 0;
+void task_new_del_pattern(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, const char* name)
+{
+	char* p;
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task delpattern %s", name));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d)
+		+strlen(name)+1, NULL)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add delp");
+		return;
 	}
-	if(db->diff_skip) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "skip diff file"));
-		if(fseeko(df, db->diff_pos, SEEK_SET)==-1) {
-			log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not fseeko file %s: %s. "
-					  "Reread from start.", filename,
-				strerror(errno));
-		}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_del_pattern;
+	p = (char*)TASKLIST(&e)->zname;
+	memmove(p, name, strlen(name)+1);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+}
+
+void task_new_opt_change(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, nsd_options_t* opt)
+{
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task opt_change"));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d),
+		NULL)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add o_c");
+		return;
 	}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_opt_change;
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	TASKLIST(&e)->oldserial = opt->rrl_ratelimit;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->newserial = opt->rrl_whitelist_ratelimit;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->yesno = (uint64_t) opt->rrl_slip;
+#else
+	(void)opt;
+#endif
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+}
 
-	startpos = ftello(df);
-	if(startpos == -1) {
-		log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not ftello: %s.", strerror(errno));
-		region_destroy(data->region);
-		fclose(df);
+int
+task_new_apply_xfr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, const dname_type* dname,
+	uint32_t old_serial, uint32_t new_serial, uint64_t filenumber)
+{
+	udb_ptr e;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "add task apply_xfr"));
+	if(!task_create_new_elem(udb, last, &e, sizeof(struct task_list_d)
+		+dname_total_size(dname), dname)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "tasklist: out of space, cannot add applyxfr");
 		return 0;
 	}
+	TASKLIST(&e)->oldserial = old_serial;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->newserial = new_serial;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->yesno = filenumber;
+	TASKLIST(&e)->task_type = task_apply_xfr;
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&e, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
 
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "start of diff file read at pos %u",
-		(uint32_t) db->diff_pos));
-	while(diff_read_32(df, &type))
-	{
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "iter loop"));
-
-		/* read timestamp */
-		if(!diff_read_32(df, &timestamp[0]) ||
-			!diff_read_32(df, &timestamp[1])) {
-			log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not read timestamp: %s.",
-				strerror(errno));
-			region_destroy(data->region);
-			fclose(df);
-			return 0;
-		}
+void
+task_process_expire(namedb_type* db, struct task_list_d* task)
+{
+	uint8_t ok;
+	zone_type* z = namedb_find_zone(db, task->zname);
+	assert(task->task_type == task_expire);
+	if(!z) {
+		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC, 1, (LOG_WARNING, "zone %s %s but not in zonetree",
+			dname_to_string(task->zname, NULL),
+			task->yesno?"expired":"unexpired"));
+		return;
+	}
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: expire task zone %s %s",
+		dname_to_string(task->zname,0),
+		task->yesno?"expired":"unexpired"));
+	/* find zone, set expire flag */
+	ok = !task->yesno;
+	/* only update zone->is_ok if needed to minimize copy-on-write
+	 * of memory pages shared after fork() */
+	if(ok && !z->is_ok)
+		z->is_ok = 1;
+	else if(!ok && z->is_ok)
+		z->is_ok = 0;
+}
 
-		if(!read_process_part(db, df, type, opt, data, log,
-			child_count, &startpos))
-		{
-			log_msg(LOG_INFO, "error processing diff file");
-			region_destroy(data->region);
-			fclose(df);
-			return 0;
-		}
-		startpos = ftello(df);
-		if(startpos == -1) {
-			log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not ftello: %s.", strerror(errno));
-			region_destroy(data->region);
-			fclose(df);
-			return 0;
-		}
+static void
+task_process_set_verbosity(struct task_list_d* task)
+{
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "verbosity task %d", (int)task->yesno));
+	verbosity = task->yesno;
+}
+
+static void
+task_process_checkzones(struct nsd* nsd, udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last_task,
+	struct task_list_d* task)
+{
+	/* on SIGHUP check if zone-text-files changed and if so,
+	 * reread.  When from xfrd-reload, no need to fstat the files */
+	if(task->yesno) {
+		zone_options_t* zo = zone_options_find(nsd->options,
+			task->zname);
+		if(zo)
+			namedb_check_zonefile(nsd->db, udb, last_task, zo);
+	} else {
+		/* check all zones */
+		namedb_check_zonefiles(nsd->db, nsd->options, udb, last_task);
 	}
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "end of diff file read"));
+}
 
-	if(find_smallest_offset(data, &db->diff_pos)) {
-		/* can skip to the first unused element */
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "next time skip diff file"));
-		db->diff_skip = 1;
+static void
+task_process_writezones(struct nsd* nsd, struct task_list_d* task)
+{
+	if(task->yesno) {
+		zone_options_t* zo = zone_options_find(nsd->options,
+			task->zname);
+		if(zo)
+			namedb_write_zonefile(nsd->db, zo);
 	} else {
-		/* all processed, can skip to here next time */
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,2, (LOG_INFO, "next time skip diff file"));
-		db->diff_skip = 1;
-		db->diff_pos = ftello(df);
-		if(db->diff_pos == -1) {
-			log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not ftello: %s.",
-				strerror(errno));
-			db->diff_skip = 0;
-		}
+		namedb_write_zonefiles(nsd->db, nsd->options);
 	}
+}
 
-	region_destroy(data->region);
-	fclose(df);
-	return 1;
+static void
+task_process_add_zone(struct nsd* nsd, udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last_task,
+	struct task_list_d* task)
+{
+	zone_type* z;
+	const dname_type* zdname;
+	const char* zname = (const char*)task->zname;
+	const char* pname = zname + strlen(zname)+1;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "addzone task %s %s", zname, pname));
+	zdname = dname_parse(nsd->db->region, zname);
+	if(!zdname) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "can not parse zone name %s", zname);
+		return;
+	}
+	/* create zone */
+	z = find_or_create_zone(nsd->db, zdname, nsd->options, zname, pname);
+	if(!z) {
+		region_recycle(nsd->db->region, (void*)zdname,
+			dname_total_size(zdname));
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "can not add zone %s %s", zname, pname);
+		return;
+	}
+	/* if zone is empty, attempt to read the zonefile from disk (if any) */
+	if(!z->soa_rrset && z->opts->pattern->zonefile) {
+		namedb_read_zonefile(nsd->db, z, udb, last_task);
+	}
 }
 
-static int diff_broken(FILE *df, off_t* break_pos)
+static void
+task_process_del_zone(struct nsd* nsd, struct task_list_d* task)
 {
-	uint32_t type, len, len2;
-	*break_pos = ftello(df);
+	udb_ptr udbz;
+	zone_type* zone;
+	zone_options_t* zopt;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "delzone task %s", dname_to_string(
+		task->zname, NULL)));
+	zone = namedb_find_zone(nsd->db, task->zname);
+	if(!zone)
+		return;
 
-	/* try to read and validate parts of the file */
-	while(diff_read_32(df, &type)) /* cannot read type is no error, normal EOF */
-	{
-		/* check type */
-		if(type != DIFF_PART_IXFR && type != DIFF_PART_SURE)
-			return 1;
-		/* check length */
-		if(!diff_read_32(df, &len))
-			return 1; /* EOF inside the part is error */
-		if(fseeko(df, len, SEEK_CUR) == -1)
-		{
-			log_msg(LOG_INFO, "fseeko failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-			return 1;
-		}
-		/* fseek clears EOF flag, but try reading length value,
-		   if EOF, the part is truncated */
-		if(!diff_read_32(df, &len2))
-			return 1;
-		if(len != len2)
-			return 1; /* bad part, lengths must agree */
-		/* this part is ok */
-		*break_pos = ftello(df);
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	nsec3_hash_tree_clear(zone);
+#endif
+	delete_zone_rrs(nsd->db, zone);
+	if(udb_zone_search(nsd->db->udb, &udbz, dname_name(task->zname),
+		task->zname->name_size)) {
+		udb_zone_delete(nsd->db->udb, &udbz);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&udbz, nsd->db->udb);
 	}
-	return 0;
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	nsec3_clear_precompile(nsd->db, zone);
+	zone->nsec3_param = NULL;
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+
+	/* remove from zonetree, apex, soa */
+	zopt = zone->opts;
+	namedb_zone_delete(nsd->db, zone);
+	/* remove from options (zone_list already edited by xfrd) */
+	zone_options_delete(nsd->options, zopt);
+}
+
+static void
+task_process_add_key(struct nsd* nsd, struct task_list_d* task)
+{
+	key_options_t key;
+	key.name = (char*)task->zname;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "addkey task %s", key.name));
+	key.algorithm = key.name + strlen(key.name)+1;
+	key.secret = key.algorithm + strlen(key.algorithm)+1;
+	key_options_add_modify(nsd->options, &key);
+	memset(key.secret, 0xdd, strlen(key.secret)); /* wipe secret */
 }
 
-void diff_snip_garbage(namedb_type* db, nsd_options_t* opt)
+static void
+task_process_del_key(struct nsd* nsd, struct task_list_d* task)
 {
-	off_t break_pos;
-	const char* filename = opt->difffile;
-	FILE *df;
+	char* name = (char*)task->zname;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "delkey task %s", name));
+	/* this is reload and nothing is using the TSIG key right now */
+	key_options_remove(nsd->options, name);
+}
 
-	/* open file here and keep open, so it cannot change under our nose */
-	df = fopen(filename, "r+");
-	if(!df) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "could not open file %s for garbage collecting: %s",
-			filename, strerror(errno)));
+static void
+task_process_add_pattern(struct nsd* nsd, struct task_list_d* task)
+{
+	region_type* temp = region_create(xalloc, free);
+	buffer_type buffer;
+	pattern_options_t *pat;
+	buffer_create_from(&buffer, task->zname, task->yesno);
+	pat = pattern_options_unmarshal(temp, &buffer);
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "addpattern task %s", pat->pname));
+	pattern_options_add_modify(nsd->options, pat);
+	region_destroy(temp);
+}
+
+static void
+task_process_del_pattern(struct nsd* nsd, struct task_list_d* task)
+{
+	char* name = (char*)task->zname;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "delpattern task %s", name));
+	pattern_options_remove(nsd->options, name);
+}
+
+static void
+task_process_opt_change(struct nsd* nsd, struct task_list_d* task)
+{
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "optchange task"));
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	nsd->options->rrl_ratelimit = task->oldserial;
+	nsd->options->rrl_whitelist_ratelimit = task->newserial;
+	nsd->options->rrl_slip = task->yesno;
+	rrl_set_limit(nsd->options->rrl_ratelimit, nsd->options->rrl_whitelist_ratelimit,
+		nsd->options->rrl_slip);
+#else
+	(void)nsd; (void)task;
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+task_process_apply_xfr(struct nsd* nsd, udb_base* udb, udb_ptr *last_task,
+	udb_ptr* task)
+{
+	/* we have to use an udb_ptr task here, because the apply_xfr procedure
+	 * appends soa_info which may remap and change the pointer. */
+	zone_type* zone;
+	FILE* df;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "applyxfr task %s", dname_to_string(
+		TASKLIST(task)->zname, NULL)));
+	zone = namedb_find_zone(nsd->db, TASKLIST(task)->zname);
+	if(!zone) {
+		/* assume the zone has been deleted and a zone transfer was
+		 * still waiting to be processed */
 		return;
 	}
-	/* and skip into file, since nsd does not read anything before the pos */
-	if(db->diff_skip) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "garbage collect skip diff file"));
-		if(fseeko(df, db->diff_pos, SEEK_SET)==-1) {
-			log_msg(LOG_INFO, "could not fseeko file %s: %s.",
-				filename, strerror(errno));
-			fclose(df);
-			return;
-		}
+	/* apply the XFR */
+	/* oldserial, newserial, yesno is filenumber */
+	df = xfrd_open_xfrfile(nsd, TASKLIST(task)->yesno, "r");
+	if(!df) {
+		/* could not open file to update */
+		/* there is no reply to xfrd failed-update,
+		 * because xfrd has a scan for apply-failures. */
+		return;
 	}
-
-	/* detect break point */
-	if(diff_broken(df, &break_pos))
-	{
-		/* snip off at break_pos */
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "snipping off trailing partial part of %s",
-			filename));
-		if(ftruncate(fileno(df), break_pos) == -1)
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "ftruncate %s failed: %s",
-				filename, strerror(errno));
+	/* read and apply zone transfer */
+	if(!apply_ixfr_for_zone(nsd, zone, df, nsd->options, udb,
+		last_task, TASKLIST(task)->yesno)) {
+		/* there is no reply to xfrd failed-update,
+		 * because xfrd has a scan for apply-failures. */
 	}
 
 	fclose(df);
+	xfrd_unlink_xfrfile(nsd, TASKLIST(task)->yesno);
+}
+
+
+void task_process_in_reload(struct nsd* nsd, udb_base* udb, udb_ptr *last_task,
+        udb_ptr* task)
+{
+	switch(TASKLIST(task)->task_type) {
+	case task_expire:
+		task_process_expire(nsd->db, TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_check_zonefiles:
+		task_process_checkzones(nsd, udb, last_task, TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_write_zonefiles:
+		task_process_writezones(nsd, TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_set_verbosity:
+		task_process_set_verbosity(TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_add_zone:
+		task_process_add_zone(nsd, udb, last_task, TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_del_zone:
+		task_process_del_zone(nsd, TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_add_key:
+		task_process_add_key(nsd, TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_del_key:
+		task_process_del_key(nsd, TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_add_pattern:
+		task_process_add_pattern(nsd, TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_del_pattern:
+		task_process_del_pattern(nsd, TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_opt_change:
+		task_process_opt_change(nsd, TASKLIST(task));
+		break;
+	case task_apply_xfr:
+		task_process_apply_xfr(nsd, udb, last_task, task);
+		break;
+	default:
+		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "unhandled task in reload type %d",
+			(int)TASKLIST(task)->task_type);
+		break;
+	}
+	udb_ptr_free_space(task, udb, TASKLIST(task)->size);
 }
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/difffile.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/difffile.h
index d54c629b5a7..d5f2cb8833f 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/difffile.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/difffile.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * difffile.h - nsd.diff file handling header file. Read/write diff files.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -9,62 +9,123 @@
 #ifndef DIFFFILE_H
 #define DIFFFILE_H
 
-#include "config.h"
 #include "rbtree.h"
 #include "namedb.h"
 #include "options.h"
+#include "udb.h"
+struct nsd;
+struct nsdst;
 
-#define DIFF_PART_IXFR ('I'<<24 | 'X'<<16 | 'F'<<8 | 'R')
-#define DIFF_PART_SURE ('S'<<24 | 'U'<<16 | 'R'<<8 | 'E')
-
-/*
- * Used to pass commit logs
- */
-struct diff_log {
-	char* zone_name;
-	char* error;
-	char* comment;
-	struct diff_log* next;
-};
+#define DIFF_PART_XXFR ('X'<<24 | 'X'<<16 | 'F'<<8 | 'R')
+#define DIFF_PART_XFRF ('X'<<24 | 'F'<<16 | 'R'<<8 | 'F')
 
 /* write an xfr packet data to the diff file, type=IXFR.
-   The diff file is created if necessary. */
-void diff_write_packet(const char* zone, uint32_t new_serial, uint16_t id,
-	uint32_t seq_nr, uint8_t* data, size_t len, nsd_options_t* opt);
+   The diff file is created if necessary, with initial header(notcommitted). */
+void diff_write_packet(const char* zone, const char* pat, uint32_t old_serial,
+	uint32_t new_serial, uint32_t seq_nr, uint8_t* data, size_t len,
+	struct nsd* nsd, uint64_t filenumber);
 
 /*
- * Write a commit packet to the diff file, type=SURE.
- * The zone data (preceding ixfr packets) are committed.
- * See NSD-DIFFFILE for meaning of the arguments.
+ * Overwrite header of diff file with committed vale and other data.
+ * append log string.
  */
 void diff_write_commit(const char* zone, uint32_t old_serial,
-	uint32_t new_serial, uint16_t id, uint32_t num_parts,
-	uint8_t commit, const char* log_msg,
-	nsd_options_t* opt);
-
-/* check if the crc in the nsd.db is the same in memory as on disk.
-   returns 1 if different. 0 if the same. returns -1 on error. */
-int db_crc_different(namedb_type* db);
-
-/* read the diff file and apply to the database in memory.
-   It will attempt to skip bad data.
-   If you pass a non-null value log, log comments are alloced in namedb.region
-   then, *log must be 0 on start of call (entries are prepended).
-   returns 0 on an unrecoverable error. */
-int diff_read_file(namedb_type* db, nsd_options_t* opt, struct diff_log** log,
-	size_t child_count);
-
-/* check the diff file for garbage at the end (bad type, partial write)
- * and snip it off.
- */
-void diff_snip_garbage(namedb_type* db, nsd_options_t* opt);
+	uint32_t new_serial, uint32_t num_parts, uint8_t commit,
+	const char* log_msg, struct nsd* nsd, uint64_t filenumber);
 
 /*
  * These functions read parts of the diff file.
  */
 int diff_read_32(FILE *in, uint32_t* result);
-int diff_read_16(FILE *in, uint16_t* result);
 int diff_read_8(FILE *in, uint8_t* result);
 int diff_read_str(FILE* in, char* buf, size_t len);
 
+/* delete the RRs for a zone from memory */
+void delete_zone_rrs(namedb_type* db, zone_type* zone);
+/* delete an RR */
+int delete_RR(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
+	uint16_t type, uint16_t klass,
+	buffer_type* packet, size_t rdatalen, zone_type *zone,
+	region_type* temp_region, struct udb_ptr* udbz);
+/* add an RR */
+int add_RR(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
+	uint16_t type, uint16_t klass, uint32_t ttl,
+	buffer_type* packet, size_t rdatalen, zone_type *zone,
+	struct udb_ptr* udbz);
+
+/* task udb structure */
+struct task_list_d {
+	/** next task in list */
+	udb_rel_ptr next;
+	/** task type */
+	enum {
+		/** expire or un-expire a zone */
+		task_expire,
+		/** apply an ixfr or axfr to a zone */
+		task_apply_xfr,
+		/** soa info for zone */
+		task_soa_info,
+		/** check mtime of zonefiles and read them, done on SIGHUP */
+		task_check_zonefiles,
+		/** write zonefiles (if changed) */
+		task_write_zonefiles,
+		/** set verbosity */
+		task_set_verbosity,
+		/** statistic info */
+		task_stat_info,
+		/** add a zone */
+		task_add_zone,
+		/** delete zone */
+		task_del_zone,
+		/** add TSIG key */
+		task_add_key,
+		/** delete TSIG key */
+		task_del_key,
+		/** add pattern */
+		task_add_pattern,
+		/** delete pattern */
+		task_del_pattern,
+		/** options change */
+		task_opt_change
+	} task_type;
+	uint32_t size; /* size of this struct */
+
+	/** soainfo: zonename dname, soaRR wireform */
+	/** expire: zonename, boolyesno */
+	/** apply_xfr: zonename, serials, yesno is filenamecounter */
+	uint32_t oldserial, newserial;
+	/** general variable.  for some used to see if zname is present. */
+	uint64_t yesno;
+	struct dname zname[0];
+};
+#define TASKLIST(ptr) ((struct task_list_d*)UDB_PTR(ptr))
+/** create udb for tasks */
+struct udb_base* task_file_create(const char* file);
+void task_remap(udb_base* udb);
+void task_process_sync(udb_base* udb);
+void task_clear(udb_base* udb);
+void task_new_soainfo(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, struct zone* z);
+void task_new_expire(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last,
+	const struct dname* z, int expired);
+void* task_new_stat_info(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, struct nsdst* stat,
+	size_t child_count);
+void task_new_check_zonefiles(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last,
+	const dname_type* zone);
+void task_new_write_zonefiles(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last,
+	const dname_type* zone);
+void task_new_set_verbosity(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, int v);
+void task_new_add_zone(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, const char* zone,
+	const char* pattern);
+void task_new_del_zone(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, const dname_type* dname);
+void task_new_add_key(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, key_options_t* key);
+void task_new_del_key(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, const char* name);
+void task_new_add_pattern(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, pattern_options_t* p);
+void task_new_del_pattern(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, const char* name);
+void task_new_opt_change(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, nsd_options_t* opt);
+int task_new_apply_xfr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* last, const dname_type* zone,
+	uint32_t old_serial, uint32_t new_serial, uint64_t filenumber);
+void task_process_in_reload(struct nsd* nsd, udb_base* udb, udb_ptr *last_task,
+	udb_ptr* task);
+void task_process_expire(namedb_type* db, struct task_list_d* task);
+
 #endif /* DIFFFILE_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/dname.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/dname.h
index fccc3ee2967..a9aa15ad177 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/dname.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/dname.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * dname.h -- Domain name handling.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -179,9 +179,9 @@ dname_label(const dname_type *dname, uint8_t label)
  * Return < 0 if LEFT < RIGHT, 0 if LEFT == RIGHT, and > 0 if LEFT >
  * RIGHT.  The comparison is case sensitive.
  *
- * Pre: vleft != NULL && vright != NULL
+ * Pre: left != NULL && right != NULL
  */
-int dname_compare(const void *vleft, const void *right);
+int dname_compare(const dname_type *left, const dname_type *right);
 
 
 /*
@@ -346,21 +346,6 @@ label_next(const uint8_t *label)
 const char *dname_to_string(const dname_type *dname,
 			    const dname_type *origin);
 
-/*
- * Convert DNAME to its string representation.  This is a reentrant
- * version of dname_to_string.  The buf argument is a pointer to a
- * user defined result buffer capable of holding the string representation
- * of a DNAME.  Due to escape sequences and such, this buffer is recommeneded
- * to be at least 5 * MAXDOMAINLEN in size.
- *
- * If ORIGIN is provided and DNAME is a subdomain of ORIGIN the dname
- * will be represented relative to ORIGIN.
- *
- * Pre: dname != NULL
- */
-const char *dname_to_string_r(const dname_type *dname,
-			      const dname_type *origin,
-			      char *buf);
 
 /*
  * Create a dname containing the single label specified by STR
@@ -389,13 +374,11 @@ const dname_type *dname_replace(region_type* region,
 				const dname_type* src,
 				const dname_type* dest);
 
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-/**
- * Create a dname representing the wildcard form of the passed dname.
- */
-int dname_make_wildcard(struct region *region,
-		    struct dname const *dname,
-		    struct dname const **wildcard);
-#endif
+/** Convert uncompressed wireformat dname to a string */
+char* wiredname2str(const uint8_t* dname);
+/** convert uncompressed label to string */
+char* wirelabel2str(const uint8_t* label);
+/** check if two uncompressed dnames of the same total length are equal */
+int dname_equal_nocase(uint8_t* a, uint8_t* b, uint16_t len);
 
 #endif /* _DNAME_H_ */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/edns.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/edns.c
index b69873f5fa1..57c2e6c6634 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/edns.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/edns.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * edns.c -- EDNS definitions (RFC 2671).
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/edns.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/edns.h
index 8de1b685f01..b8643e954e4 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/edns.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/edns.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * edns.h -- EDNS definitions (RFC 2671).
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/ipc.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/ipc.c
index 28e1cc5e7ec..141b0f3a83d 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/ipc.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/ipc.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * ipc.c - Interprocess communication routines. Handlers read and write.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
 #include "ipc.h"
 #include "buffer.h"
 #include "xfrd-tcp.h"
@@ -18,59 +19,16 @@
 #include "namedb.h"
 #include "xfrd.h"
 #include "xfrd-notify.h"
+#include "difffile.h"
 
-/* set is_ok for the zone according to the zone message */
-static zone_type* handle_xfrd_zone_state(struct nsd* nsd, buffer_type* packet);
-/* write ipc ZONE_STATE message into the buffer */
-static void write_zone_state_packet(buffer_type* packet, zone_type* zone);
 /* attempt to send NSD_STATS command to child fd */
 static void send_stat_to_child(struct main_ipc_handler_data* data, int fd);
-/* write IPC expire notification msg to a buffer */
-static void xfrd_write_expire_notification(buffer_type* buffer, xfrd_zone_t* zone);
 /* send reload request over the IPC channel */
 static void xfrd_send_reload_req(xfrd_state_t* xfrd);
 /* send quit request over the IPC channel */
 static void xfrd_send_quit_req(xfrd_state_t* xfrd);
-/* get SOA INFO out of IPC packet buffer */
-static void xfrd_handle_ipc_SOAINFO(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, buffer_type* packet);
 /* perform read part of handle ipc for xfrd */
-static void xfrd_handle_ipc_read(netio_handler_type *handler, xfrd_state_t* xfrd);
-
-static zone_type*
-handle_xfrd_zone_state(struct nsd* nsd, buffer_type* packet)
-{
-	uint8_t ok;
-	const dname_type *dname;
-	domain_type *domain;
-	zone_type *zone;
-
-	ok = buffer_read_u8(packet);
-	dname = (dname_type*)buffer_current(packet);
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "handler zone state %s is %s",
-		dname_to_string(dname, NULL), ok?"ok":"expired"));
-	/* find in zone_types, if does not exist, we cannot serve anyway */
-	/* find zone in config, since that one always exists */
-	domain = domain_table_find(nsd->db->domains, dname);
-	if(!domain) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "zone state msg, empty zone (domain %s)",
-			dname_to_string(dname, NULL)));
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	zone = domain_find_zone(domain);
-	if(!zone || dname_compare(domain_dname(zone->apex), dname) != 0) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "zone state msg, empty zone (zone %s)",
-			dname_to_string(dname, NULL)));
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	assert(zone);
-	/* only update zone->is_ok if needed to minimize copy-on-write
-	   of memory pages shared after fork() */
-	if(ok && !zone->is_ok)
-		zone->is_ok = 1;
-	if(!ok && zone->is_ok)
-		zone->is_ok = 0;
-	return zone;
-}
+static void xfrd_handle_ipc_read(struct event* handler, xfrd_state_t* xfrd);
 
 static void
 ipc_child_quit(struct nsd* nsd)
@@ -80,42 +38,27 @@ ipc_child_quit(struct nsd* nsd)
 #ifdef	BIND8_STATS
 	bind8_stats(nsd);
 #endif /* BIND8_STATS */
+
+#if 0 /* OS collects memory pages */
+	event_base_free(event_base);
+	region_destroy(server_region);
+#endif
 	server_shutdown(nsd);
 	exit(0);
 }
 
 void
-child_handle_parent_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
-		      netio_handler_type *handler,
-		      netio_event_types_type event_types)
+child_handle_parent_command(int fd, short event, void* arg)
 {
 	sig_atomic_t mode;
 	int len;
 	struct ipc_handler_conn_data *data =
-		(struct ipc_handler_conn_data *) handler->user_data;
-	if (!(event_types & NETIO_EVENT_READ)) {
-		return;
-	}
-
-	if(data->conn->is_reading) {
-		int ret = conn_read(data->conn);
-		if(ret == -1) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "handle_parent_command: error in conn_read: %s",
-				strerror(errno));
-			data->conn->is_reading = 0;
-			return;
-		}
-		if(ret == 0) {
-			return; /* continue later */
-		}
-		/* completed */
-		data->conn->is_reading = 0;
-		buffer_flip(data->conn->packet);
-		(void)handle_xfrd_zone_state(data->nsd, data->conn->packet);
+		(struct ipc_handler_conn_data *) arg;
+	if (!(event & EV_READ)) {
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if ((len = read(handler->fd, &mode, sizeof(mode))) == -1) {
+	if ((len = read(fd, &mode, sizeof(mode))) == -1) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "handle_parent_command: read: %s",
 			strerror(errno));
 		return;
@@ -123,7 +66,7 @@ child_handle_parent_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 	if (len == 0)
 	{
 		/* parent closed the connection. Quit */
-		data->nsd->mode = NSD_QUIT;
+		ipc_child_quit(data->nsd);
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -139,15 +82,22 @@ child_handle_parent_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 		server_close_all_sockets(data->nsd->udp, data->nsd->ifs);
 		server_close_all_sockets(data->nsd->tcp, data->nsd->ifs);
 		/* mode == NSD_QUIT_CHILD */
-		(void)write(handler->fd, &mode, sizeof(mode));
+		(void)write(fd, &mode, sizeof(mode));
 		ipc_child_quit(data->nsd);
 		break;
-	case NSD_ZONE_STATE:
-		data->conn->is_reading = 1;
-		data->conn->total_bytes = 0;
-		data->conn->msglen = 0;
-		data->conn->fd = handler->fd;
-		buffer_clear(data->conn->packet);
+	case NSD_QUIT_WITH_STATS:
+#ifdef BIND8_STATS
+		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC, 2, (LOG_INFO, "quit QUIT_WITH_STATS"));
+		/* reply with ack and stats and then quit */
+		if(!write_socket(fd, &mode, sizeof(mode))) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot write quitwst to parent");
+		}
+		if(!write_socket(fd, &data->nsd->st, sizeof(data->nsd->st))) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot write stats to parent");
+		}
+		fsync(fd);
+#endif /* BIND8_STATS */
+		ipc_child_quit(data->nsd);
 		break;
 	default:
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "handle_parent_command: bad mode %d",
@@ -169,38 +119,6 @@ parent_handle_xfrd_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 		return;
 	}
 
-	if(data->conn->is_reading) {
-		/* handle ZONE_STATE forward to children */
-		int ret = conn_read(data->conn);
-		size_t i;
-		zone_type* zone;
-		if(ret == -1) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "main xfrd listener: error in conn_read: %s",
-				strerror(errno));
-			data->conn->is_reading = 0;
-			return;
-		}
-		if(ret == 0) {
-			return; /* continue later */
-		}
-		/* completed */
-		data->conn->is_reading = 0;
-		buffer_flip(data->conn->packet);
-		zone = handle_xfrd_zone_state(data->nsd, data->conn->packet);
-		if(!zone)
-			return;
-		/* forward to all children */
-		for (i = 0; i < data->nsd->child_count; ++i) {
-			if(!zone->dirty[i]) {
-				zone->dirty[i] = 1;
-				stack_push(data->nsd->children[i].dirty_zones, zone);
-				data->nsd->children[i].handler->event_types |=
-					NETIO_EVENT_WRITE;
-			}
-		}
-		return;
-	}
-
 	if ((len = read(handler->fd, &mode, sizeof(mode))) == -1) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "handle_xfrd_command: read: %s",
 			strerror(errno));
@@ -212,6 +130,7 @@ parent_handle_xfrd_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "handle_xfrd_command: xfrd closed channel."));
 		close(handler->fd);
 		handler->fd = -1;
+		data->nsd->mode = NSD_SHUTDOWN;
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -221,18 +140,15 @@ parent_handle_xfrd_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 		data->nsd->signal_hint_reload = 1;
 		break;
 	case NSD_QUIT:
+	case NSD_SHUTDOWN:
 		data->nsd->mode = mode;
 		break;
+	case NSD_STATS:
+		data->nsd->signal_hint_stats = 1;
+		break;
 	case NSD_REAP_CHILDREN:
 		data->nsd->signal_hint_child = 1;
 		break;
-	case NSD_ZONE_STATE:
-		data->conn->is_reading = 1;
-		data->conn->total_bytes = 0;
-		data->conn->msglen = 0;
-		data->conn->fd = handler->fd;
-		buffer_clear(data->conn->packet);
-		break;
 	default:
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "handle_xfrd_command: bad mode %d",
 			(int) mode);
@@ -241,27 +157,6 @@ parent_handle_xfrd_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 }
 
 static void
-write_zone_state_packet(buffer_type* packet, zone_type* zone)
-{
-	sig_atomic_t cmd = NSD_ZONE_STATE;
-	uint8_t ok = zone->is_ok;
-	uint16_t sz;
-	if(!zone->apex) {
-		return;
-	}
-	sz = dname_total_size(domain_dname(zone->apex)) + 1;
-	sz = htons(sz);
-
-	buffer_clear(packet);
-	buffer_write(packet, &cmd, sizeof(cmd));
-	buffer_write(packet, &sz, sizeof(sz));
-	buffer_write(packet, &ok, sizeof(ok));
-	buffer_write(packet, domain_dname(zone->apex),
-		dname_total_size(domain_dname(zone->apex)));
-	buffer_flip(packet);
-}
-
-static void
 send_stat_to_child(struct main_ipc_handler_data* data, int fd)
 {
 	sig_atomic_t cmd = NSD_STATS;
@@ -275,6 +170,7 @@ send_stat_to_child(struct main_ipc_handler_data* data, int fd)
 	data->child->need_to_send_STATS = 0;
 }
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
 int packet_read_query_section(buffer_type *packet, uint8_t* dest, uint16_t* qtype, uint16_t* qclass);
 static void
 debug_print_fwd_name(int ATTR_UNUSED(len), buffer_type* packet, int acl_num)
@@ -297,11 +193,16 @@ debug_print_fwd_name(int ATTR_UNUSED(len), buffer_type* packet, int acl_num)
 	buffer_set_position(packet, bufpos);
 	region_destroy(tempregion);
 }
+#endif
 
 static void
 send_quit_to_child(struct main_ipc_handler_data* data, int fd)
 {
+#ifdef BIND8_STATS
+	sig_atomic_t cmd = NSD_QUIT_WITH_STATS;
+#else
 	sig_atomic_t cmd = NSD_QUIT;
+#endif
 	if(write(fd, &cmd, sizeof(cmd)) == -1) {
 		if(errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
 			return; /* try again later */
@@ -314,6 +215,75 @@ send_quit_to_child(struct main_ipc_handler_data* data, int fd)
 		(int)data->child->pid));
 }
 
+/** the child is done, mark it as exited */
+static void
+child_is_done(struct nsd* nsd, int fd)
+{
+	size_t i;
+	if(fd != -1) close(fd);
+	for(i=0; i<nsd->child_count; ++i)
+		if(nsd->children[i].child_fd == fd) {
+			nsd->children[i].child_fd = -1;
+			nsd->children[i].has_exited = 1;
+			nsd->children[i].handler->fd = -1;
+			DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "server %d is done",
+				(int)nsd->children[i].pid));
+		}
+	parent_check_all_children_exited(nsd);
+}
+
+#ifdef BIND8_STATS
+/** add stats to total */
+void
+stats_add(struct nsdst* total, struct nsdst* s)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+	for(i=0; i<sizeof(total->qtype)/sizeof(stc_t); i++)
+		total->qtype[i] += s->qtype[i];
+	for(i=0; i<sizeof(total->qclass)/sizeof(stc_t); i++)
+		total->qclass[i] += s->qclass[i];
+	total->qudp += s->qudp;
+	total->qudp6 += s->qudp6;
+	total->ctcp += s->ctcp;
+	total->ctcp6 += s->ctcp6;
+	for(i=0; i<sizeof(total->rcode)/sizeof(stc_t); i++)
+		total->rcode[i] += s->rcode[i];
+	for(i=0; i<sizeof(total->opcode)/sizeof(stc_t); i++)
+		total->opcode[i] += s->opcode[i];
+	total->dropped += s->dropped;
+	total->truncated += s->truncated;
+	total->wrongzone += s->wrongzone;
+	total->txerr += s->txerr;
+	total->rxerr += s->rxerr;
+	total->edns += s->edns;
+	total->ednserr += s->ednserr;
+	total->raxfr += s->raxfr;
+	total->nona += s->nona;
+
+	total->db_disk = s->db_disk;
+	total->db_mem = s->db_mem;
+}
+
+#define FINAL_STATS_TIMEOUT 10 /* seconds */
+static void
+read_child_stats(struct nsd* nsd, struct nsd_child* child, int fd)
+{
+	struct nsdst s;
+	errno=0;
+	if(block_read(nsd, fd, &s, sizeof(s), FINAL_STATS_TIMEOUT)!=sizeof(s)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "problems reading finalstats from server "
+			"%d: %s", (int)child->pid, strerror(errno));
+	} else {
+		stats_add(&nsd->st, &s);
+		child->query_count = s.qudp + s.qudp6 + s.ctcp + s.ctcp6;
+		/* we know that the child is going to close the connection
+		 * now (this is an ACK of the QUIT_W_STATS so we know the
+		 * child is done, no longer sending e.g. NOTIFY contents) */
+		child_is_done(nsd, fd);
+	}
+}
+#endif /* BIND8_STATS */
+
 void
 parent_handle_child_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 		      netio_handler_type *handler,
@@ -326,43 +296,14 @@ parent_handle_child_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 
 	/* do a nonblocking write to the child if it is ready. */
 	if (event_types & NETIO_EVENT_WRITE) {
-		if(!data->busy_writing_zone_state &&
-			!data->child->need_to_send_STATS &&
-			!data->child->need_to_send_QUIT &&
-			!data->child->need_to_exit &&
-			data->child->dirty_zones->num > 0) {
-			/* create packet from next dirty zone */
-			zone_type* zone = (zone_type*)stack_pop(data->child->dirty_zones);
-			assert(zone);
-			zone->dirty[data->child_num] = 0;
-			data->busy_writing_zone_state = 1;
-			write_zone_state_packet(data->write_conn->packet, zone);
-			data->write_conn->msglen = buffer_limit(data->write_conn->packet);
-			data->write_conn->total_bytes = sizeof(uint16_t); /* len bytes already in packet */
-			data->write_conn->fd = handler->fd;
-		}
-		if(data->busy_writing_zone_state) {
-			/* write more of packet */
-			int ret = conn_write(data->write_conn);
-			if(ret == -1) {
-				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "handle_child_cmd %d: could not write: %s",
-					(int)data->child->pid, strerror(errno));
-				data->busy_writing_zone_state = 0;
-			} else if(ret == 1) {
-				data->busy_writing_zone_state = 0; /* completed */
-			}
-		} else if(data->child->need_to_send_STATS &&
-			  !data->child->need_to_exit) {
+		if(data->child->need_to_send_STATS &&
+			!data->child->need_to_exit) {
 			send_stat_to_child(data, handler->fd);
 		} else if(data->child->need_to_send_QUIT) {
 			send_quit_to_child(data, handler->fd);
 			if(!data->child->need_to_send_QUIT)
 				handler->event_types = NETIO_EVENT_READ;
-		}
-		if(!data->busy_writing_zone_state &&
-			!data->child->need_to_send_STATS &&
-			!data->child->need_to_send_QUIT &&
-			data->child->dirty_zones->num == 0) {
+		} else {
 			handler->event_types = NETIO_EVENT_READ;
 		}
 	}
@@ -468,18 +409,7 @@ parent_handle_child_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 	}
 	if (len == 0)
 	{
-		size_t i;
-		if(handler->fd != -1) close(handler->fd);
-		for(i=0; i<data->nsd->child_count; ++i)
-			if(data->nsd->children[i].child_fd == handler->fd) {
-				data->nsd->children[i].child_fd = -1;
-				data->nsd->children[i].has_exited = 1;
-				DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO,
-					"server %d closed cmd channel",
-					(int) data->nsd->children[i].pid));
-			}
-		handler->fd = -1;
-		parent_check_all_children_exited(data->nsd);
+		child_is_done(data->nsd, handler->fd);
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -487,6 +417,11 @@ parent_handle_child_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 	case NSD_QUIT:
 		data->nsd->mode = mode;
 		break;
+#ifdef BIND8_STATS
+	case NSD_QUIT_WITH_STATS:
+		read_child_stats(data->nsd, data->child, handler->fd);
+		break;
+#endif /* BIND8_STATS */
 	case NSD_STATS:
 		data->nsd->signal_hint_stats = 1;
 		break;
@@ -573,33 +508,16 @@ parent_handle_reload_command(netio_type *ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 }
 
 static void
-xfrd_write_expire_notification(buffer_type* buffer, xfrd_zone_t* zone)
-{
-	sig_atomic_t cmd = NSD_ZONE_STATE;
-	uint8_t ok = 1;
-	uint16_t sz = dname_total_size(zone->apex) + 1;
-	sz = htons(sz);
-	if(zone->state == xfrd_zone_expired)
-		ok = 0;
-
-	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO,
-		"xfrd encoding ipc zone state msg for zone %s state %d.",
-		zone->apex_str, (int)zone->state));
-
-	buffer_clear(buffer);
-	buffer_write(buffer, &cmd, sizeof(cmd));
-	buffer_write(buffer, &sz, sizeof(sz));
-	buffer_write(buffer, &ok, sizeof(ok));
-	buffer_write(buffer, zone->apex, dname_total_size(zone->apex));
-	buffer_flip(buffer);
-}
-
-static void
 xfrd_send_reload_req(xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
 {
 	sig_atomic_t req = NSD_RELOAD;
+	uint64_t p = xfrd->last_task->data;
+	udb_ptr_unlink(xfrd->last_task, xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask]);
+	task_process_sync(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask]);
 	/* ask server_main for a reload */
-	if(write(xfrd->ipc_handler.fd, &req, sizeof(req)) == -1) {
+	if(write(xfrd->ipc_handler.ev_fd, &req, sizeof(req)) == -1) {
+		udb_ptr_init(xfrd->last_task, xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask]);
+		udb_ptr_set(xfrd->last_task, xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask], p);
 		if(errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
 			return; /* try again later */
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: problems sending reload command: %s",
@@ -607,21 +525,55 @@ xfrd_send_reload_req(xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
 		return;
 	}
 	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: asked nsd to reload new updates"));
+	/* swapped task to other side, start to use other task udb. */
+	xfrd->nsd->mytask = 1 - xfrd->nsd->mytask;
+	task_remap(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask]);
+	udb_ptr_init(xfrd->last_task, xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask]);
+	assert(udb_base_get_userdata(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask])->data == 0);
+
 	xfrd_prepare_zones_for_reload();
 	xfrd->reload_cmd_last_sent = xfrd_time();
 	xfrd->need_to_send_reload = 0;
 	xfrd->can_send_reload = 0;
 }
 
+void
+ipc_xfrd_set_listening(struct xfrd_state* xfrd, short mode)
+{
+	int fd = xfrd->ipc_handler.ev_fd;
+	struct event_base* base = xfrd->event_base;
+	event_del(&xfrd->ipc_handler);
+	event_set(&xfrd->ipc_handler, fd, mode, xfrd_handle_ipc, xfrd);
+	if(event_base_set(base, &xfrd->ipc_handler) != 0)
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "ipc: cannot set event_base");
+	/* no timeout for IPC events */
+	if(event_add(&xfrd->ipc_handler, NULL) != 0)
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "ipc: cannot add event");
+	xfrd->ipc_handler_flags = mode;
+}
+
+static void
+xfrd_send_shutdown_req(xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
+{
+	sig_atomic_t cmd = NSD_SHUTDOWN;
+	xfrd->ipc_send_blocked = 1;
+	ipc_xfrd_set_listening(xfrd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ);
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: ipc send shutdown"));
+	if(!write_socket(xfrd->ipc_handler.ev_fd, &cmd, sizeof(cmd))) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: error writing shutdown to main: %s",
+			strerror(errno));
+	}
+	xfrd->need_to_send_shutdown = 0;
+}
+
 static void
 xfrd_send_quit_req(xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
 {
 	sig_atomic_t cmd = NSD_QUIT;
 	xfrd->ipc_send_blocked = 1;
-	xfrd->ipc_handler.event_types &= (~NETIO_EVENT_WRITE);
-	xfrd->sending_zone_state = 0;
+	ipc_xfrd_set_listening(xfrd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ);
 	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: ipc send ackreload(quit)"));
-	if(!write_socket(xfrd->ipc_handler.fd, &cmd, sizeof(cmd))) {
+	if(!write_socket(xfrd->ipc_handler.ev_fd, &cmd, sizeof(cmd))) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: error writing ack to main: %s",
 			strerror(errno));
 	}
@@ -629,119 +581,55 @@ xfrd_send_quit_req(xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
 }
 
 static void
-xfrd_handle_ipc_SOAINFO(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, buffer_type* packet)
+xfrd_send_stats(xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
 {
-	xfrd_soa_t soa;
-	xfrd_soa_t* soa_ptr = &soa;
-	xfrd_zone_t* zone;
-	/* dname is sent in memory format */
-	const dname_type* dname = (const dname_type*)buffer_begin(packet);
-
-	/* find zone and decode SOA */
-	zone = (xfrd_zone_t*)rbtree_search(xfrd->zones, dname);
-	buffer_skip(packet, dname_total_size(dname));
-
-	if(!buffer_available(packet, sizeof(uint32_t)*6 + sizeof(uint8_t)*2)) {
-		/* NSD has zone without any info */
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "SOAINFO for %s lost zone",
-			dname_to_string(dname,0)));
-		soa_ptr = NULL;
-	} else {
-		/* read soa info */
-		memset(&soa, 0, sizeof(soa));
-		/* left out type, klass, count for speed */
-		soa.type = htons(TYPE_SOA);
-		soa.klass = htons(CLASS_IN);
-		soa.ttl = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
-		soa.rdata_count = htons(7);
-		soa.prim_ns[0] = buffer_read_u8(packet);
-		if(!buffer_available(packet, soa.prim_ns[0]))
-			return;
-		buffer_read(packet, soa.prim_ns+1, soa.prim_ns[0]);
-		soa.email[0] = buffer_read_u8(packet);
-		if(!buffer_available(packet, soa.email[0]))
-			return;
-		buffer_read(packet, soa.email+1, soa.email[0]);
-
-		soa.serial = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
-		soa.refresh = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
-		soa.retry = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
-		soa.expire = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
-		soa.minimum = htonl(buffer_read_u32(packet));
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "SOAINFO for %s %u",
-			dname_to_string(dname,0), ntohl(soa.serial)));
-	}
-
-	if(!zone) {
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s master zone updated",
-			dname_to_string(dname,0)));
-		notify_handle_master_zone_soainfo(xfrd->notify_zones,
-			dname, soa_ptr);
-		return;
+	sig_atomic_t cmd = NSD_STATS;
+	DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: ipc send stats"));
+	if(!write_socket(xfrd->ipc_handler.ev_fd, &cmd, sizeof(cmd))) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: error writing stats to main: %s",
+			strerror(errno));
 	}
-	xfrd_handle_incoming_soa(zone, soa_ptr, xfrd_time());
+	xfrd->need_to_send_stats = 0;
 }
 
 void
-xfrd_handle_ipc(netio_type* ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
-	netio_handler_type *handler,
-	netio_event_types_type event_types)
+xfrd_handle_ipc(int ATTR_UNUSED(fd), short event, void* arg)
 {
-	xfrd_state_t* xfrd = (xfrd_state_t*)handler->user_data;
-        if ((event_types & NETIO_EVENT_READ))
+	xfrd_state_t* xfrd = (xfrd_state_t*)arg;
+        if ((event & EV_READ))
 	{
 		/* first attempt to read as a signal from main
 		 * could block further send operations */
-		xfrd_handle_ipc_read(handler, xfrd);
+		xfrd_handle_ipc_read(&xfrd->ipc_handler, xfrd);
 	}
-        if ((event_types & NETIO_EVENT_WRITE))
+        if ((event & EV_WRITE))
 	{
-		if(xfrd->ipc_send_blocked) { /* wait for SOA_END */
-			handler->event_types = NETIO_EVENT_READ;
+		if(xfrd->ipc_send_blocked) { /* wait for RELOAD_DONE */
+			ipc_xfrd_set_listening(xfrd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ);
 			return;
 		}
-		/* if necessary prepare a packet */
-		if(!(xfrd->can_send_reload && xfrd->need_to_send_reload) &&
-			!xfrd->need_to_send_quit &&
-			!xfrd->sending_zone_state &&
-			xfrd->dirty_zones->num > 0) {
-			xfrd_zone_t* zone = (xfrd_zone_t*)stack_pop(xfrd->dirty_zones);
-			assert(zone);
-			zone->dirty = 0;
-			xfrd->sending_zone_state = 1;
-			xfrd_write_expire_notification(xfrd->ipc_conn_write->packet, zone);
-			xfrd->ipc_conn_write->msglen = buffer_limit(xfrd->ipc_conn_write->packet);
-			/* skip length bytes; they are encoded in the packet, after cmd */
-			xfrd->ipc_conn_write->total_bytes = sizeof(uint16_t);
-		}
-		/* write a bit */
-		if(xfrd->sending_zone_state) {
-			/* call conn_write */
-			int ret = conn_write(xfrd->ipc_conn_write);
-			if(ret == -1) {
-				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: error in write ipc: %s", strerror(errno));
-				xfrd->sending_zone_state = 0;
-			}
-			else if(ret == 1) { /* done */
-				xfrd->sending_zone_state = 0;
-			}
+		if(xfrd->need_to_send_shutdown) {
+			xfrd_send_shutdown_req(xfrd);
 		} else if(xfrd->need_to_send_quit) {
 			xfrd_send_quit_req(xfrd);
 		} else if(xfrd->can_send_reload && xfrd->need_to_send_reload) {
 			xfrd_send_reload_req(xfrd);
+		} else if(xfrd->need_to_send_stats) {
+			xfrd_send_stats(xfrd);
 		}
 		if(!(xfrd->can_send_reload && xfrd->need_to_send_reload) &&
+			!xfrd->need_to_send_shutdown &&
 			!xfrd->need_to_send_quit &&
-			!xfrd->sending_zone_state &&
-			xfrd->dirty_zones->num == 0) {
-			handler->event_types = NETIO_EVENT_READ; /* disable writing for now */
+			!xfrd->need_to_send_stats) {
+			/* disable writing for now */
+			ipc_xfrd_set_listening(xfrd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ);
 		}
 	}
 
 }
 
 static void
-xfrd_handle_ipc_read(netio_handler_type *handler, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
+xfrd_handle_ipc_read(struct event* handler, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
 {
         sig_atomic_t cmd;
         int len;
@@ -770,6 +658,7 @@ xfrd_handle_ipc_read(netio_handler_type *handler, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
 	}
 	if(xfrd->ipc_conn->is_reading) {
 		/* reading an IPC message */
+		buffer_type* tmp;
 		int ret = conn_read(xfrd->ipc_conn);
 		if(ret == -1) {
 			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: error in read ipc: %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -779,26 +668,22 @@ xfrd_handle_ipc_read(netio_handler_type *handler, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
 		if(ret == 0)
 			return;
 		buffer_flip(xfrd->ipc_conn->packet);
-		if(xfrd->ipc_is_soa) {
-			xfrd->ipc_conn->is_reading = 0;
-			xfrd_handle_ipc_SOAINFO(xfrd, xfrd->ipc_conn->packet);
-		} else 	{
-			/* use ipc_conn to read remaining data as well */
-			buffer_type* tmp = xfrd->ipc_pass;
-			xfrd->ipc_conn->is_reading=2;
-			xfrd->ipc_pass = xfrd->ipc_conn->packet;
-			xfrd->ipc_conn->packet = tmp;
-			xfrd->ipc_conn->total_bytes = sizeof(xfrd->ipc_conn->msglen);
-			xfrd->ipc_conn->msglen = 2*sizeof(uint32_t);
-			buffer_clear(xfrd->ipc_conn->packet);
-			buffer_set_limit(xfrd->ipc_conn->packet, xfrd->ipc_conn->msglen);
-		}
+		/* use ipc_conn to read remaining data as well */
+		tmp = xfrd->ipc_pass;
+		xfrd->ipc_conn->is_reading=2;
+		xfrd->ipc_pass = xfrd->ipc_conn->packet;
+		xfrd->ipc_conn->packet = tmp;
+		xfrd->ipc_conn->total_bytes = sizeof(xfrd->ipc_conn->msglen);
+		xfrd->ipc_conn->msglen = 2*sizeof(uint32_t);
+		buffer_clear(xfrd->ipc_conn->packet);
+		buffer_set_limit(xfrd->ipc_conn->packet, xfrd->ipc_conn->msglen);
 		return;
 	}
 
-        if((len = read(handler->fd, &cmd, sizeof(cmd))) == -1) {
-                log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd_handle_ipc: read: %s",
-                        strerror(errno));
+        if((len = read(handler->ev_fd, &cmd, sizeof(cmd))) == -1) {
+		if(errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN)
+                	log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd_handle_ipc: read: %s",
+                        	strerror(errno));
                 return;
         }
         if(len == 0)
@@ -812,48 +697,49 @@ xfrd_handle_ipc_read(netio_handler_type *handler, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
         switch(cmd) {
         case NSD_QUIT:
         case NSD_SHUTDOWN:
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: main send shutdown cmd."));
+		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: main sent shutdown cmd."));
                 xfrd->shutdown = 1;
                 break;
-	case NSD_SOA_BEGIN:
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: ipc recv SOA_BEGIN"));
-		/* reload starts sending SOA INFOs; don't block */
-		xfrd->parent_soa_info_pass = 1;
-		/* reset the nonblocking ipc write;
-		   the new parent does not want half a packet */
-		xfrd->sending_zone_state = 0;
-		break;
-	case NSD_SOA_INFO:
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: ipc recv SOA_INFO"));
-		assert(xfrd->parent_soa_info_pass);
-		xfrd->ipc_is_soa = 1;
-		xfrd->ipc_conn->is_reading = 1;
-                break;
-	case NSD_SOA_END:
+	case NSD_RELOAD_DONE:
 		/* reload has finished */
-		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: ipc recv SOA_END"));
+		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: ipc recv RELOAD_DONE"));
+#ifdef BIND8_STATS
+		if(block_read(NULL, handler->ev_fd, &xfrd->reload_pid,
+			sizeof(pid_t), -1) != sizeof(pid_t)) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd cannot get reload_pid");
+		}
+#endif /* BIND8_STATS */
+		/* read the not-mytask for the results and soainfo */
+		xfrd_process_task_result(xfrd,
+			xfrd->nsd->task[1-xfrd->nsd->mytask]);
+		/* reset the IPC, (and the nonblocking ipc write;
+		   the new parent does not want half a packet) */
 		xfrd->can_send_reload = 1;
-		xfrd->parent_soa_info_pass = 0;
 		xfrd->ipc_send_blocked = 0;
-		handler->event_types |= NETIO_EVENT_WRITE;
+		ipc_xfrd_set_listening(xfrd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ|EV_WRITE);
 		xfrd_reopen_logfile();
 		xfrd_check_failed_updates();
-		xfrd_send_expy_all_zones();
 		break;
 	case NSD_PASS_TO_XFRD:
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: ipc recv PASS_TO_XFRD"));
-		xfrd->ipc_is_soa = 0;
 		xfrd->ipc_conn->is_reading = 1;
 		break;
+	case NSD_RELOAD_REQ:
+		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: ipc recv RELOAD_REQ"));
+		/* make reload happen, right away, and schedule file check */
+		task_new_check_zonefiles(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+			xfrd->last_task, NULL);
+		xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+		break;
 	case NSD_RELOAD:
 		/* main tells us that reload is done, stop ipc send to main */
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: ipc recv RELOAD"));
-		handler->event_types |= NETIO_EVENT_WRITE;
+		ipc_xfrd_set_listening(xfrd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ|EV_WRITE);
 		xfrd->need_to_send_quit = 1;
 		break;
         default:
                 log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd_handle_ipc: bad mode %d (%d)", (int)cmd,
-			ntohl(cmd));
+			(int)ntohl(cmd));
                 break;
         }
 
@@ -864,4 +750,3 @@ xfrd_handle_ipc_read(netio_handler_type *handler, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
 		buffer_clear(xfrd->ipc_conn->packet);
 	}
 }
-
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/ipc.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/ipc.h
index 0bd02e32b72..cb27db46063 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/ipc.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/ipc.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * ipc.h - Interprocess communication routines. Handlers read and write.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@
 #ifndef NSD_IPC_H
 #define NSD_IPC_H
 
-#include "config.h"
 #include "netio.h"
 struct buffer;
 struct nsd;
 struct nsd_child;
 struct xfrd_tcp;
+struct xfrd_state;
+struct nsdst;
+struct event;
 
 /*
  * Data for the server_main IPC handler 
@@ -35,10 +37,6 @@ struct main_ipc_handler_data
 	uint16_t	total_bytes;
 	uint32_t	acl_num;
 	int32_t		acl_xfr;
-	
-	/* writing data, connection and state */
-	uint8_t		busy_writing_zone_state;
-	struct xfrd_tcp	*write_conn;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -78,17 +76,21 @@ void parent_handle_child_command(netio_type *netio,
  * Routine used by server_child.
  * Handle a command received from the parent process.
  */
-void child_handle_parent_command(netio_type *netio,
-	netio_handler_type *handler, netio_event_types_type event_types);
+void child_handle_parent_command(int fd, short event, void* arg);
 
 /*
  * Routine used by xfrd
  * Handle interprocess communication with parent process, read and write.
  */
-void xfrd_handle_ipc(netio_type *netio,
-	netio_handler_type *handler, netio_event_types_type event_types);
+void xfrd_handle_ipc(int fd, short event, void* arg);
 
 /* check if all children have exited in an orderly fashion and set mode */
 void parent_check_all_children_exited(struct nsd* nsd);
 
+/** add stats to total */
+void stats_add(struct nsdst* total, struct nsdst* s);
+
+/** set event to listen to given mode, no timeout, must be added already */
+void ipc_xfrd_set_listening(struct xfrd_state* xfrd, short mode);
+
 #endif /* NSD_IPC_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/iterated_hash.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/iterated_hash.c
index 4211f503c25..e8606a3b06c 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/iterated_hash.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/iterated_hash.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * iterated_hash.c -- nsec3 hash calculation.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/iterated_hash.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/iterated_hash.h
index 2a6bef399d0..9997e62598b 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/iterated_hash.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/iterated_hash.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * iterated_hash.h -- nsec3 hash calculation.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@
 #ifndef ITERATED_HASH_H
 #define ITERATED_HASH_H
 
-#include "config.h"
 #ifdef NSEC3
 #include <openssl/sha.h>
 
+#define NSEC3_SHA1_HASH 1 /* same type code as DS hash */
+
 int iterated_hash(unsigned char out[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH],
 	const unsigned char *salt,int saltlength,
 	const unsigned char *in,int inlength,int iterations);
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/mini_event.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/mini_event.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4048bcfae89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/mini_event.c
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+/*
+ * mini_event.c - implementation of part of libevent api, portably.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2007, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * 
+ * This software is open source.
+ * 
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 
+ * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 
+ * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 
+ * Neither the name of the NLNET LABS nor the names of its contributors may
+ * be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+ * specific prior written permission.
+ * 
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+ * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+ * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+ * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+ * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ * 
+ */
+
+/**
+ * \file
+ * fake libevent implementation. Less broad in functionality, and only
+ * supports select(2).
+ */
+
+#include "config.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+#include <time.h>
+#endif
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
+#if defined(USE_MINI_EVENT) && !defined(USE_WINSOCK)
+#ifdef HAVE_WINSOCK2_H
+#define FD_SET_T (u_int)
+#else
+#define FD_SET_T 
+#endif
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include "mini_event.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+/** compare events in tree, based on timevalue, ptr for uniqueness */
+int
+mini_ev_cmp(const void* a, const void* b)
+{
+	const struct event* e = (const struct event*)a;
+	const struct event* f = (const struct event*)b;
+	if(e->ev_timeout.tv_sec < f->ev_timeout.tv_sec)
+		return -1;
+	if(e->ev_timeout.tv_sec > f->ev_timeout.tv_sec)
+		return 1;
+	if(e->ev_timeout.tv_usec < f->ev_timeout.tv_usec)
+		return -1;
+	if(e->ev_timeout.tv_usec > f->ev_timeout.tv_usec)
+		return 1;
+	if(e < f)
+		return -1;
+	if(e > f)
+		return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** set time */
+static int
+settime(struct event_base* base)
+{
+	if(gettimeofday(base->time_tv, NULL) < 0) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+#ifndef S_SPLINT_S
+	*base->time_secs = (time_t)base->time_tv->tv_sec;
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** create event base */
+void *
+event_init(time_t* time_secs, struct timeval* time_tv)
+{
+	struct event_base* base = (struct event_base*)malloc(
+		sizeof(struct event_base));
+	if(!base)
+		return NULL;
+	memset(base, 0, sizeof(*base));
+	base->region = region_create(xalloc, free);
+	if(!base->region) {
+		free(base);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	base->time_secs = time_secs;
+	base->time_tv = time_tv;
+	if(settime(base) < 0) {
+		event_base_free(base);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	base->times = rbtree_create(base->region, mini_ev_cmp);
+	if(!base->times) {
+		event_base_free(base);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	base->capfd = MAX_FDS;
+#ifdef FD_SETSIZE
+	if((int)FD_SETSIZE < base->capfd)
+		base->capfd = (int)FD_SETSIZE;
+#endif
+	base->fds = (struct event**)calloc((size_t)base->capfd, 
+		sizeof(struct event*));
+	if(!base->fds) {
+		event_base_free(base);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	base->signals = (struct event**)calloc(MAX_SIG, sizeof(struct event*));
+	if(!base->signals) {
+		event_base_free(base);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+#ifndef S_SPLINT_S
+	FD_ZERO(&base->reads);
+	FD_ZERO(&base->writes);
+#endif
+	return base;
+}
+
+/** get version */
+const char *
+event_get_version(void)
+{
+	return "mini-event-"PACKAGE_VERSION;
+}
+
+/** get polling method, select */
+const char *
+event_get_method(void)
+{
+	return "select";
+}
+
+/** call timeouts handlers, and return how long to wait for next one or -1 */
+static int
+handle_timeouts(struct event_base* base, struct timeval* now, 
+	struct timeval* wait)
+{
+	struct event* p;
+	int tofired = 0;
+#ifndef S_SPLINT_S
+	wait->tv_sec = (time_t)-1;
+#endif
+
+	while((rbnode_t*)(p = (struct event*)rbtree_first(base->times))
+		!=RBTREE_NULL) {
+#ifndef S_SPLINT_S
+		if(p->ev_timeout.tv_sec > now->tv_sec ||
+			(p->ev_timeout.tv_sec==now->tv_sec && 
+		 	p->ev_timeout.tv_usec > now->tv_usec)) {
+			/* there is a next larger timeout. wait for it */
+			wait->tv_sec = p->ev_timeout.tv_sec - now->tv_sec;
+			if(now->tv_usec > p->ev_timeout.tv_usec) {
+				wait->tv_sec--;
+				wait->tv_usec = 1000000 - (now->tv_usec -
+					p->ev_timeout.tv_usec);
+			} else {
+				wait->tv_usec = p->ev_timeout.tv_usec 
+					- now->tv_usec;
+			}
+			return tofired;
+		}
+#endif
+		/* event times out, remove it */
+		tofired = 1;
+		(void)rbtree_delete(base->times, p);
+		p->ev_flags &= ~EV_TIMEOUT;
+		(*p->ev_callback)(p->ev_fd, EV_TIMEOUT, p->ev_arg);
+	}
+	return tofired;
+}
+
+/** call select and callbacks for that */
+static int
+handle_select(struct event_base* base, struct timeval* wait)
+{
+	fd_set r, w;
+	int ret, i;
+
+#ifndef S_SPLINT_S
+	if(wait->tv_sec==(time_t)-1)
+		wait = NULL;
+#endif
+	memmove(&r, &base->reads, sizeof(fd_set));
+	memmove(&w, &base->writes, sizeof(fd_set));
+	memmove(&base->ready, &base->content, sizeof(fd_set));
+
+	if((ret = select(base->maxfd+1, &r, &w, NULL, wait)) == -1) {
+		ret = errno;
+		if(settime(base) < 0)
+			return -1;
+		errno = ret;
+		if(ret == EAGAIN || ret == EINTR)
+			return 0;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if(settime(base) < 0)
+		return -1;
+	
+	for(i=0; i<base->maxfd+1; i++) {
+		short bits = 0;
+		if(!base->fds[i] || !(FD_ISSET(i, &base->ready))) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		if(FD_ISSET(i, &r)) {
+			bits |= EV_READ;
+			ret--;
+		}
+		if(FD_ISSET(i, &w)) {
+			bits |= EV_WRITE;
+			ret--;
+		}
+		bits &= base->fds[i]->ev_flags;
+		if(bits) {
+			(*base->fds[i]->ev_callback)(base->fds[i]->ev_fd, 
+				bits, base->fds[i]->ev_arg);
+			if(ret==0)
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** run select once */
+int
+event_base_loop(struct event_base* base, int flags)
+{
+	struct timeval wait;
+	if(!(flags & EVLOOP_ONCE))
+		return event_base_dispatch(base);
+	/* see if timeouts need handling */
+	if(handle_timeouts(base, base->time_tv, &wait))
+		return 0; /* there were timeouts, end of loop */
+	if(base->need_to_exit)
+		return 0;
+	/* do select */
+	if(handle_select(base, &wait) < 0) {
+		if(base->need_to_exit)
+			return 0;
+		return -1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** run select in a loop */
+int
+event_base_dispatch(struct event_base* base)
+{
+	struct timeval wait;
+	if(settime(base) < 0)
+		return -1;
+	while(!base->need_to_exit)
+	{
+		/* see if timeouts need handling */
+		(void)handle_timeouts(base, base->time_tv, &wait);
+		if(base->need_to_exit)
+			return 0;
+		/* do select */
+		if(handle_select(base, &wait) < 0) {
+			if(base->need_to_exit)
+				return 0;
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** exit that loop */
+int
+event_base_loopexit(struct event_base* base, 
+	struct timeval* ATTR_UNUSED(tv))
+{
+	base->need_to_exit = 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* free event base, free events yourself */
+void
+event_base_free(struct event_base* base)
+{
+	if(!base)
+		return;
+	if(base->times)
+		free(base->times);
+	if(base->fds)
+		free(base->fds);
+	if(base->signals)
+		free(base->signals);
+	region_destroy(base->region);
+	free(base);
+}
+
+/** set content of event */
+void
+event_set(struct event* ev, int fd, short bits, 
+	void (*cb)(int, short, void *), void* arg)
+{
+	ev->node.key = ev;
+	ev->ev_fd = fd;
+	ev->ev_flags = bits;
+	ev->ev_callback = cb;
+	ev->ev_arg = arg;
+	ev->added = 0;
+}
+
+/* add event to a base */
+int
+event_base_set(struct event_base* base, struct event* ev)
+{
+	ev->ev_base = base;
+	ev->added = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* add event to make it active, you may not change it with event_set anymore */
+int
+event_add(struct event* ev, struct timeval* tv)
+{
+	if(ev->added)
+		event_del(ev);
+	if(ev->ev_fd != -1 && ev->ev_fd >= ev->ev_base->capfd)
+		return -1;
+	if( (ev->ev_flags&(EV_READ|EV_WRITE)) && ev->ev_fd != -1) {
+		ev->ev_base->fds[ev->ev_fd] = ev;
+		if(ev->ev_flags&EV_READ) {
+			FD_SET(FD_SET_T ev->ev_fd, &ev->ev_base->reads);
+		}
+		if(ev->ev_flags&EV_WRITE) {
+			FD_SET(FD_SET_T ev->ev_fd, &ev->ev_base->writes);
+		}
+		FD_SET(FD_SET_T ev->ev_fd, &ev->ev_base->content);
+		FD_CLR(FD_SET_T ev->ev_fd, &ev->ev_base->ready);
+		if(ev->ev_fd > ev->ev_base->maxfd)
+			ev->ev_base->maxfd = ev->ev_fd;
+	}
+	if(tv && (ev->ev_flags&EV_TIMEOUT)) {
+#ifndef S_SPLINT_S
+		struct timeval* now = ev->ev_base->time_tv;
+		ev->ev_timeout.tv_sec = tv->tv_sec + now->tv_sec;
+		ev->ev_timeout.tv_usec = tv->tv_usec + now->tv_usec;
+		while(ev->ev_timeout.tv_usec > 1000000) {
+			ev->ev_timeout.tv_usec -= 1000000;
+			ev->ev_timeout.tv_sec++;
+		}
+#endif
+		(void)rbtree_insert(ev->ev_base->times, &ev->node);
+	}
+	ev->added = 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* remove event, you may change it again */
+int
+event_del(struct event* ev)
+{
+	if(ev->ev_fd != -1 && ev->ev_fd >= ev->ev_base->capfd)
+		return -1;
+	if((ev->ev_flags&EV_TIMEOUT))
+		(void)rbtree_delete(ev->ev_base->times, &ev->node);
+	if((ev->ev_flags&(EV_READ|EV_WRITE)) && ev->ev_fd != -1) {
+		ev->ev_base->fds[ev->ev_fd] = NULL;
+		FD_CLR(FD_SET_T ev->ev_fd, &ev->ev_base->reads);
+		FD_CLR(FD_SET_T ev->ev_fd, &ev->ev_base->writes);
+		FD_CLR(FD_SET_T ev->ev_fd, &ev->ev_base->ready);
+		FD_CLR(FD_SET_T ev->ev_fd, &ev->ev_base->content);
+	}
+	ev->added = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** which base gets to handle signals */
+static struct event_base* signal_base = NULL;
+
+/** signal handler */
+static RETSIGTYPE
+sigh(int sig)
+{
+	struct event* ev;
+	if(!signal_base || sig < 0 || sig >= MAX_SIG)
+		return;
+	ev = signal_base->signals[sig];
+	if(!ev)
+		return;
+	(*ev->ev_callback)(sig, EV_SIGNAL, ev->ev_arg);
+}
+
+/** install signal handler */
+int
+signal_add(struct event* ev, struct timeval* ATTR_UNUSED(tv))
+{
+	struct sigaction action;
+	if(ev->ev_fd == -1 || ev->ev_fd >= MAX_SIG)
+		return -1;
+	signal_base = ev->ev_base;
+	ev->ev_base->signals[ev->ev_fd] = ev;
+	ev->added = 1;
+	action.sa_handler = sigh;
+	sigfillset(&action.sa_mask);
+	action.sa_flags = 0;
+	return sigaction(ev->ev_fd, &action, NULL);
+}
+
+/** remove signal handler */
+int
+signal_del(struct event* ev)
+{
+	if(ev->ev_fd == -1 || ev->ev_fd >= MAX_SIG)
+		return -1;
+	ev->ev_base->signals[ev->ev_fd] = NULL;
+	ev->added = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#else /* USE_MINI_EVENT */
+#ifndef USE_WINSOCK
+int
+mini_ev_cmp(const void* ATTR_UNUSED(a), const void* ATTR_UNUSED(b))
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif /* not USE_WINSOCK */
+#endif /* USE_MINI_EVENT */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/mini_event.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/mini_event.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b40983b6479
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/mini_event.h
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+/*
+ * mini-event.h - micro implementation of libevent api, using select() only.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2007, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * 
+ * This software is open source.
+ * 
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 
+ * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 
+ * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 
+ * Neither the name of the NLNET LABS nor the names of its contributors may
+ * be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+ * specific prior written permission.
+ * 
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+ * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+ * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+ * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+ * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * \file
+ * This file implements part of the event(3) libevent api.
+ * The back end is only select. Max number of fds is limited.
+ * Max number of signals is limited, one handler per signal only.
+ * And one handler per fd.
+ *
+ * Although limited to select() and a max (1024) open fds, it
+ * is efficient:
+ * o dispatch call caches fd_sets to use. 
+ * o handler calling takes time ~ to the number of fds.
+ * o timeouts are stored in a redblack tree, sorted, so take log(n).
+ * Timeouts are only accurate to the second (no subsecond accuracy).
+ * To avoid cpu hogging, fractional timeouts are rounded up to a whole second.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MINI_EVENT_H
+#define MINI_EVENT_H
+struct region;
+
+#if defined(USE_MINI_EVENT) && !defined(USE_WINSOCK)
+
+#ifndef HAVE_EVENT_BASE_FREE
+#define HAVE_EVENT_BASE_FREE
+#endif 
+
+/** event timeout */
+#define EV_TIMEOUT	0x01
+/** event fd readable */
+#define EV_READ		0x02
+/** event fd writable */
+#define EV_WRITE	0x04
+/** event signal */
+#define EV_SIGNAL	0x08
+/** event must persist */
+#define EV_PERSIST	0x10
+
+/* needs our redblack tree */
+#include "rbtree.h"
+
+/** max number of file descriptors to support */
+#define MAX_FDS 1024
+/** max number of signals to support */
+#define MAX_SIG 32
+
+/** event base */
+struct event_base
+{
+	/** sorted by timeout (absolute), ptr */
+	rbtree_t* times;
+	/** array of 0 - maxfd of ptr to event for it */
+	struct event** fds;
+	/** max fd in use */
+	int maxfd;
+	/** capacity - size of the fds array */
+	int capfd;
+	/* fdset for read write, for fds ready, and added */
+	fd_set 
+		/** fds for reading */
+		reads, 
+		/** fds for writing */
+		writes, 
+		/** fds determined ready for use */
+		ready, 
+		/** ready plus newly added events. */
+		content;
+	/** array of 0 - maxsig of ptr to event for it */
+	struct event** signals;
+	/** if we need to exit */
+	int need_to_exit;
+	/** where to store time in seconds */
+	time_t* time_secs;
+	/** where to store time in microseconds */
+	struct timeval* time_tv;
+	/** region for allocation */
+	struct region* region;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Event structure. Has some of the event elements.
+ */
+struct event {
+	/** node in timeout rbtree */
+	rbnode_t node;
+	/** is event already added */
+	int added;
+
+	/** event base it belongs to */
+	struct event_base *ev_base;
+	/** fd to poll or -1 for timeouts. signal number for sigs. */
+	int ev_fd;
+	/** what events this event is interested in, see EV_.. above. */
+	short ev_flags;
+	/** timeout value */
+	struct timeval ev_timeout;
+
+	/** callback to call: fd, eventbits, userarg */
+	void (*ev_callback)(int, short, void *arg);
+	/** callback user arg */
+	void *ev_arg;
+};
+
+/* function prototypes (some are as they appear in event.h) */
+/** create event base */
+void *event_init(time_t* time_secs, struct timeval* time_tv);
+/** get version */
+const char *event_get_version(void);
+/** get polling method, select */
+const char *event_get_method(void);
+/** run select in a loop */
+int event_base_dispatch(struct event_base *);
+/** exit that loop */
+int event_base_loopexit(struct event_base *, struct timeval *);
+/** run select once */
+#define EVLOOP_ONCE 1
+int event_base_loop(struct event_base* base, int flags);
+/** free event base. Free events yourself */
+void event_base_free(struct event_base *);
+/** set content of event */
+void event_set(struct event *, int, short, void (*)(int, short, void *), void *);
+/** add event to a base. You *must* call this for every event. */
+int event_base_set(struct event_base *, struct event *);
+/** add event to make it active. You may not change it with event_set anymore */
+int event_add(struct event *, struct timeval *);
+/** remove event. You may change it again */
+int event_del(struct event *);
+
+/** add a timer */
+#define evtimer_add(ev, tv)             event_add(ev, tv)
+/** remove a timer */
+#define evtimer_del(ev)                 event_del(ev)
+
+/* uses different implementation. Cannot mix fd/timeouts and signals inside
+ * the same struct event. create several event structs for that.  */
+/** install signal handler */
+int signal_add(struct event *, struct timeval *);
+/** set signal event contents */
+#define signal_set(ev, x, cb, arg)      \
+        event_set(ev, x, EV_SIGNAL|EV_PERSIST, cb, arg)
+/** remove signal handler */
+int signal_del(struct event *);
+
+#endif /* USE_MINI_EVENT and not USE_WINSOCK */
+
+/** compare events in tree, based on timevalue, ptr for uniqueness */
+int mini_ev_cmp(const void* a, const void* b);
+
+#endif /* MINI_EVENT_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/namedb.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/namedb.c
index 5ed3b31baf6..5ffb6ff10dd 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/namedb.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/namedb.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * namedb.c -- common namedb operations.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <errno.h>
 
 #include "namedb.h"
+#include "nsec3.h"
 
 static domain_type *
-allocate_domain_info(domain_table_type *table,
-		     const dname_type *dname,
-		     domain_type *parent)
+allocate_domain_info(domain_table_type* table,
+		     const dname_type* dname,
+		     domain_type* parent)
 {
 	domain_type *result;
 
@@ -33,70 +33,312 @@ allocate_domain_info(domain_table_type *table,
 
 	result = (domain_type *) region_alloc(table->region,
 					      sizeof(domain_type));
-	result->node.key = dname_partial_copy(
+	result->dname = dname_partial_copy(
 		table->region, dname, domain_dname(parent)->label_count + 1);
 	result->parent = parent;
-	result->nextdiff = NULL;
 	result->wildcard_child_closest_match = result;
 	result->rrsets = NULL;
-	result->number = 0;
+	result->usage = 0;
 #ifdef NSEC3
-	result->nsec3_cover = NULL;
-#ifdef FULL_PREHASH
-	result->nsec3_wcard_child_cover = NULL;
-	result->nsec3_ds_parent_cover = NULL;
-	result->nsec3_lookup = NULL;
-	result->nsec3_is_exact = 0;
-	result->nsec3_ds_parent_is_exact = 0;
-#endif /* FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
+	result->nsec3 = NULL;
+#endif
 	result->is_existing = 0;
 	result->is_apex = 0;
-	result->has_SOA = 0;
+	assert(table->numlist_last); /* it exists because root exists */
+	/* push this domain at the end of the numlist */
+	result->number = table->numlist_last->number+1;
+	result->numlist_next = NULL;
+	result->numlist_prev = table->numlist_last;
+	table->numlist_last->numlist_next = result;
+	table->numlist_last = result;
 
 	return result;
 }
 
+#ifdef NSEC3
+void
+allocate_domain_nsec3(domain_table_type* table, domain_type* result)
+{
+	if(result->nsec3)
+		return;
+	result->nsec3 = (struct nsec3_domain_data*) region_alloc(table->region,
+		sizeof(struct nsec3_domain_data));
+	result->nsec3->nsec3_cover = NULL;
+	result->nsec3->nsec3_wcard_child_cover = NULL;
+	result->nsec3->nsec3_ds_parent_cover = NULL;
+	result->nsec3->nsec3_is_exact = 0;
+	result->nsec3->nsec3_ds_parent_is_exact = 0;
+	result->nsec3->have_nsec3_hash = 0;
+	result->nsec3->have_nsec3_wc_hash = 0;
+	result->nsec3->have_nsec3_ds_parent_hash = 0;
+	result->nsec3->prehash_prev = NULL;
+	result->nsec3->prehash_next = NULL;
+	result->nsec3->nsec3_node.key = NULL;
+	result->nsec3->hash_node.key = NULL;
+	result->nsec3->wchash_node.key = NULL;
+	result->nsec3->dshash_node.key = NULL;
+}
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+
+/** make the domain last in the numlist, changes numbers of domains */
+static void
+numlist_make_last(domain_table_type* table, domain_type* domain)
+{
+	size_t sw;
+	domain_type* last = table->numlist_last;
+	if(domain == last)
+		return;
+	/* swap numbers with the last element */
+	sw = domain->number;
+	domain->number = last->number;
+	last->number = sw;
+	/* swap list position with the last element */
+	assert(domain->numlist_next);
+	assert(last->numlist_prev);
+	if(domain->numlist_next != last) {
+		/* case 1: there are nodes between domain .. last */
+		domain_type* span_start = domain->numlist_next;
+		domain_type* span_end = last->numlist_prev;
+		/* these assignments walk the new list from start to end */
+		if(domain->numlist_prev)
+			domain->numlist_prev->numlist_next = last;
+		last->numlist_prev = domain->numlist_prev;
+		last->numlist_next = span_start;
+		span_start->numlist_prev = last;
+		span_end->numlist_next = domain;
+		domain->numlist_prev = span_end;
+		domain->numlist_next = NULL;
+	} else {
+		/* case 2: domain and last are neighbors */
+		/* these assignments walk the new list from start to end */
+		if(domain->numlist_prev)
+			domain->numlist_prev->numlist_next = last;
+		last->numlist_prev = domain->numlist_prev;
+		last->numlist_next = domain;
+		domain->numlist_prev = last;
+		domain->numlist_next = NULL;
+	}
+	table->numlist_last = domain;
+}
+
+/** pop the biggest domain off the numlist */
+static domain_type*
+numlist_pop_last(domain_table_type* table)
+{
+	domain_type* d = table->numlist_last;
+	table->numlist_last = table->numlist_last->numlist_prev;
+	if(table->numlist_last)
+		table->numlist_last->numlist_next = NULL;
+	return d;
+}
+
+/** see if a domain is eligible to be deleted, and thus is not used */
+static int
+domain_can_be_deleted(domain_type* domain)
+{
+	domain_type* n;
+	/* it has data or it has usage, do not delete it */
+	if(domain->rrsets) return 0;
+	if(domain->usage) return 0;
+	n = domain_next(domain);
+	/* it has children domains, do not delete it */
+	if(n && domain_is_subdomain(n, domain))
+		return 0;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+#ifdef NSEC3
+/** see if domain is on the prehash list */
+int domain_is_prehash(domain_table_type* table, domain_type* domain)
+{
+	if(domain->nsec3
+		&& (domain->nsec3->prehash_prev || domain->nsec3->prehash_next))
+		return 1;
+	return (table->prehash_list == domain);
+}
+
+/** remove domain node from NSEC3 tree in hash space */
+void
+zone_del_domain_in_hash_tree(rbtree_t* tree, rbnode_t* node)
+{
+	if(!node->key)
+		return;
+	rbtree_delete(tree, node->key);
+	/* note that domain is no longer in the tree */
+	node->key = NULL;
+}
+
+/** clear the prehash list */
+void prehash_clear(domain_table_type* table)
+{
+	domain_type* d = table->prehash_list, *n;
+	while(d) {
+		n = d->nsec3->prehash_next;
+		d->nsec3->prehash_prev = NULL;
+		d->nsec3->prehash_next = NULL;
+		d = n;
+	}
+	table->prehash_list = NULL;
+}
+
+/** add domain to prehash list */
+void
+prehash_add(domain_table_type* table, domain_type* domain)
+{
+	if(domain_is_prehash(table, domain))
+		return;
+	allocate_domain_nsec3(table, domain);
+	domain->nsec3->prehash_next = table->prehash_list;
+	if(table->prehash_list)
+		table->prehash_list->nsec3->prehash_prev = domain;
+	table->prehash_list = domain;
+}
+
+/** remove domain from prehash list */
+void
+prehash_del(domain_table_type* table, domain_type* domain)
+{
+	if(domain->nsec3->prehash_next)
+		domain->nsec3->prehash_next->nsec3->prehash_prev =
+			domain->nsec3->prehash_prev;
+	if(domain->nsec3->prehash_prev)
+		domain->nsec3->prehash_prev->nsec3->prehash_next =
+			domain->nsec3->prehash_next;
+	else	table->prehash_list = domain->nsec3->prehash_next;
+	domain->nsec3->prehash_next = NULL;
+	domain->nsec3->prehash_prev = NULL;
+}
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+
+/** perform domain name deletion */
+static void
+do_deldomain(namedb_type* db, domain_type* domain)
+{
+	assert(domain && domain->parent); /* exists and not root */
+	/* first adjust the number list so that domain is the last one */
+	numlist_make_last(db->domains, domain);
+	/* pop off the domain from the number list */
+	(void)numlist_pop_last(db->domains);
+
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	/* if on prehash list, remove from prehash */
+	if(domain_is_prehash(db->domains, domain))
+		prehash_del(db->domains, domain);
+
+	/* see if nsec3-nodes are used */
+	if(domain->nsec3) {
+		if(domain->nsec3->nsec3_node.key)
+			zone_del_domain_in_hash_tree(nsec3_tree_zone(db, domain)
+				->nsec3tree, &domain->nsec3->nsec3_node);
+		if(domain->nsec3->hash_node.key)
+			zone_del_domain_in_hash_tree(nsec3_tree_zone(db, domain)
+				->hashtree, &domain->nsec3->hash_node);
+		if(domain->nsec3->wchash_node.key)
+			zone_del_domain_in_hash_tree(nsec3_tree_zone(db, domain)
+				->wchashtree, &domain->nsec3->wchash_node);
+		if(domain->nsec3->dshash_node.key)
+			zone_del_domain_in_hash_tree(nsec3_tree_dszone(db, domain)
+				->dshashtree, &domain->nsec3->dshash_node);
+		region_recycle(db->domains->region, domain->nsec3,
+			sizeof(struct nsec3_domain_data));
+	}
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+
+	/* see if this domain is someones wildcard-child-closest-match,
+	 * which can only be the parent, and then it should use the
+	 * one-smaller than this domain as closest-match. */
+	if(domain->parent->wildcard_child_closest_match == domain)
+		domain->parent->wildcard_child_closest_match =
+			domain_previous(domain);
+
+	/* actual removal */
+	radix_delete(db->domains->nametree, domain->rnode);
+	region_recycle(db->domains->region, (dname_type*)domain->dname,
+		dname_total_size(domain->dname));
+	region_recycle(db->domains->region, domain, sizeof(domain_type));
+}
+
+void
+domain_table_deldomain(namedb_type* db, domain_type* domain)
+{
+	while(domain_can_be_deleted(domain)) {
+		/* delete it */
+		do_deldomain(db, domain);
+		/* test parent */
+		domain = domain->parent;
+	}
+}
+
+/** clear hash tree */
+void
+hash_tree_clear(rbtree_t* tree)
+{
+	rbnode_t* n;
+	if(!tree) return;
+
+	/* note that elements are no longer in the tree */
+	for(n=rbtree_first(tree); n!=RBTREE_NULL; n=rbtree_next(n)) {
+		n->key = NULL;
+	}
+	tree->count = 0;
+	tree->root = RBTREE_NULL;
+}
+
+void hash_tree_delete(region_type* region, rbtree_t* tree)
+{
+	region_recycle(region, tree, sizeof(rbtree_t));
+}
+
+/** add domain nsec3 node to hashedspace tree */
+void zone_add_domain_in_hash_tree(region_type* region, rbtree_t** tree,
+	int (*cmpf)(const void*, const void*),
+	domain_type* domain, rbnode_t* node)
+{
+	if(!*tree)
+		*tree = rbtree_create(region, cmpf);
+	memset(node, 0, sizeof(rbnode_t));
+	node->key = domain;
+	rbtree_insert(*tree, node);
+}
+
 domain_table_type *
-domain_table_create(region_type *region)
+domain_table_create(region_type* region)
 {
-	const dname_type *origin;
-	domain_table_type *result;
-	domain_type *root;
+	const dname_type* origin;
+	domain_table_type* result;
+	domain_type* root;
 
 	assert(region);
 
 	origin = dname_make(region, (uint8_t *) "", 0);
 
 	root = (domain_type *) region_alloc(region, sizeof(domain_type));
-	root->node.key = origin;
+	root->dname = origin;
 	root->parent = NULL;
-	root->nextdiff = NULL;
 	root->wildcard_child_closest_match = root;
 	root->rrsets = NULL;
 	root->number = 1; /* 0 is used for after header */
+	root->usage = 1; /* do not delete root, ever */
 	root->is_existing = 0;
 	root->is_apex = 0;
-	root->has_SOA = 0;
+	root->numlist_prev = NULL;
+	root->numlist_next = NULL;
 #ifdef NSEC3
-	root->nsec3_cover = NULL;
-#ifdef FULL_PREHASH
-	root->nsec3_is_exact = 0;
-	root->nsec3_ds_parent_is_exact = 0;
-	root->nsec3_wcard_child_cover = NULL;
-	root->nsec3_ds_parent_cover = NULL;
-	root->nsec3_lookup = NULL;
-#endif /* FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
+	root->nsec3 = NULL;
+#endif
 
 	result = (domain_table_type *) region_alloc(region,
 						    sizeof(domain_table_type));
 	result->region = region;
-	result->names_to_domains = rbtree_create(
-		region, (int (*)(const void *, const void *)) dname_compare);
-	rbtree_insert(result->names_to_domains, (rbnode_t *) root);
+	result->nametree = radix_tree_create(region);
+	root->rnode = radname_insert(result->nametree, dname_name(root->dname),
+		root->dname->name_size, root);
 
 	result->root = root;
+	result->numlist_last = root;
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	result->prehash_list = NULL;
+#endif
 
 	return result;
 }
@@ -115,7 +357,9 @@ domain_table_search(domain_table_type *table,
 	assert(closest_match);
 	assert(closest_encloser);
 
-	exact = rbtree_find_less_equal(table->names_to_domains, dname, (rbnode_t **) closest_match);
+	exact = radname_find_less_equal(table->nametree, dname_name(dname),
+		dname->name_size, (struct radnode**)closest_match);
+	*closest_match = (domain_type*)((*(struct radnode**)closest_match)->elem);
 	assert(*closest_match);
 
 	*closest_encloser = *closest_match;
@@ -135,11 +379,11 @@ domain_table_search(domain_table_type *table,
 }
 
 domain_type *
-domain_table_find(domain_table_type *table,
-		  const dname_type *dname)
+domain_table_find(domain_table_type* table,
+		  const dname_type* dname)
 {
-	domain_type *closest_match;
-	domain_type *closest_encloser;
+	domain_type* closest_match;
+	domain_type* closest_encloser;
 	int exact;
 
 	exact = domain_table_search(
@@ -149,12 +393,12 @@ domain_table_find(domain_table_type *table,
 
 
 domain_type *
-domain_table_insert(domain_table_type *table,
-		    const dname_type  *dname)
+domain_table_insert(domain_table_type* table,
+		    const dname_type* dname)
 {
-	domain_type *closest_match;
-	domain_type *closest_encloser;
-	domain_type *result;
+	domain_type* closest_match;
+	domain_type* closest_encloser;
+	domain_type* result;
 	int exact;
 
 	assert(table);
@@ -172,8 +416,9 @@ domain_table_insert(domain_table_type *table,
 			result = allocate_domain_info(table,
 						      dname,
 						      closest_encloser);
-			rbtree_insert(table->names_to_domains, (rbnode_t *) result);
-			result->number = table->names_to_domains->count;
+			result->rnode = radname_insert(table->nametree,
+				dname_name(result->dname),
+				result->dname->name_size, result);
 
 			/*
 			 * If the newly added domain name is larger
@@ -199,26 +444,21 @@ domain_table_insert(domain_table_type *table,
 }
 
 int
-domain_table_iterate(domain_table_type *table,
+domain_table_iterate(domain_table_type* table,
 		    domain_table_iterator_type iterator,
-		    void *user_data)
+		    void* user_data)
 {
-	const void *dname;
-	void *node;
 	int error = 0;
-
-	assert(table);
-
-	RBTREE_WALK(table->names_to_domains, dname, node) {
-		error += iterator((domain_type *) node, user_data);
+	struct radnode* n;
+	for(n = radix_first(table->nametree); n; n = radix_next(n)) {
+		error += iterator((domain_type*)n->elem, user_data);
 	}
-
 	return error;
 }
 
 
 void
-domain_add_rrset(domain_type *domain, rrset_type *rrset)
+domain_add_rrset(domain_type* domain, rrset_type* rrset)
 {
 #if 0 	/* fast */
 	rrset->next = domain->rrsets;
@@ -240,9 +480,9 @@ domain_add_rrset(domain_type *domain, rrset_type *rrset)
 
 
 rrset_type *
-domain_find_rrset(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone, uint16_t type)
+domain_find_rrset(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone, uint16_t type)
 {
-	rrset_type *result = domain->rrsets;
+	rrset_type* result = domain->rrsets;
 
 	while (result) {
 		if (result->zone == zone && rrset_rrtype(result) == type) {
@@ -254,9 +494,9 @@ domain_find_rrset(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone, uint16_t type)
 }
 
 rrset_type *
-domain_find_any_rrset(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone)
+domain_find_any_rrset(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone)
 {
-	rrset_type *result = domain->rrsets;
+	rrset_type* result = domain->rrsets;
 
 	while (result) {
 		if (result->zone == zone) {
@@ -268,9 +508,9 @@ domain_find_any_rrset(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone)
 }
 
 zone_type *
-domain_find_zone(domain_type *domain)
+domain_find_zone(domain_type* domain)
 {
-	rrset_type *rrset;
+	rrset_type* rrset;
 	while (domain) {
 		for (rrset = domain->rrsets; rrset; rrset = rrset->next) {
 			if (rrset_rrtype(rrset) == TYPE_SOA) {
@@ -282,22 +522,10 @@ domain_find_zone(domain_type *domain)
 	return NULL;
 }
 
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-domain_type *
-domain_find_zone_apex(domain_type *domain) {
-	while (domain != NULL) {
-		if (domain->has_SOA != 0)
-			return domain;
-		domain = domain->parent;
-	}
-	return NULL;
-}
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-
 zone_type *
-domain_find_parent_zone(zone_type *zone)
+domain_find_parent_zone(zone_type* zone)
 {
-	rrset_type *rrset;
+	rrset_type* rrset;
 
 	assert(zone);
 
@@ -310,7 +538,7 @@ domain_find_parent_zone(zone_type *zone)
 }
 
 domain_type *
-domain_find_ns_rrsets(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone, rrset_type **ns)
+domain_find_ns_rrsets(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone, rrset_type **ns)
 {
 	while (domain && domain != zone->apex) {
 		*ns = domain_find_rrset(domain, zone, TYPE_NS);
@@ -324,18 +552,18 @@ domain_find_ns_rrsets(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone, rrset_type **ns)
 }
 
 int
-domain_is_glue(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone)
+domain_is_glue(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone)
 {
-	rrset_type *unused;
-	domain_type *ns_domain = domain_find_ns_rrsets(domain, zone, &unused);
+	rrset_type* unused;
+	domain_type* ns_domain = domain_find_ns_rrsets(domain, zone, &unused);
 	return (ns_domain != NULL &&
 		domain_find_rrset(ns_domain, zone, TYPE_SOA) == NULL);
 }
 
 domain_type *
-domain_wildcard_child(domain_type *domain)
+domain_wildcard_child(domain_type* domain)
 {
-	domain_type *wildcard_child;
+	domain_type* wildcard_child;
 
 	assert(domain);
 	assert(domain->wildcard_child_closest_match);
@@ -351,14 +579,14 @@ domain_wildcard_child(domain_type *domain)
 }
 
 int
-zone_is_secure(zone_type *zone)
+zone_is_secure(zone_type* zone)
 {
 	assert(zone);
 	return zone->is_secure;
 }
 
 uint16_t
-rr_rrsig_type_covered(rr_type *rr)
+rr_rrsig_type_covered(rr_type* rr)
 {
 	assert(rr->type == TYPE_RRSIG);
 	assert(rr->rdata_count > 0);
@@ -368,20 +596,16 @@ rr_rrsig_type_covered(rr_type *rr)
 }
 
 zone_type *
-namedb_find_zone(namedb_type *db, domain_type *domain)
+namedb_find_zone(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname)
 {
-	zone_type *zone;
-
-	for (zone = db->zones; zone; zone = zone->next) {
-		if (zone->apex == domain)
-			break;
-	}
-
-	return zone;
+	struct radnode* n = radname_search(db->zonetree, dname_name(dname),
+		dname->name_size);
+	if(n) return (zone_type*)n->elem;
+	return NULL;
 }
 
 rrset_type *
-domain_find_non_cname_rrset(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone)
+domain_find_non_cname_rrset(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone)
 {
 	/* find any rrset type that is not allowed next to a CNAME */
 	/* nothing is allowed next to a CNAME, except RRSIG, NSEC, NSEC3 */
@@ -402,251 +626,12 @@ domain_find_non_cname_rrset(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone)
 	return NULL;
 }
 
-/**
- * Create namedb.
- *
- */
-struct namedb *
-namedb_create(void)
-{
-	struct namedb *db = NULL;
-	region_type *region = NULL;
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	region_type *nsec3_region = NULL;
-	region_type *nsec3_mod_region = NULL;
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-
-#ifdef USE_MMAP_ALLOC
-	region = region_create_custom(mmap_alloc, mmap_free,
-		MMAP_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE, MMAP_ALLOC_LARGE_OBJECT_SIZE,
-		MMAP_ALLOC_INITIAL_CLEANUP_SIZE, 1);
-#else /* !USE_MMAP_ALLOC */
-	region = region_create_custom(xalloc, free,
-		DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE, DEFAULT_LARGE_OBJECT_SIZE,
-		DEFAULT_INITIAL_CLEANUP_SIZE, 1);
-#endif /* !USE_MMAP_ALLOC */
-	if (region == NULL)
-		return NULL;
-
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-#ifdef USE_MMAP_ALLOC
-	nsec3_region = region_create_custom(mmap_alloc, mmap_free,
-		MMAP_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE, MMAP_ALLOC_LARGE_OBJECT_SIZE,
-		MMAP_ALLOC_INITIAL_CLEANUP_SIZE, 1);
-#else /* !USE_MMAP_ALLOC */
-	nsec3_region = region_create_custom(xalloc, free,
-		DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE, DEFAULT_LARGE_OBJECT_SIZE,
-		DEFAULT_INITIAL_CLEANUP_SIZE, 1);
-#endif /* !USE_MMAP_ALLOC */
-	if (nsec3_region == NULL) {
-		region_destroy(region);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-#ifdef USE_MMAP_ALLOC
-	nsec3_mod_region = region_create_custom(mmap_alloc, mmap_free,
-		MMAP_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE, MMAP_ALLOC_LARGE_OBJECT_SIZE,
-		MMAP_ALLOC_INITIAL_CLEANUP_SIZE, 1);
-#else /* !USE_MMAP_ALLOC */
-	nsec3_mod_region = region_create_custom(xalloc, free,
-		DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE, DEFAULT_LARGE_OBJECT_SIZE,
-		DEFAULT_INITIAL_CLEANUP_SIZE, 1);
-#endif /* !USE_MMAP_ALLOC */
-	if (nsec3_mod_region == NULL) {
-		region_destroy(region);
-		region_destroy(nsec3_region);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-
-	/* Make a new structure... */
-	db = (namedb_type *) region_alloc(region, sizeof(namedb_type));
-	db->region = region;
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	db->nsec3_region = nsec3_region;
-	db->nsec3_mod_region = nsec3_mod_region;
-	db->nsec3_mod_domains = NULL;
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-	db->domains = domain_table_create(region);
-	db->zones = NULL;
-	db->zone_count = 0;
-	db->filename = NULL;
-	db->fd = NULL;
-	db->crc = ~0;
-	db->crc_pos = 0;
-	db->diff_skip = 0;
-	db->diff_pos = 0;
-	return db;
-}
-
-/**
- * Destroy namedb.
- *
- */
-void
-namedb_destroy(struct namedb *db)
-{
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	region_destroy(db->nsec3_mod_region);
-	db->nsec3_mod_region = NULL;
-	db->nsec3_mod_domains = NULL;
-	region_destroy(db->nsec3_region);
-	db->nsec3_region = NULL;
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-	region_destroy(db->region);
-}
-
-
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-int
-zone_nsec3_domains_create(struct namedb *db, struct zone *zone)
-{
-	if ((db == NULL) || (zone == NULL))
-		return EINVAL;
-	if (zone->nsec3_domains != NULL)
-		return 0;
-	zone->nsec3_domains = rbtree_create(db->nsec3_region,
-					    dname_compare);
-	if (zone->nsec3_domains == NULL)
-		return ENOMEM;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int
-zone_nsec3_domains_destroy(struct namedb *db, struct zone *zone)
-{
-	rbnode_t *node;
-	if ((db == NULL) || (zone == NULL))
-		return EINVAL;
-	if (zone->nsec3_domains == NULL)
-		return 0;
-
-	node = rbtree_postorder_first(zone->nsec3_domains->root);
-	while (node != RBTREE_NULL) {
-		struct nsec3_domain *nsec3_domain =
-			(struct nsec3_domain *) node;
-		node = rbtree_postorder_next(node);
-
-		if (nsec3_domain->covers != NULL) {
-			nsec3_domain->covers->nsec3_cover = NULL;
-		}
-		region_recycle(db->nsec3_region, nsec3_domain,
-			sizeof(*nsec3_domain));
-	}
-	region_recycle(db->nsec3_region, zone->nsec3_domains,
-		sizeof(*(zone->nsec3_domains)));
-	zone->nsec3_domains = NULL;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-
 int
-namedb_add_nsec3_domain(struct namedb *db, struct domain *domain,
-	struct zone *zone)
+namedb_lookup(struct namedb* db,
+	      const dname_type* dname,
+	      domain_type     **closest_match,
+	      domain_type     **closest_encloser)
 {
-	struct nsec3_domain *nsec3_domain;
-	if (zone->nsec3_domains == NULL)
-		return 0;
-	nsec3_domain = (struct nsec3_domain *) region_alloc(db->nsec3_region,
-		sizeof(*nsec3_domain));
-	if (nsec3_domain == NULL)
-		return ENOMEM;
-	nsec3_domain->node.key = domain_dname(domain);
-	nsec3_domain->nsec3_domain = domain;
-	nsec3_domain->covers = NULL;
-	if (rbtree_insert(zone->nsec3_domains, (rbnode_t *) nsec3_domain) == NULL) {
-		region_recycle(db->nsec3_region, nsec3_domain, sizeof(*nsec3_domain));
-	}
-	return 0;
+	return domain_table_search(
+		db->domains, dname, closest_match, closest_encloser);
 }
-
-
-int
-namedb_del_nsec3_domain(struct namedb *db, struct domain *domain,
-	struct zone *zone)
-{
-	rbnode_t *node;
-	struct nsec3_domain *nsec3_domain;
-	int error = 0;
-
-	if (zone->nsec3_domains == NULL)
-		return 0;
-
-	node = rbtree_delete(zone->nsec3_domains, domain_dname(domain));
-	if (node == NULL)
-		return 0;
-
-	nsec3_domain = (struct nsec3_domain *) node;
-	if (nsec3_domain->covers != NULL) {
-		/*
-		 * It is possible that this NSEC3 domain was modified
-		 * due to the addition/deletion of another NSEC3 domain.
-		 * Make sure it gets added to the NSEC3 list later by
-		 * making sure it's covered domain is added to the
-		 * NSEC3 mod list. S64#3441
-		 */
-		error = namedb_add_nsec3_mod_domain(db, nsec3_domain->covers);
-		nsec3_domain->covers->nsec3_cover = NULL;
-		nsec3_domain->covers = NULL;
-	}
-	region_recycle(db->nsec3_region, nsec3_domain, sizeof(*nsec3_domain));
-	return error;
-}
-
-
-int
-namedb_nsec3_mod_domains_create(struct namedb *db)
-{
-	if (db == NULL)
-		return EINVAL;
-	namedb_nsec3_mod_domains_destroy(db);
-
-	db->nsec3_mod_domains = rbtree_create(db->nsec3_mod_region, dname_compare);
-	if (db->nsec3_mod_domains == NULL)
-		return ENOMEM;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-
-int
-namedb_nsec3_mod_domains_destroy(struct namedb *db)
-{
-	if (db == NULL)
-		return EINVAL;
-	if (db->nsec3_mod_domains == NULL)
-		return 0;
-	region_free_all(db->nsec3_mod_region);
-	db->nsec3_mod_domains = NULL;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int
-namedb_add_nsec3_mod_domain(struct namedb *db, struct domain *domain)
-{
-	struct nsec3_mod_domain *nsec3_mod_domain;
-	nsec3_mod_domain = (struct nsec3_mod_domain *)
-		region_alloc(db->nsec3_mod_region, sizeof(*nsec3_mod_domain));
-	if (nsec3_mod_domain == NULL) {
-		log_msg(LOG_ERR,
-			"memory allocation failure on modified domain");
-		return ENOMEM;
-	}
-	nsec3_mod_domain->node.key = domain_dname(domain);
-	nsec3_mod_domain->domain = domain;
-
-	if (rbtree_insert(db->nsec3_mod_domains, (rbnode_t *) nsec3_mod_domain) == NULL) {
-		region_recycle(db->nsec3_mod_region, nsec3_mod_domain,
-			sizeof(*nsec3_mod_domain));
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/namedb.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/namedb.h
index e50986a0fa4..dc0cb3fbff7 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/namedb.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/namedb.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * namedb.h -- nsd(8) internal namespace database definitions
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -14,13 +14,12 @@
 
 #include "dname.h"
 #include "dns.h"
+#include "radtree.h"
 #include "rbtree.h"
-#include "util.h"
 struct zone_options;
 struct nsd_options;
-
-#define	NAMEDB_MAGIC		"NSDdbV08"
-#define	NAMEDB_MAGIC_SIZE	8
+struct udb_base;
+struct udb_ptr;
 
 typedef union rdata_atom rdata_atom_type;
 typedef struct rrset rrset_type;
@@ -35,102 +34,104 @@ typedef struct zone zone_type;
 
 struct domain_table
 {
-	region_type *region;
-	rbtree_t      *names_to_domains;
-	domain_type *root;
+	region_type* region;
+	struct radtree *nametree;
+	domain_type* root;
+	/* ptr to biggest domain.number and last in list.
+	 * the root is the lowest and first in the list. */
+	domain_type *numlist_last;
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	/* the prehash list, start of the list */
+	domain_type* prehash_list;
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
 };
 
-struct domain
-{
-	rbnode_t     node;
-	domain_type *parent;
-	domain_type *nextdiff;
-	domain_type *wildcard_child_closest_match;
-	rrset_type  *rrsets;
 #ifdef NSEC3
-	domain_type *nsec3_cover; /* != NULL is exact cover */
-#ifdef FULL_PREHASH
-	/* (if nsec3 chain complete) nsec_cover is always the covering nsec3
-       record */
+struct nsec3_domain_data {
+	/* (if nsec3 chain complete) always the covering nsec3 record */
+	domain_type* nsec3_cover;
 	/* the nsec3 that covers the wildcard child of this domain. */
-	domain_type *nsec3_wcard_child_cover;
+	domain_type* nsec3_wcard_child_cover;
 	/* for the DS case we must answer on the parent side of zone cut */
-	domain_type *nsec3_ds_parent_cover;
-	/* the NSEC3 domain that has a hash-base32 <= than this dname. */
-	/* or NULL (no smaller one within this zone)
-	 * this variable is used to look up the NSEC3 record that matches
-	 * or covers a given b64-encoded-hash-string domain name.
-	 * The result of the lookup is stored in the *_cover variables.
-	 * The variable makes it possible to perform a rbtree lookup for
-	 * a name, then take this 'jump' to the previous element that contains
-	 * an NSEC3 record, with hopefully the correct parameters. */
-	domain_type *nsec3_lookup;
-#endif /* FULL_PREHASH */
+	domain_type* nsec3_ds_parent_cover;
+	/* NSEC3 domains to prehash, prev and next on the list or cleared */
+	domain_type* prehash_prev, *prehash_next;
+	/* entry in the nsec3tree (for NSEC3s in the chain in use) */
+	rbnode_t nsec3_node;
+	/* entry in the hashtree (for precompiled domains) */
+	rbnode_t hash_node;
+	/* entry in the wchashtree (the wildcard precompile) */
+	rbnode_t wchash_node;
+	/* entry in the dshashtree (the parent ds precompile) */
+	rbnode_t dshash_node;
+
+	/* nsec3 hash */
+	uint8_t nsec3_hash[NSEC3_HASH_LEN];
+	/* nsec3 hash of wildcard before this name */
+	uint8_t nsec3_wc_hash[NSEC3_HASH_LEN];
+	/* parent-side DS hash */
+	uint8_t nsec3_ds_parent_hash[NSEC3_HASH_LEN];
+	/* if the nsec3 has is available */
+	unsigned  have_nsec3_hash : 1;
+	unsigned  have_nsec3_wc_hash : 1;
+	unsigned  have_nsec3_ds_parent_hash : 1;
+	/* if the domain has an NSEC3 for it, use cover ptr to get it. */
+	unsigned     nsec3_is_exact : 1;
+	/* same but on parent side */
+	unsigned     nsec3_ds_parent_is_exact : 1;
+};
 #endif /* NSEC3 */
-	uint32_t     number; /* Unique domain name number.  */
+
+struct domain
+{
+	struct radnode* rnode;
+	const dname_type* dname;
+	domain_type* parent;
+	domain_type* wildcard_child_closest_match;
+	rrset_type* rrsets;
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	struct nsec3_domain_data* nsec3;
+#endif
+	/* double-linked list sorted by domain.number */
+	domain_type* numlist_prev, *numlist_next;
+	size_t     number; /* Unique domain name number.  */
+	size_t     usage; /* number of ptrs to this from RRs(in rdata) and
+			     from zone-apex pointers, also the root has one
+			     more to make sure it cannot be deleted. */
 
 	/*
 	 * This domain name exists (see wildcard clarification draft).
 	 */
 	unsigned     is_existing : 1;
 	unsigned     is_apex : 1;
-	unsigned     has_SOA : 1;
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifdef FULL_PREHASH
-	/* if the domain has an NSEC3 for it, use cover ptr to get it. */
-	unsigned     nsec3_is_exact : 1;
-	/* same but on parent side */
-	unsigned     nsec3_ds_parent_is_exact : 1;
-#endif /* FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
 };
 
 struct zone
 {
-	zone_type   *next;
-	domain_type *apex;
-	rrset_type  *soa_rrset;
-	rrset_type  *soa_nx_rrset; /* see bug #103 */
-	rrset_type  *ns_rrset;
+	struct radnode *node; /* this entry in zonetree */
+	domain_type* apex;
+	rrset_type*  soa_rrset;
+	rrset_type*  soa_nx_rrset; /* see bug #103 */
+	rrset_type*  ns_rrset;
 #ifdef NSEC3
-	rr_type	    *nsec3_soa_rr; /* rrset with SOA bit set */
-	domain_type *nsec3_last; /* last domain with nsec3, wraps */
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	rbtree_t    *nsec3_domains;
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-
-#if defined(BIND8_STATS) && defined(USE_ZONE_STATS)
-	struct nsdst st;
-#endif /* defined(BIND8_STATS) && defined(USE_ZONE_STATS) */
-
-	struct zone_options *opts;
-	uint32_t     number;
-	uint8_t*     dirty; /* array of dirty-flags, per child */
+	rr_type* nsec3_param; /* NSEC3PARAM RR of chain in use or NULL */
+	domain_type* nsec3_last; /* last domain with nsec3, wraps */
+	/* in these trees, the root contains an elem ptr to the radtree* */
+	rbtree_t* nsec3tree; /* tree with relevant NSEC3 domains */
+	rbtree_t* hashtree; /* tree, hashed NSEC3precompiled domains */
+	rbtree_t* wchashtree; /* tree, wildcard hashed domains */
+	rbtree_t* dshashtree; /* tree, ds-parent-hash domains */
+#endif
+	struct zone_options* opts;
 	unsigned     is_secure : 1; /* zone uses DNSSEC */
-	unsigned     updated : 1; /* zone SOA was updated */
 	unsigned     is_ok : 1; /* zone has not expired. */
+	unsigned     is_changed : 1; /* zone was changed by AXFR */
 };
 
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-struct nsec3_domain {
-	rbnode_t node;
-	struct domain *nsec3_domain;
-	struct domain *covers;
-};
-
-struct nsec3_mod_domain {
-	rbnode_t node;
-	struct domain *domain;
-};
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-
 /* a RR in DNS */
 struct rr {
-	domain_type     *owner;
-	rdata_atom_type *rdatas;
+	domain_type*     owner;
+	rdata_atom_type* rdatas;
 	uint32_t         ttl;
 	uint16_t         type;
 	uint16_t         klass;
@@ -143,9 +144,9 @@ struct rr {
  */
 struct rrset
 {
-	rrset_type *next;
-	zone_type  *zone;
-	rr_type    *rrs;
+	rrset_type* next;
+	zone_type*  zone;
+	rr_type*    rrs;
 	uint16_t    rr_count;
 };
 
@@ -157,10 +158,10 @@ struct rrset
 union rdata_atom
 {
 	/* RDATA_WF_COMPRESSED_DNAME, RDATA_WF_UNCOMPRESSED_DNAME */
-	domain_type *domain;
+	domain_type* domain;
 
 	/* Default. */
-	uint16_t    *data;
+	uint16_t*    data;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -171,8 +172,8 @@ domain_table_type *domain_table_create(region_type *region);
 /*
  * Search the domain table for a match and the closest encloser.
  */
-int domain_table_search(domain_table_type *table,
-			const dname_type  *dname,
+int domain_table_search(domain_table_type* table,
+			const dname_type* dname,
 			domain_type      **closest_match,
 			domain_type      **closest_encloser);
 
@@ -181,17 +182,17 @@ int domain_table_search(domain_table_type *table,
  * root domain).
  */
 static inline uint32_t
-domain_table_count(domain_table_type *table)
+domain_table_count(domain_table_type* table)
 {
-	return table->names_to_domains->count;
+	return table->nametree->count;
 }
 
 /*
  * Find the specified dname in the domain_table.  NULL is returned if
  * there is no exact match.
  */
-domain_type *domain_table_find(domain_table_type *table,
-			       const dname_type  *dname);
+domain_type* domain_table_find(domain_table_type* table,
+			       const dname_type* dname);
 
 /*
  * Insert a domain name in the domain table.  If the domain name is
@@ -203,6 +204,17 @@ domain_type *domain_table_find(domain_table_type *table,
 domain_type *domain_table_insert(domain_table_type *table,
 				 const dname_type  *dname);
 
+/* put domain into nsec3 hash space tree */
+void zone_add_domain_in_hash_tree(region_type* region, rbtree_t** tree,
+	int (*cmpf)(const void*, const void*), domain_type* domain,
+	rbnode_t* node);
+void zone_del_domain_in_hash_tree(rbtree_t* tree, rbnode_t* node);
+void hash_tree_clear(rbtree_t* tree);
+void hash_tree_delete(region_type* region, rbtree_t* tree);
+void prehash_clear(domain_table_type* table);
+void prehash_add(domain_table_type* table, domain_type* domain);
+void prehash_del(domain_table_type* table, domain_type* domain);
+int domain_is_prehash(domain_table_type* table, domain_type* domain);
 
 /*
  * Iterate over all the domain names in the domain tree.
@@ -210,87 +222,80 @@ domain_type *domain_table_insert(domain_table_type *table,
 typedef int (*domain_table_iterator_type)(domain_type *node,
 					   void *user_data);
 
-int domain_table_iterate(domain_table_type *table,
+int domain_table_iterate(domain_table_type* table,
 			  domain_table_iterator_type iterator,
-			  void *user_data);
+			  void* user_data);
 
 /*
  * Add an RRset to the specified domain.  Updates the is_existing flag
  * as required.
  */
-void domain_add_rrset(domain_type *domain, rrset_type *rrset);
+void domain_add_rrset(domain_type* domain, rrset_type* rrset);
 
-rrset_type *domain_find_rrset(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone, uint16_t type);
-rrset_type *domain_find_any_rrset(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone);
+rrset_type* domain_find_rrset(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone, uint16_t type);
+rrset_type* domain_find_any_rrset(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone);
 
-zone_type *domain_find_zone(domain_type *domain);
-zone_type *domain_find_parent_zone(zone_type *zone);
+zone_type* domain_find_zone(domain_type* domain);
+zone_type* domain_find_parent_zone(zone_type* zone);
 
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-domain_type *domain_find_zone_apex(domain_type *domain);
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-domain_type *domain_find_ns_rrsets(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone, rrset_type **ns);
+domain_type* domain_find_ns_rrsets(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone, rrset_type **ns);
 
-int domain_is_glue(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone);
+int domain_is_glue(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone);
 
-rrset_type *domain_find_non_cname_rrset(domain_type *domain, zone_type *zone);
+rrset_type* domain_find_non_cname_rrset(domain_type* domain, zone_type* zone);
 
-domain_type *domain_wildcard_child(domain_type *domain);
+domain_type* domain_wildcard_child(domain_type* domain);
 
-int zone_is_secure(zone_type *zone);
+int zone_is_secure(zone_type* zone);
 
 static inline const dname_type *
-domain_dname(domain_type *domain)
+domain_dname(domain_type* domain)
 {
-	return (const dname_type *) domain->node.key;
+	return domain->dname;
 }
 
 static inline domain_type *
-domain_previous(domain_type *domain)
+domain_previous(domain_type* domain)
 {
-	rbnode_t *prev = rbtree_previous((rbnode_t *) domain);
-	return prev == RBTREE_NULL ? NULL : (domain_type *) prev;
+	struct radnode* prev = radix_prev(domain->rnode);
+	return prev == NULL ? NULL : (domain_type*)prev->elem;
 }
 
 static inline domain_type *
-domain_next(domain_type *domain)
+domain_next(domain_type* domain)
 {
-	rbnode_t *next = rbtree_next((rbnode_t *) domain);
-	return next == RBTREE_NULL ? NULL : (domain_type *) next;
+	struct radnode* next = radix_next(domain->rnode);
+	return next == NULL ? NULL : (domain_type*)next->elem;
 }
 
+/* easy comparison for subdomain, true if d1 is subdomain of d2. */
+static inline int domain_is_subdomain(domain_type* d1, domain_type* d2)
+{ return dname_is_subdomain(domain_dname(d1), domain_dname(d2)); }
+/* easy printout, to static buffer of dname_to_string, fqdn. */
+static inline const char* domain_to_string(domain_type* domain)
+{ return dname_to_string(domain_dname(domain), NULL); }
+
 /*
  * The type covered by the signature in the specified RRSIG RR.
  */
-uint16_t rr_rrsig_type_covered(rr_type *rr);
+uint16_t rr_rrsig_type_covered(rr_type* rr);
 
 typedef struct namedb namedb_type;
 struct namedb
 {
-	region_type       *region;
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-	region_type       *nsec3_region;
-	region_type       *nsec3_mod_region;
-	rbtree_t          *nsec3_mod_domains;
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-	domain_table_type *domains;
-	zone_type         *zones;
-	size_t	  	  zone_count;
-	char              *filename;
-	FILE              *fd;
+	region_type*       region;
+	domain_table_type* domains;
+	struct radtree*    zonetree;
+	struct udb_base*   udb;
 	/* the timestamp on the ixfr.db file */
 	struct timeval	  diff_timestamp;
-	/* the CRC on the nsd.db file and position of CRC in the db file */
-	uint32_t	  crc;
-	off_t		  crc_pos;
 	/* if diff_skip=1, diff_pos contains the nsd.diff place to continue */
 	uint8_t		  diff_skip;
 	off_t		  diff_pos;
 };
 
 static inline int rdata_atom_is_domain(uint16_t type, size_t index);
+static inline int rdata_atom_is_literal_domain(uint16_t type, size_t index);
 
 static inline domain_type *
 rdata_atom_domain(rdata_atom_type atom)
@@ -311,27 +316,48 @@ rdata_atom_data(rdata_atom_type atom)
 }
 
 
+/* Find the zone for the specified dname in DB. */
+zone_type *namedb_find_zone(namedb_type *db, const dname_type *dname);
 /*
- * Find the zone for the specified DOMAIN in DB.
+ * Delete a domain name from the domain table.  Removes dname_info node.
+ * Only deletes if usage is 0, has no rrsets and no children.  Checks parents
+ * for deletion as well.  Adjusts numberlist(domain.number), and 
+ * wcard_child closest match.
  */
-zone_type *namedb_find_zone(namedb_type *db, domain_type *domain);
-
-/* dbcreate.c */
-struct namedb *namedb_new(const char *filename);
-int namedb_save(struct namedb *db);
-void namedb_discard(struct namedb *db);
+void domain_table_deldomain(namedb_type* db, domain_type* domain);
 
 
+/** dbcreate.c */
+int udb_write_rr(struct udb_base* udb, struct udb_ptr* z, rr_type* rr);
+void udb_del_rr(struct udb_base* udb, struct udb_ptr* z, rr_type* rr);
+int write_zone_to_udb(struct udb_base* udb, zone_type* zone, time_t mtime);
+/** marshal rdata into buffer, must be MAX_RDLENGTH in size */
+size_t rr_marshal_rdata(rr_type* rr, uint8_t* rdata, size_t sz);
 /* dbaccess.c */
-int namedb_lookup (struct namedb    *db,
-		   const dname_type *dname,
+int namedb_lookup (struct namedb* db,
+		   const dname_type* dname,
 		   domain_type     **closest_match,
 		   domain_type     **closest_encloser);
 /* pass number of children (to alloc in dirty array */
-struct namedb *namedb_open(const char *filename, struct nsd_options* opt,
-	size_t num_children);
-void namedb_fd_close(struct namedb *db);
-void namedb_close(struct namedb *db);
+struct namedb *namedb_open(const char *filename, struct nsd_options* opt);
+void namedb_close_udb(struct namedb* db);
+void namedb_close(struct namedb* db);
+void namedb_check_zonefiles(struct namedb* db, struct nsd_options* opt,
+	struct udb_base* taskudb, struct udb_ptr* last_task);
+void namedb_check_zonefile(struct namedb* db, struct udb_base* taskudb,
+	struct udb_ptr* last_task, struct zone_options* zo);
+/** zone one zonefile into memory and revert on parse error, write to udb */
+void namedb_read_zonefile(struct namedb* db, struct zone* zone,
+	struct udb_base* taskudb, struct udb_ptr* last_task);
+void apex_rrset_checks(struct namedb* db, rrset_type* rrset,
+	domain_type* domain);
+zone_type* namedb_zone_create(namedb_type* db, const dname_type* dname,
+        struct zone_options* zopt);
+void namedb_zone_delete(namedb_type* db, zone_type* zone);
+void namedb_write_zonefile(namedb_type* db, struct zone_options* zopt);
+void namedb_write_zonefiles(namedb_type* db, struct nsd_options* options);
+int create_dirs(const char* path);
+void allocate_domain_nsec3(domain_table_type *table, domain_type *result);
 
 static inline int
 rdata_atom_is_domain(uint16_t type, size_t index)
@@ -343,6 +369,15 @@ rdata_atom_is_domain(uint16_t type, size_t index)
 		    || descriptor->wireformat[index] == RDATA_WF_UNCOMPRESSED_DNAME));
 }
 
+static inline int
+rdata_atom_is_literal_domain(uint16_t type, size_t index)
+{
+	const rrtype_descriptor_type *descriptor
+		= rrtype_descriptor_by_type(type);
+	return (index < descriptor->maximum
+		&& (descriptor->wireformat[index] == RDATA_WF_LITERAL_DNAME));
+}
+
 static inline rdata_wireformat_type
 rdata_atom_wireformat_type(uint16_t type, size_t index)
 {
@@ -353,7 +388,7 @@ rdata_atom_wireformat_type(uint16_t type, size_t index)
 }
 
 static inline uint16_t
-rrset_rrtype(rrset_type *rrset)
+rrset_rrtype(rrset_type* rrset)
 {
 	assert(rrset);
 	assert(rrset->rr_count > 0);
@@ -361,35 +396,11 @@ rrset_rrtype(rrset_type *rrset)
 }
 
 static inline uint16_t
-rrset_rrclass(rrset_type *rrset)
+rrset_rrclass(rrset_type* rrset)
 {
 	assert(rrset);
 	assert(rrset->rr_count > 0);
 	return rrset->rrs[0].klass;
 }
 
-/**
- * Allocate and initialize a struct namedb.
- * Returns a pointer to a valid struct namedb or NULL on failure.
- */
-struct namedb * namedb_create(void);
-
-/**
- * Destroy a struct namedb created using the namedb_create function.
- * Frees all regions associated with the namedb structure.
- */
-void namedb_destroy(struct namedb *db);
-
-#ifdef NSEC3
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-int zone_nsec3_domains_create(struct namedb *db, struct zone *zone);
-int zone_nsec3_domains_destroy(struct namedb *db, struct zone *zone);
-int namedb_add_nsec3_domain(struct namedb *db, struct domain *domain, struct zone *zone);
-int namedb_del_nsec3_domain(struct namedb *db, struct domain *domain, struct zone *zone);
-int namedb_nsec3_mod_domains_create(struct namedb *db);
-int namedb_nsec3_mod_domains_destroy(struct namedb *db);
-int namedb_add_nsec3_mod_domain(struct namedb *db, struct domain *domain);
-#endif /* !FULL_PREHASH */
-#endif /* NSEC3 */
-
 #endif
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/netio.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/netio.c
index 2c64b6d1f67..ad8ee16ee60 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/netio.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/netio.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * netio.c -- network I/O support.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -151,32 +151,7 @@ netio_dispatch(netio_type *netio, const struct timespec *timeout, const sigset_t
 				max_fd = handler->fd;
 			}
 			if (handler->event_types & NETIO_EVENT_READ) {
-				extern int slowaccept;
-				extern struct timespec slowaccept_timeout;
-
-				if ((handler->event_types & NETIO_EVENT_ACCEPT) && slowaccept) {
-					if (timespec_compare(&slowaccept_timeout, netio_current_time(netio)) < 0) {
-						slowaccept = 0;
-					}
-					if (slowaccept) {
-						/** Timeout after slowaccept timeout. */
-						struct timespec relative;
-						relative.tv_sec = slowaccept_timeout.tv_sec;
-						relative.tv_nsec = slowaccept_timeout.tv_nsec;
-						timespec_subtract(&relative, netio_current_time(netio));
-						if (!have_timeout ||
-							timespec_compare(&relative, &minimum_timeout) < 0) {
-							have_timeout = 1;
-							minimum_timeout.tv_sec = relative.tv_sec;
-							minimum_timeout.tv_nsec = relative.tv_nsec;
-						}
-					} else {
-						FD_SET(handler->fd, &readfds);
-					}
-				} else {
-					/* Not accept event or not slow accept */
-					FD_SET(handler->fd, &readfds);
-				}
+				FD_SET(handler->fd, &readfds);
 			}
 			if (handler->event_types & NETIO_EVENT_WRITE) {
 				FD_SET(handler->fd, &writefds);
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/netio.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/netio.h
index c6686afc26f..c8299b97adb 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/netio.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/netio.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * netio.h -- network I/O support.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -50,8 +50,6 @@
 
 #include "region-allocator.h"
 
-#define NETIO_SLOW_ACCEPT_TIMEOUT 2 /* in seconds */
-
 /*
  * The type of events a handler is interested in.  These can be OR'ed
  * together to specify multiple event types.
@@ -62,7 +60,6 @@ enum netio_event_types {
 	NETIO_EVENT_WRITE   = 2,
 	NETIO_EVENT_EXCEPT  = 4,
 	NETIO_EVENT_TIMEOUT = 8,
-	NETIO_EVENT_ACCEPT  = 16
 };
 typedef enum netio_event_types netio_event_types_type;
 
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-control-setup.sh.in b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-control-setup.sh.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..394afb40c41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-control-setup.sh.in
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# nsd-control-setup.sh - set up SSL certificates for nsd-control
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+#
+# This software is open source.
+# 
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 
+# Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 
+# Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+# and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 
+# Neither the name of the NLNET LABS nor the names of its contributors may
+# be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+# specific prior written permission.
+# 
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+# TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+# PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+# SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+# INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+# CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+# ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+# settings:
+
+# directory for files
+DESTDIR=@configdir@
+
+# issuer and subject name for certificates
+SERVERNAME=nsd
+CLIENTNAME=nsd-control
+
+# validity period for certificates
+DAYS=7200
+
+# size of keys in bits
+BITS=1536
+
+# hash algorithm
+HASH=sha256
+
+# base name for nsd server keys
+SVR_BASE=nsd_server
+
+# base name for nsd-control keys
+CTL_BASE=nsd_control
+
+# we want -rw-r--- access (say you run this as root: grp=yes (server), all=no).
+umask 0026
+
+# end of options
+
+# functions:
+error ( ) {
+	echo "$0 fatal error: $1"
+	exit 1
+}
+
+# check arguments:
+while test $# -ne 0; do
+	case $1 in
+	-d)
+	if test $# -eq 1; then error "need argument for -d"; fi
+	DESTDIR="$2"
+	shift
+	;;
+	*)
+	echo "nsd-control-setup.sh - setup SSL keys for nsd-control"
+	echo "	-d dir	use directory to store keys and certificates."
+	echo "		default: $DESTDIR"
+	exit 1
+	;;
+	esac
+	shift
+done
+
+# go!:
+echo "setup in directory $DESTDIR"
+cd "$DESTDIR" || error "could not cd to $DESTDIR"
+
+# create certificate keys; do not recreate if they already exist.
+if test -f $SVR_BASE.key; then
+	echo "$SVR_BASE.key exists"
+else
+	echo "generating $SVR_BASE.key"
+	openssl genrsa -out $SVR_BASE.key $BITS || error "could not genrsa"
+fi
+if test -f $CTL_BASE.key; then
+	echo "$CTL_BASE.key exists"
+else
+	echo "generating $CTL_BASE.key"
+	openssl genrsa -out $CTL_BASE.key $BITS || error "could not genrsa"
+fi
+
+# create self-signed cert for server
+cat >request.cfg <<EOF
+[req]
+default_bits=$BITS
+default_md=$HASH
+prompt=no
+distinguished_name=req_distinguished_name
+
+[req_distinguished_name]
+commonName=$SERVERNAME
+EOF
+test -f request.cfg || error "could not create request.cfg"
+
+echo "create $SVR_BASE.pem (self signed certificate)"
+openssl req -key $SVR_BASE.key -config request.cfg  -new -x509 -days $DAYS -out $SVR_BASE.pem || error "could not create $SVR_BASE.pem"
+# create trusted usage pem
+openssl x509 -in $SVR_BASE.pem -addtrust serverAuth -out $SVR_BASE"_trust.pem"
+
+# create client request and sign it, piped
+cat >request.cfg <<EOF
+[req]
+default_bits=$BITS
+default_md=$HASH
+prompt=no
+distinguished_name=req_distinguished_name
+
+[req_distinguished_name]
+commonName=$CLIENTNAME
+EOF
+test -f request.cfg || error "could not create request.cfg"
+
+echo "create $CTL_BASE.pem (signed client certificate)"
+openssl req -key $CTL_BASE.key -config request.cfg -new | openssl x509 -req -days $DAYS -CA $SVR_BASE"_trust.pem" -CAkey $SVR_BASE.key -CAcreateserial -$HASH -out $CTL_BASE.pem
+test -f $CTL_BASE.pem || error "could not create $CTL_BASE.pem"
+# create trusted usage pem
+# openssl x509 -in $CTL_BASE.pem -addtrust clientAuth -out $CTL_BASE"_trust.pem"
+
+# see details with openssl x509 -noout -text < $SVR_BASE.pem
+# echo "create $CTL_BASE""_browser.pfx (web client certificate)"
+# echo "create webbrowser PKCS#12 .PFX certificate file. In Firefox import in:"
+# echo "preferences - advanced - encryption - view certificates - your certs"
+# echo "empty password is used, simply click OK on the password dialog box."
+# openssl pkcs12 -export -in $CTL_BASE"_trust.pem" -inkey $CTL_BASE.key -name "nsd remote control client cert" -out $CTL_BASE"_browser.pfx" -password "pass:" || error "could not create browser certificate"
+
+# remove unused permissions
+chmod o-rw $SVR_BASE.pem $SVR_BASE.key $CTL_BASE.pem $CTL_BASE.key
+
+# remove crap
+rm -f request.cfg
+rm -f $CTL_BASE"_trust.pem" $SVR_BASE"_trust.pem" $SVR_BASE"_trust.srl"
+
+echo "Setup success. Certificates created. Enable in nsd.conf file to use"
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-control.8.in b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-control.8.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bf610f1097b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-control.8.in
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+.TH "nsd\-control" "8" "Oct 29, 2013" "NLnet Labs" "nsd 4.0.0"
+.\" Copyright (c) 2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+.\" See LICENSE for the license.
+.SH "NAME"
+.LP
+.B nsd\-control,
+.B nsd\-control\-setup
+\- NSD remote server control utility.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.B nsd\-control
+.RB [ \-c 
+.IR cfgfile ]
+.RB [ \-s 
+.IR server ]
+.IR command
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.B nsd\-control
+performs remote administration on the \fInsd\fR(8) DNS server.  It reads
+the configuration file, contacts the nsd server over SSL, sends the
+command and displays the result.
+.P
+The available options are:
+.TP
+.B \-h
+Show the version and commandline option help.
+.TP
+.B \-c \fIcfgfile
+The config file to read with settings.  If not given the default
+config file @nsdconfigfile@ is used.
+.TP
+.B \-s \fIserver[@port]
+IPv4 or IPv6 address of the server to contact.  If not given, the
+address is read from the config file.
+.SH "COMMANDS"
+There are several commands that the server understands.
+.TP
+.B start
+Start the server. Simply execs \fInsd\fR(8).  The nsd executable 
+is searched for in the \fBPATH\fR set in the environment.  It is started 
+with the config file specified using \fI\-c\fR or the default config file.
+.TP
+.B stop
+Stop the server. The server daemon exits.
+.TP
+.B reload [<zone>]
+Reload zonefiles and reopen logfile.  Without argument reads changed
+zonefiles.  With argument reads the zonefile for the given zone and
+loads it.
+.TP
+.B reconfig
+Reload nsd.conf and apply changes to TSIG keys and configuration patterns,
+and apply the changes to add and remove zones that are mentioned in the config.
+Other changes are not applied, such as listening ip address and port and chroot.
+The pattern updates means that the configuration options for
+zones (request\-xfr, zonefile, notify, ...) are updated.  Also new
+patterns are available for use with the addzone command.
+.TP
+.B repattern
+Same as the reconfig option.
+.TP
+.B log_reopen
+Reopen the logfile, for log rotate that wants to move the logfile away
+and create a new logfile.  The log can also be reopened with kill \-HUP
+(which also reloads all zonefiles).
+.TP
+.B status
+Display server status. Exit code 3 if not running (the connection to the 
+port is refused), 1 on error, 0 if running.
+.TP
+.B stats
+Output a sequence of name=value lines with statistics information, requires
+NSD to be compiled with this option enabled.
+.TP
+.B stats_noreset
+Same as stats, but does not zero the counters.
+.TP
+.B addzone <zone name> <pattern name>
+Add a new zone to the running server.  The zone is added to the zonelist
+file on disk, so it stays after a restart.  The pattern name determines
+the options for the new zone.  For slave zones a zone transfer is
+immediately attempted.  For zones with a zonefile, the zone file is
+attempted to be read in.
+.TP
+.B delzone <zone name>
+Remove the zone from the running server.  The zone is removed from the
+zonelist file on disk, from the nsd.db file and from the memory.  If it
+had a zonefile, this remains (but may be outdated).  Zones configured
+inside nsd.conf itself cannot be removed this way because the daemon
+does not write to the nsd.conf file, you need to add such zones to the
+zonelist file to be able to delete them with the delzone command.
+.TP
+.B write [<zone>]
+Write zonefiles to disk, or the given zonefile to disk.  Zones that have
+changed (via AXFR or IXFR) are written, or if the zonefile has not been
+created yet then it is created.  Directory components of the zonefile
+path are created if necessary.
+.TP
+.B notify [<zone>]
+Send NOTIFY messages to slave servers.  Sends to the IP addresses
+configured in the 'notify:' lists for the master zones hosted on this
+server.  Usually NSD sends NOTIFY messages right away when a master zone
+serial is updated.  If a zone is given, notifies are sent for that zone.
+These slave servers are supposed to initiate a zone transfer request
+later (to this server or another master), this can be allowed via
+the 'provide\-xfr:' acl list configuration.
+.TP
+.B transfer [<zone>]
+Attempt to update slave zones that are hosted on this server by contacting
+the masters.  The masters are configured via 'request\-xfr:' lists.
+If a zone is given, that zone is updated.  Usually NSD receives a NOTIFY
+from the masters (configured via 'allow\-notify:' acl list) that a new zone
+serial has to be transferred.
+.TP
+.B force_transfer [<zone>]
+Force update slave zones that are hosted on this server.  Even if the
+master hosts the same serial number of the zone, a full AXFR is performed
+to fetch it.  If you want to use IXFR and check that the serial number
+increases, use the 'transfer' command.
+.TP
+.B zonestatus [<zone>]
+Print state of the zone, the serial numbers and since when they have
+been acquired.  Also prints the notify action (to which server), and
+zone transfer (and from which master) if there is activity right now.
+.TP
+.B serverpid
+Prints the PID of the server process.  This is used for statistics (and
+only works when NSD is compiled with statistics enabled).  This pid is
+not for sending unix signals, use the pid from nsd.pid for that, that pid
+is also stable.
+.TP
+.B verbosity <number>
+Change logging verbosity.
+.SH "EXIT CODE"
+The nsd\-control program exits with status code 1 on error, 0 on success.
+.SH "SET UP"
+The setup requires a self\-signed certificate and private keys for both 
+the server and client.  The script \fInsd\-control\-setup\fR generates
+these in the default run directory, or with \-d in another directory.
+If you change the access control permissions on the key files you can decide
+who can use nsd\-control, by default owner and group but not all users.
+The script preserves private keys present in the directory.
+After running the script as root, turn on \fBcontrol\-enable\fR in 
+\fInsd.conf\fR.
+.SH "STATISTIC COUNTERS"
+The \fIstats\fR command shows a number of statistic counters.
+.TP
+.I num.queries
+number of queries received (the tcp and udp queries added up).
+.TP
+.I serverX.queries
+number of queries handled by the server process.  The number of
+server processes is set with the config statement \fBserver\-count\fR.
+.TP
+.I time.boot
+uptime in seconds since the server was started.  With fractional seconds.
+.TP
+.I time.elapsed
+time since the last stats report, in seconds.  With fractional seconds.
+Can be zero if polled quickly and the previous stats command resets the
+counters, so that the next gets a fully zero, and zero elapsed time, report.
+.TP
+.I size.db.disk
+size of nsd.db on disk, in bytes.
+.TP
+.I size.db.mem
+size of the DNS database in memory, in bytes.
+.TP
+.I size.xfrd.mem
+size of memory for zone transfers and notifies in xfrd process, excludes
+TSIG data, in bytes.
+.TP
+.I size.config.disk
+size of zonelist file on disk, excludes the nsd.conf size, in bytes.
+.TP
+.I size.config.mem
+size of config data in memory, kept twice in server and xfrd process,
+in bytes.
+.TP
+.I num.type.X
+number of queries with this query type.
+.TP
+.I num.opcode.X
+number of queries with this opcode.
+.TP
+.I num.class.X
+number of queries with this query class.
+.TP
+.I num.rcode.X
+number of answers that carried this return code.
+.TP
+.I num.edns
+number of queries with EDNS OPT.
+.TP
+.I num.ednserr
+number of queries which failed EDNS parse.
+.TP
+.I num.udp
+number of queries over UDP ip4.
+.TP
+.I num.udp6
+number of queries over UDP ip6.
+.TP
+.I num.tcp
+number of connections over TCP ip4.
+.TP
+.I num.tcp6
+number of connections over TCP ip6.
+.TP
+.I num.answer_wo_aa
+number of answers with NOERROR rcode and without AA flag, this includes the referrals.
+.TP
+.I num.rxerr
+number of queries for which the receive failed.
+.TP
+.I num.txerr
+number of answers for which the transmit failed.
+.TP
+.I num.raxfr
+number of AXFR requests from clients (that got served with reply).
+.TP
+.I num.truncated
+number of answers with TC flag set.
+.TP
+.I num.dropped
+number of queries that were dropped because they failed sanity check.
+.TP
+.I zone.master
+number of master zones served.  These are zones with no 'request\-xfr:'
+entries.
+.TP
+.I zone.slave
+number of slave zones served.  These are zones with 'request\-xfr'
+entries.
+.SH "FILES"
+.TP
+.I @nsdconfigfile@
+nsd configuration file.
+.TP
+.I @configdir@
+directory with private keys (nsd_server.key and nsd_control.key) and
+self\-signed certificates (nsd_server.pem and nsd_control.pem).
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+\fInsd.conf\fR(5), 
+\fInsd\fR(8),
+\fInsd\-checkconf\fR(8)
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-control.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-control.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e9551851f17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-control.c
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+/*
+ * nsd-control.c - remote control utility for nsd.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This software is open source.
+ * 
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 
+ * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 
+ * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 
+ * Neither the name of the NLNET LABS nor the names of its contributors may
+ * be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+ * specific prior written permission.
+ * 
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+ * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+ * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+ * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+ * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * \file
+ *
+ * The remote control utility contacts the nsd server over ssl and
+ * sends the command, receives the answer, and displays the result
+ * from the commandline.
+ */
+
+#include "config.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL_SSL_H
+#include <openssl/ssl.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL_ERR_H
+#include <openssl/err.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL_RAND_H
+#include <openssl/rand.h>
+#endif
+#include "util.h"
+#include "tsig.h"
+#include "options.h"
+
+/** Give nsd-control usage, and exit (1). */
+static void
+usage()
+{
+	printf("Usage:	nsd-control [options] command\n");
+	printf("	Remote control utility for nsd server.\n");
+	printf("Version %s. Report bugs to <%s>.\n",
+		PACKAGE_VERSION, PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
+	printf("Options:\n");
+	printf("  -c file	config file, default is %s\n", CONFIGFILE);
+	printf("  -s ip[@port]	server address, if omitted config is used.\n");
+	printf("  -h		show this usage help.\n");
+	printf("Commands:\n");
+	printf("  start				start server; runs nsd(8)\n");
+	printf("  stop				stops the server\n");
+	printf("  reload [<zone>]		reload modified zonefiles from disk\n");
+	printf("  reconfig			reload the config file\n");
+	printf("  repattern			the same as reconfig\n");
+	printf("  log_reopen			reopen logfile (for log rotate)\n");
+	printf("  status			display status of server\n");
+	printf("  stats				print statistics\n");
+	printf("  stats_noreset			peek at statistics\n");
+	printf("  addzone <name> <pattern>	add a new zone\n");
+	printf("  delzone <name>		remove a zone\n");
+	printf("  write [<zone>]		write changed zonefiles to disk\n");
+	printf("  notify [<zone>]		send NOTIFY messages to slave servers\n");
+	printf("  transfer [<zone>]		try to update slave zones to newer serial\n");
+	printf("  force_transfer [<zone>]	update slave zones with AXFR, no serial check\n");
+	printf("  zonestatus [<zone>]		print state, serial, activity\n");
+	printf("  serverpid			get pid of server process\n");
+	printf("  verbosity <number>		change logging detail\n");
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+/** exit with ssl error */
+static void ssl_err(const char* s)
+{
+	fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", s);
+	ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+/** setup SSL context */
+static SSL_CTX*
+setup_ctx(nsd_options_t* cfg)
+{
+	char* s_cert, *c_key, *c_cert;
+	SSL_CTX* ctx;
+
+	s_cert = cfg->server_cert_file;
+	c_key = cfg->control_key_file;
+	c_cert = cfg->control_cert_file;
+
+	/* filenames may be relative to zonesdir */
+	if (cfg->zonesdir && cfg->zonesdir[0] &&
+		(s_cert[0] != '/' || c_key[0] != '/' || c_cert[0] != '/')) {
+		if(chdir(cfg->zonesdir))
+			ssl_err("could not chdir to zonesdir");
+	}
+
+        ctx = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv23_client_method());
+	if(!ctx)
+		ssl_err("could not allocate SSL_CTX pointer");
+        if(!(SSL_CTX_set_options(ctx, SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2) & SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2))
+		ssl_err("could not set SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2");
+	if(!SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file(ctx,c_cert,SSL_FILETYPE_PEM) ||
+		!SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(ctx,c_key,SSL_FILETYPE_PEM)
+		|| !SSL_CTX_check_private_key(ctx))
+		ssl_err("Error setting up SSL_CTX client key and cert");
+	if (SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(ctx, s_cert, NULL) != 1)
+		ssl_err("Error setting up SSL_CTX verify, server cert");
+	SSL_CTX_set_verify(ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, NULL);
+
+	return ctx;
+}
+
+/** contact the server with TCP connect */
+static int
+contact_server(const char* svr, nsd_options_t* cfg, int statuscmd)
+{
+#ifdef INET6
+	struct sockaddr_storage addr;
+#else
+	struct sockaddr_in addr;
+#endif
+	socklen_t addrlen;
+	int fd;
+	int port = cfg->control_port;
+	/* use svr or a config entry */
+	if(!svr) {
+		if(cfg->control_interface)
+			svr = cfg->control_interface->address;
+		else	svr = "127.0.0.1";
+		/* config 0 addr (everything), means ask localhost */
+		if(strcmp(svr, "0.0.0.0") == 0)
+			svr = "127.0.0.1";
+		else if(strcmp(svr, "::0") == 0 ||
+			strcmp(svr, "0::0") == 0 ||
+			strcmp(svr, "0::") == 0 ||
+			strcmp(svr, "::") == 0)
+			svr = "::1";
+	}
+	if(strchr(svr, '@')) {
+		char* ps = strchr(svr, '@');
+		*ps++ = 0;
+		port = atoi(ps);
+		if(!port) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "could not parse port %s\n", ps);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+	} 
+        if(strchr(svr, ':')) {
+		struct sockaddr_in6 sa;
+		addrlen = (socklen_t)sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
+		memset(&sa, 0, addrlen);
+		sa.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
+		sa.sin6_port = (in_port_t)htons((uint16_t)port);
+		if(inet_pton((int)sa.sin6_family, svr, &sa.sin6_addr) <= 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "could not parse IP: %s\n", svr);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		memcpy(&addr, &sa, addrlen);
+	} else { /* ip4 */
+		struct sockaddr_in sa;
+		addrlen = (socklen_t)sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
+		memset(&sa, 0, addrlen);
+		sa.sin_family = AF_INET;
+		sa.sin_port = (in_port_t)htons((uint16_t)port);
+		if(inet_pton((int)sa.sin_family, svr, &sa.sin_addr) <= 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "could not parse IP: %s\n", svr);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		memcpy(&addr, &sa, addrlen);
+	}
+
+	fd = socket(strchr(svr, ':')?AF_INET6:AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+	if(fd == -1) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "socket: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	if(connect(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, addrlen) < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "error: connect (%s@%d): %s\n", svr, port,
+			strerror(errno));
+		if(errno == ECONNREFUSED && statuscmd) {
+			printf("nsd is stopped\n");
+			exit(3);
+		}
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	return fd;
+}
+
+/** setup SSL on the connection */
+static SSL*
+setup_ssl(SSL_CTX* ctx, int fd)
+{
+	SSL* ssl;
+	X509* x;
+	int r;
+
+	ssl = SSL_new(ctx);
+	if(!ssl)
+		ssl_err("could not SSL_new");
+	SSL_set_connect_state(ssl);
+	(void)SSL_set_mode(ssl, SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY);
+	if(!SSL_set_fd(ssl, fd))
+		ssl_err("could not SSL_set_fd");
+	while(1) {
+		ERR_clear_error();
+		if( (r=SSL_do_handshake(ssl)) == 1)
+			break;
+		r = SSL_get_error(ssl, r);
+		if(r != SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ && r != SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE)
+			ssl_err("SSL handshake failed");
+		/* wants to be called again */
+	}
+
+	/* check authenticity of server */
+	if(SSL_get_verify_result(ssl) != X509_V_OK)
+		ssl_err("SSL verification failed");
+	x = SSL_get_peer_certificate(ssl);
+	if(!x)
+		ssl_err("Server presented no peer certificate");
+	X509_free(x);
+	return ssl;
+}
+
+/** send stdin to server */
+static void
+send_file(SSL* ssl, FILE* in, char* buf, size_t sz)
+{
+	while(fgets(buf, (int)sz, in)) {
+		if(SSL_write(ssl, buf, (int)strlen(buf)) <= 0)
+			ssl_err("could not SSL_write contents");
+	}
+}
+
+/** send command and display result */
+static int
+go_cmd(SSL* ssl, int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+	char pre[10];
+	const char* space=" ";
+	const char* newline="\n";
+	int was_error = 0, first_line = 1;
+	int r, i;
+	char buf[1024];
+	snprintf(pre, sizeof(pre), "NSDCT%d ", NSD_CONTROL_VERSION);
+	if(SSL_write(ssl, pre, (int)strlen(pre)) <= 0)
+		ssl_err("could not SSL_write");
+	for(i=0; i<argc; i++) {
+		if(SSL_write(ssl, space, (int)strlen(space)) <= 0)
+			ssl_err("could not SSL_write");
+		if(SSL_write(ssl, argv[i], (int)strlen(argv[i])) <= 0)
+			ssl_err("could not SSL_write");
+	}
+	if(SSL_write(ssl, newline, (int)strlen(newline)) <= 0)
+		ssl_err("could not SSL_write");
+
+	/* TODO remove or use file upload */
+	if(argc == 1 && strcmp(argv[0], "load_cache") == 0) {
+		send_file(ssl, stdin, buf, sizeof(buf));
+	}
+
+	while(1) {
+		ERR_clear_error();
+		if((r = SSL_read(ssl, buf, (int)sizeof(buf)-1)) <= 0) {
+			if(SSL_get_error(ssl, r) == SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN) {
+				/* EOF */
+				break;
+			}
+			ssl_err("could not SSL_read");
+		}
+		buf[r] = 0;
+		printf("%s", buf);
+		if(first_line && strncmp(buf, "error", 5) == 0)
+			was_error = 1;
+		first_line = 0;
+	}
+	return was_error;
+}
+
+/** go ahead and read config, contact server and perform command and display */
+static int
+go(const char* cfgfile, char* svr, int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+	nsd_options_t* opt;
+	int fd, ret;
+	SSL_CTX* ctx;
+	SSL* ssl;
+
+	/* read config */
+	if(!(opt = nsd_options_create(region_create(xalloc, free)))) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	tsig_init(opt->region);
+	if(!parse_options_file(opt, cfgfile, NULL, NULL)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "could not read config file\n");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	if(!opt->control_enable)
+		fprintf(stderr, "warning: control-enable is 'no' in the config file.\n");
+	ctx = setup_ctx(opt);
+
+	/* contact server */
+	fd = contact_server(svr, opt, argc>0&&strcmp(argv[0],"status")==0);
+	ssl = setup_ssl(ctx, fd);
+
+	/* send command */
+	ret = go_cmd(ssl, argc, argv);
+
+	SSL_free(ssl);
+	close(fd);
+	SSL_CTX_free(ctx);
+	region_destroy(opt->region);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/** getopt global, in case header files fail to declare it. */
+extern int optind;
+/** getopt global, in case header files fail to declare it. */
+extern char* optarg;
+
+/** Main routine for nsd-control */
+int main(int argc, char* argv[])
+{
+	int c;
+	const char* cfgfile = CONFIGFILE;
+	char* svr = NULL;
+#ifdef USE_WINSOCK
+	int r;
+	WSADATA wsa_data;
+#endif
+	log_init("nsd-control");
+
+	ERR_load_crypto_strings();
+	ERR_load_SSL_strings();
+	OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms();
+	(void)SSL_library_init();
+
+	if(!RAND_status()) {
+                /* try to seed it */
+                unsigned char buf[256];
+                unsigned int v, seed=(unsigned)time(NULL) ^ (unsigned)getpid();
+                size_t i;
+		v = seed;
+                for(i=0; i<256/sizeof(v); i++) {
+                        memmove(buf+i*sizeof(v), &v, sizeof(v));
+                        v = v*seed + (unsigned int)i;
+                }
+                RAND_seed(buf, 256);
+		fprintf(stderr, "warning: no entropy, seeding openssl PRNG with time\n");
+	}
+
+	/* parse the options */
+	while( (c=getopt(argc, argv, "c:s:h")) != -1) {
+		switch(c) {
+		case 'c':
+			cfgfile = optarg;
+			break;
+		case 's':
+			svr = optarg;
+			break;
+		case '?':
+		case 'h':
+		default:
+			usage();
+		}
+	}
+	argc -= optind;
+	argv += optind;
+	if(argc == 0)
+		usage();
+	if(argc >= 1 && strcmp(argv[0], "start")==0) {
+		if(execl(NSD_START_PATH, "nsd", "-c", cfgfile, 
+			(char*)NULL) < 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "could not exec %s: %s\n",
+				NSD_START_PATH, strerror(errno));
+			exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return go(cfgfile, svr, argc, argv);
+}
+
+#else /* HAVE_SSL */
+int main(void)
+{
+	printf("error: NSD was compiled without SSL.\n");
+	return 1;
+}
+#endif /* HAVE_SSL */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-mem.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-mem.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0981eafef73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd-mem.c
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+/*
+ * nsd-mem.c -- nsd-mem(8)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * See LICENSE for the license.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "config.h"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "nsd.h"
+#include "tsig.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "namedb.h"
+#include "udb.h"
+#include "udbzone.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static void error(const char *format, ...) ATTR_FORMAT(printf, 1, 2);
+
+/*
+ * Print the help text.
+ *
+ */
+static void
+usage (void)
+{
+	fprintf(stderr, "Usage: nsd-mem [-c configfile]\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "Version %s. Report bugs to <%s>.\n",
+		PACKAGE_VERSION, PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Something went wrong, give error messages and exit.
+ *
+ */
+static void
+error(const char *format, ...)
+{
+	va_list args;
+	va_start(args, format);
+	log_vmsg(LOG_ERR, format, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+/* zone memory structure */
+struct zone_mem {
+	/* size of data (allocated in db.region) */
+	size_t data;
+	/* unused space (in db.region) due to alignment */
+	size_t data_unused;
+	/* udb data allocated */
+	size_t udb_data;
+	/* udb overhead (chunk2**x - data) */
+	size_t udb_overhead;
+
+	/* count of number of domains */
+	size_t domaincount;
+};
+
+/* total memory structure */
+struct tot_mem {
+	/* size of data (allocated in db.region) */
+	size_t data;
+	/* unused space (in db.region) due to alignment */
+	size_t data_unused;
+	/* udb data allocated */
+	size_t udb_data;
+	/* udb overhead (chunk2**x - data) */
+	size_t udb_overhead;
+
+	/* count of number of domains */
+	size_t domaincount;
+
+	/* options data */
+	size_t opt_data;
+	/* unused in options region */
+	size_t opt_unused;
+	/* dname compression table */
+	size_t compresstable;
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	/* size of rrl tables */
+	size_t rrl;
+#endif
+
+	/* total ram usage */
+	size_t ram;
+	/* total nsd.db disk usage */
+	size_t disk;
+};
+
+static void
+account_zone(struct namedb* db, struct zone_mem* zmem)
+{
+	zmem->data = region_get_mem(db->region);
+	zmem->data_unused = region_get_mem_unused(db->region);
+	zmem->udb_data = (size_t)db->udb->alloc->disk->stat_data;
+	zmem->udb_overhead = (size_t)(db->udb->alloc->disk->stat_alloc -
+		db->udb->alloc->disk->stat_data);
+	zmem->domaincount = db->domains->nametree->count;
+}
+
+static void
+pretty_mem(size_t x, const char* s)
+{
+	char buf[32];
+	memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
+	if(snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%12lld", (long long)x) > 12) {
+		printf("%12lld %s\n", (long long)x, s);
+		return;
+	}
+	printf("%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c %s\n",
+		buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], (buf[2]==' '?' ':'.'),
+		buf[3], buf[4], buf[5], (buf[5]==' '?' ':'.'),
+		buf[6], buf[7], buf[8], (buf[8]==' '?' ':'.'),
+		buf[9], buf[10], buf[11], s);
+}
+
+static void
+print_zone_mem(struct zone_mem* z)
+{
+	pretty_mem(z->data, "zone data");
+	pretty_mem(z->data_unused, "zone unused space (due to alignment)");
+	pretty_mem(z->udb_data, "data in nsd.db");
+	pretty_mem(z->udb_overhead, "overhead in nsd.db");
+}
+
+static void
+account_total(nsd_options_t* opt, struct tot_mem* t)
+{
+	t->opt_data = region_get_mem(opt->region);
+	t->opt_unused = region_get_mem_unused(opt->region);
+	t->compresstable = sizeof(uint16_t) *
+		(t->domaincount + 1 + EXTRA_DOMAIN_NUMBERS);
+	t->compresstable *= opt->server_count;
+
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+#define SIZE_RRL_BUCKET (8 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 2)
+	t->rrl = opt->rrl_size * SIZE_RRL_BUCKET;
+	t->rrl *= opt->server_count;
+#endif
+
+	t->ram = t->data + t->data_unused + t->opt_data + t->opt_unused +
+		t->compresstable;
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	t->ram += t->rrl;
+#endif
+	t->disk = t->udb_data + t->udb_overhead;
+}
+
+static void
+print_tot_mem(struct tot_mem* t)
+{
+	printf("\ntotal\n");
+	pretty_mem(t->data, "data");
+	pretty_mem(t->data_unused, "unused space (due to alignment)");
+	pretty_mem(t->opt_data, "options");
+	pretty_mem(t->opt_unused, "options unused space (due to alignment)");
+	pretty_mem(t->compresstable, "name table (depends on servercount)");
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	pretty_mem(t->rrl, "RRL table (depends on servercount)");
+#endif
+	pretty_mem(t->udb_data, "data in nsd.db");
+	pretty_mem(t->udb_overhead, "overhead in nsd.db");
+	printf("\nsummary\n");
+
+	pretty_mem(t->ram, "ram usage (excl space for buffers)");
+	pretty_mem(t->disk, "disk usage (excl 12% space claimed for growth)");
+}
+
+static void
+add_mem(struct tot_mem* t, struct zone_mem* z)
+{
+	t->data += z->data;
+	t->data_unused += z->data_unused;
+	t->udb_data += z->udb_data;
+	t->udb_overhead += z->udb_overhead;
+	t->domaincount += z->domaincount;
+}
+
+static void
+check_zone_mem(const char* tf, const char* df, zone_options_t* zo,
+	nsd_options_t* opt, struct tot_mem* totmem)
+{
+	struct namedb* db;
+	const dname_type* dname = (const dname_type*)zo->node.key;
+	zone_type* zone;
+	struct udb_base* taskudb;
+	udb_ptr last_task;
+	struct zone_mem zmem;
+
+	printf("zone %s\n", zo->name);
+
+	/* init*/
+	memset(&zmem, 0, sizeof(zmem));
+	db = namedb_open(df, opt);
+	if(!db) error("cannot open %s: %s", df, strerror(errno));
+	zone = namedb_zone_create(db, dname, zo);
+	taskudb = udb_base_create_new(tf, &namedb_walkfunc, NULL);
+	udb_ptr_init(&last_task, taskudb);
+
+	/* read the zone */
+	namedb_read_zonefile(db, zone, taskudb, &last_task);
+
+	/* account the memory for this zone */
+	account_zone(db, &zmem);
+
+	/* pretty print the memory for this zone */
+	print_zone_mem(&zmem);
+
+	/* delete the zone from memory */
+	namedb_close(db);
+	udb_base_free(taskudb);
+	unlink(df);
+	unlink(tf);
+
+	/* add up totals */
+	add_mem(totmem, &zmem);
+}
+
+static void
+check_mem(nsd_options_t* opt)
+{
+	struct tot_mem totmem;
+	zone_options_t* zo;
+	char tf[512];
+	char df[512];
+	memset(&totmem, 0, sizeof(totmem));
+	snprintf(tf, sizeof(tf), "./nsd-mem-task-%u.db", (unsigned)getpid());
+	snprintf(df, sizeof(df), "./nsd-mem-db-%u.db", (unsigned)getpid());
+
+	/* read all zones and account memory */
+	RBTREE_FOR(zo, zone_options_t*, opt->zone_options) {
+		check_zone_mem(tf, df, zo, opt, &totmem);
+	}
+
+	/* calculate more total statistics */
+	account_total(opt, &totmem);
+	/* print statistics */
+	print_tot_mem(&totmem);
+
+	/* final advice */
+	printf("\nFinal advice estimate:\n");
+	printf("(The partial mmap causes reload&AXFR to take longer(disk access))\n");
+	pretty_mem(totmem.ram + totmem.disk, "data and big mmap");
+	pretty_mem(totmem.ram + totmem.disk/6, "data and partial mmap");
+}
+
+/* dummy functions to link */
+struct nsd;
+int writepid(struct nsd * ATTR_UNUSED(nsd))
+{
+	        return 0;
+}
+void unlinkpid(const char * ATTR_UNUSED(file))
+{
+}
+void bind8_stats(struct nsd * ATTR_UNUSED(nsd))
+{
+}
+
+void sig_handler(int ATTR_UNUSED(sig))
+{
+}
+
+extern char *optarg;
+extern int optind;
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	/* Scratch variables... */
+	int c;
+	struct nsd nsd;
+	const char *configfile = CONFIGFILE;
+	memset(&nsd, 0, sizeof(nsd));
+
+	log_init("nsd-mem");
+
+	/* Parse the command line... */
+	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "c:h"
+		)) != -1) {
+		switch (c) {
+		case 'c':
+			configfile = optarg;
+			break;
+		case 'h':
+			usage();
+			exit(0);
+		case '?':
+		default:
+			usage();
+			exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+	argc -= optind;
+	argv += optind;
+
+	/* Commandline parse error */
+	if (argc != 0) {
+		usage();
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	/* Read options */
+	nsd.options = nsd_options_create(region_create_custom(xalloc, free,
+		DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE, DEFAULT_LARGE_OBJECT_SIZE,
+		DEFAULT_INITIAL_CLEANUP_SIZE, 1));
+	tsig_init(nsd.options->region);
+	if(!parse_options_file(nsd.options, configfile, NULL, NULL)) {
+		error("could not read config: %s\n", configfile);
+	}
+	if(!parse_zone_list_file(nsd.options)) {
+		error("could not read zonelist file %s\n",
+			nsd.options->zonelistfile);
+	}
+	if (verbosity == 0)
+		verbosity = nsd.options->verbosity;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CHROOT
+	if(nsd.chrootdir == 0) nsd.chrootdir = nsd.options->chroot;
+#ifdef CHROOTDIR
+	/* if still no chrootdir, fallback to default */
+	if(nsd.chrootdir == 0) nsd.chrootdir = CHROOTDIR;
+#endif /* CHROOTDIR */
+#endif /* HAVE_CHROOT */
+	if(nsd.options->zonesdir && nsd.options->zonesdir[0]) {
+		if(chdir(nsd.options->zonesdir)) {
+			error("cannot chdir to '%s': %s",
+				nsd.options->zonesdir, strerror(errno));
+		}
+		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "changed directory to %s",
+			nsd.options->zonesdir));
+	}
+
+	/* Chroot */
+#ifdef HAVE_CHROOT
+	if (nsd.chrootdir && strlen(nsd.chrootdir)) {
+		if(chdir(nsd.chrootdir)) {
+			error("unable to chdir to chroot: %s", strerror(errno));
+		}
+		DEBUG(DEBUG_IPC,1, (LOG_INFO, "changed root directory to %s",
+			nsd.chrootdir));
+	}
+#endif /* HAVE_CHROOT */
+
+	check_mem(nsd.options);
+
+	exit(0);
+}
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd.conf.sample.in b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd.conf.sample.in
index fe1a4874c5c..002d40e7065 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd.conf.sample.in
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd.conf.sample.in
@@ -8,10 +8,15 @@
 
 # This is a comment.
 # Sample configuration file
+# include: "file" # include that file's text over here.
 
 # options for the nsd server
 server:
-	# uncomment to specify specific interfaces to bind (default wildcard interface).
+	# Number of NSD servers to fork.  Put the number of CPUs to use here.
+	# server-count: 1
+
+	# uncomment to specify specific interfaces to bind (default are the
+	# wildcard interfaces 0.0.0.0 and ::0).
 	# ip-address: 1.2.3.4
 	# ip-address: 1.2.3.4@5678
 	# ip-address: 12fe::8ef0
@@ -19,36 +24,65 @@ server:
 	# Allow binding to non local addresses. Default no.
 	# ip-transparent: no
 
-	# don't answer VERSION.BIND and VERSION.SERVER CHAOS class queries
-	# hide-version: no
-
 	# enable debug mode, does not fork daemon process into the background.
 	# debug-mode: no
 
-	# listen only on IPv4 connections
-	# ip4-only: no
+	# listen on IPv4 connections
+	# do-ip4: yes
+
+	# listen on IPv6 connections
+	# do-ip6: yes
+
+	# port to answer queries on. default is 53.
+	# port: 53
+
+	# Verbosity level.
+	# verbosity: 0
 
-	# listen only on IPv6 connections
-	# ip6-only: no
+	# After binding socket, drop user privileges.
+	# can be a username, id or id.gid.
+	# username: @user@
+
+	# Run NSD in a chroot-jail.
+	# make sure to have pidfile and database reachable from there.
+	# by default, no chroot-jail is used.
+	# chroot: "@configdir@"
+
+	# The directory for zonefile: files.  The daemon chdirs here.
+	# zonesdir: "@zonesdir@"
 	
+	# the list of dynamically added zones.
+	# zonelistfile: "@zonelistfile@"
+
 	# the database to use
 	# database: "@dbfile@"
 
+	# log messages to file. Default to stderr and syslog (with
+	# facility LOG_DAEMON).  stderr disappears when daemon goes to bg.
+	# logfile: "@logfile@"
+
+	# File to store pid for nsd in.
+	# pidfile: "@pidfile@"
+
+	# The file where secondary zone refresh and expire timeouts are kept.
+	# If you delete this file, all secondary zones are forced to be 
+	# 'refreshing' (as if nsd got a notify).
+	# xfrdfile: "@xfrdfile@"
+
+	# The directory where zone transfers are stored, in a subdir of it.
+	# xfrdir: "@xfrdir@"
+
+	# don't answer VERSION.BIND and VERSION.SERVER CHAOS class queries
+	# hide-version: no
+
 	# identify the server (CH TXT ID.SERVER entry).
 	# identity: "unidentified server"
 
 	# NSID identity (hex string). default disabled.
 	# nsid: "aabbccdd"
 
-	# log messages to file. Default to stderr and syslog (with facility LOG_DAEMON).
-	# logfile: "@logfile@"
-
-	# Number of NSD servers to fork.
-	# server-count: 1
-
 	# Maximum number of concurrent TCP connections per server.
-	# This option should have a value below 1000.
-	# tcp-count: 10
+	# tcp-count: 100
 
 	# Maximum number of queries served on a single TCP connection.
 	# By default 0, which means no maximum.
@@ -63,44 +97,14 @@ server:
 	# Preferred EDNS buffer size for IPv6.
 	# ipv6-edns-size: 4096
 
-	# File to store pid for nsd in.
-	# pidfile: "@pidfile@"
-
-	# port to answer queries on. default is 53.
-	# port: 53
-
-	# statistics are produced every number of seconds.
+	# statistics are produced every number of seconds. Prints to log.
 	# statistics: 3600
 
-	# if per zone statistics is enabled, file to store statistics.
-	# zone-stats-file: "@zonestatsfile@"
-
-	# Run NSD in a chroot-jail.
-	# make sure to have pidfile and database reachable from there.
-	# by default, no chroot-jail is used.
-	# chroot: "@configdir@"
-
-	# After binding socket, drop user privileges.
-	# can be a username, id or id.gid.
-	# username: @user@
-
-	# The directory for zonefile: files.
-	# zonesdir: "@zonesdir@"
-
-	# The file where incoming zone transfers are stored.
-	# run nsd-patch to update zone files, then you can safely delete it.
-	# difffile: "@difffile@"
-
-	# The file where secondary zone refresh and expire timeouts are kept.
-	# If you delete this file, all secondary zones are forced to be 
-	# 'refreshing' (as if nsd got a notify).
-	# xfrdfile: "@xfrdfile@"
-
 	# Number of seconds between reloads triggered by xfrd.
-	# xfrd-reload-timeout: 10
+	# xfrd-reload-timeout: 1
 
-	# Verbosity level.
-	# verbosity: 0
+	# check mtime of all zone files on start and sighup
+	# zonefiles-check: yes
 
 	# RRLconfig
 	# Response Rate Limiting, size of the hashtable. Default 1000000.
@@ -132,79 +136,113 @@ server:
 	# rrl-whitelist-ratelimit: 2000
 	# RRLend
 
-# key for zone 1
-key:
-	name: mskey
-	algorithm: hmac-md5
-	secret: "K2tf3TRjvQkVCmJF3/Z9vA=="
+# Remote control config section. 
+remote-control:
+	# Enable remote control with nsd-control(8) here.
+	# set up the keys and certificates with nsd-control-setup.
+	# control-enable: no
 
-# Sample zone 1
-zone:
-	name: "example.com"
-	zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+	# what interfaces are listened to for control, default is on localhost.
+	# control-interface: 127.0.0.1
+	# control-interface: ::1
 
-	# This is a slave zone. Masters are listed below.
-	# If no access control elements are provided, this zone
-	# will not be served to/from other servers.
+	# port number for remote control operations (uses TLS over TCP).
+	# control-port: 8952
 
-	# master 1
-	allow-notify: 168.192.44.42 mskey
-	request-xfr: 168.192.44.42 mskey
+	# nsd server key file for remote control.
+	# server-key-file: "@configdir@/nsd_server.key"
 
-	# master 2
-	allow-notify: 10.0.0.11 NOKEY
-	request-xfr: 10.0.0.11 NOKEY
+	# nsd server certificate file for remote control.
+	# server-cert-file: "@configdir@/nsd_server.pem"
 
-	# By default, a slave will request a zone transfer with IXFR/TCP.
-	# If you want to make use of IXFR/UDP use
-	allow-notify: 10.0.0.12 NOKEY
-	request-xfr: UDP 10.0.0.12 NOKEY
+	# nsd-control key file.
+	# control-key-file: "@configdir@/nsd_control.key"
 
-	# for a master that only speaks AXFR (like NSD) use
-	allow-notify: 10.0.0.13 NOKEY
-	request-xfr: AXFR 10.0.0.13 NOKEY
+	# nsd-control certificate file.
+	# control-cert-file: "@configdir@/nsd_control.pem"
 
-	# Attention: You cannot use UDP and AXFR together. AXFR is always over 
-	# TCP. If you use UDP, we higly recommend you to deploy TSIG.
 
-	# Allow AXFR fallback if the master does not support IXFR. Default
-	# is yes.
-	allow-axfr-fallback: "yes"
+# Secret keys for TSIGs that secure zone transfers.
+# You could include: "secret.keys" and put the 'key:' statements in there,
+# and give that file special access control permissions.
+#
+# key:
+	# The key name is sent to the other party, it must be the same
+	#name: "keyname"
+	# algorithm hmac-md5, or hmac-sha1, or hmac-sha256 (if compiled in)
+	#algorithm: hmac-sha256
+	# secret material, must be the same as the other party uses.
+	# base64 encoded random number.
+	# e.g. from dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/stdout count=1 bs=32 | base64
+	#secret: "K2tf3TRjvQkVCmJF3/Z9vA=="
+
+
+# Patterns have zone configuration and they are shared by one or more zones.
+# 
+# pattern:
+	# name by which the pattern is referred to
+	#name: "myzones"
+	# the zonefile for the zones that use this pattern.
+	# if relative then from the zonesdir (inside the chroot).
+	# the name is processed: %s - zone name (as appears in zone:name).
+	# %1 - first character of zone name, %2 second, %3 third.
+	# %z - topleveldomain label of zone, %y, %x next labels in name.
+	# if label or character does not exist you get a dot '.'.
+	# for example "%s.zone" or "zones/%1/%2/%3/%s" or "secondary/%z/%s"
+	#zonefile: "%s.zone"
+	
+	# If no master and slave access control elements are provided,
+	# this zone will not be served to/from other servers.
+
+	# A master zone needs notify: and provide-xfr: lists.  A slave
+	# may also allow zone transfer (for debug or other secondaries).
+	# notify these slaves when the master zone changes, address TSIG|NOKEY
+	# IP can be ipv4 and ipv6, with @port for a nondefault port number.
+	#notify: 192.0.2.1 NOKEY
+	# allow these IPs and TSIG to transfer zones, addr TSIG|NOKEY|BLOCKED
+	# address range 192.0.2.0/24, 1.2.3.4&255.255.0.0, 3.0.2.20-3.0.2.40
+	#provide-xfr: 192.0.2.0/24 my_tsig_key_name
+	# set the number of retries for notify.
+	#notify-retry: 5
 
 	# uncomment to provide AXFR to all the world
 	# provide-xfr: 0.0.0.0/0 NOKEY
 	# provide-xfr: ::0/0 NOKEY
 
+	# A slave zone needs allow-notify: and request-xfr: lists.
+	#allow-notify: 2001:db8::0/64 my_tsig_key_name
+	# By default, a slave will request a zone transfer with IXFR/TCP.
+	# If you want to make use of IXFR/UDP use: UDP addr tsigkey
+	# for a master that only speaks AXFR (like NSD) use AXFR addr tsigkey
+	#request-xfr: 192.0.2.2 the_tsig_key_name
+	# Attention: You cannot use UDP and AXFR together. AXFR is always over 
+	# TCP. If you use UDP, we higly recommend you to deploy TSIG.
+	# Allow AXFR fallback if the master does not support IXFR. Default
+	# is yes.
+	#allow-axfr-fallback: yes
 	# set local interface for sending zone transfer requests.
-	outgoing-interface: 10.0.0.10
-
-# Sample zone 2
-zone:
-	name: "example.net"
-	zonefile: "example.net.signed.zone"
-
-	# This is a master zone. Slaves are listed below.
-	# If no access control elements are provided, this zone
-	# will not be served to/from other servers.
+	# default is let the OS choose.
+	#outgoing-interface: 10.0.0.10
 
-	# secondary 1. Uses port 5300.
-	notify: 10.0.0.14@5300 sec1_key
-	provide-xfr: 10.0.0.14@5300 sec1_key
+	# if you give another pattern name here, at this point the settings
+	# from that pattern are inserted into this one (as if it were a 
+	# macro).  The statement can be given in between other statements,
+	# because the order of access control elements can make a difference
+	# (which master to request from first, which slave to notify first).
+	#include-pattern: "common-masters"
 
-	# secondary 2. 
-	notify: 10.11.12.14 sec2_key
-	provide-xfr: 10.11.12.14 sec2_key
-
-	# also provide xfr to operator's network.
-	provide-xfr: 169.192.85.0/24 NOKEY
-	# uncomment to disable xfr for the address.
-	# provide-xfr: 169.192.85.66 BLOCKED
-
-	# set the number of retries for notify.
-	notify-retry: 5
 
-	# set local interface for sending notifies
-	outgoing-interface: 10.0.0.15
+# Fixed zone entries.  Here you can config zones that cannot be deleted.
+# Zones that are dynamically added and deleted are put in the zonelist file.
+#
+# zone:
+ 	# name: "example.com"
+ 	# you can give a pattern here, all the settings from that pattern
+ 	# are then inserted at this point
+ 	# include-pattern: "master"
+ 	# You can also specify (additional) options directly for this zone.
+ 	# zonefile: "example.com.zone"
+ 	# request-xfr: 192.0.2.1 example.com.key
 
 	# RRLconfig
 	# Response Rate Limiting, whitelist types
@@ -220,20 +258,3 @@ zone:
 	# rrl-whitelist: all
 	# RRLend
 
-
-# keys for zone 2
-key:
-	name: "sec1_key"
-	algorithm: hmac-md5
-	secret: "6KM6qiKfwfEpamEq72HQdA=="
-
-key:
-	name: sec2_key
-	algorithm: hmac-sha1
-	secret: "m83H2x8R0zbDf3yRKhrqgw=="
-
-key:
-	name: sec3_key
-	algorithm: hmac-sha256
-	secret: "m83H2x8R0zbDf3yRKhrqgw=="
-
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd.h
index 2dd4676937e..955fc4fbae2 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsd.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * nsd.h -- nsd(8) definitions and prototypes
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@
 
 #include "dns.h"
 #include "edns.h"
-#include "util.h"
 struct netio_handler;
 struct nsd_options;
+struct udb_base;
+struct daemon_remote;
 
 /* The NSD runtime states and NSD ipc command values */
 #define	NSD_RUN	0
@@ -26,42 +27,38 @@ struct nsd_options;
 #define	NSD_REAP_CHILDREN 4
 #define	NSD_QUIT 5
 /*
- * NSD_SOA_INFO is followed by u16(len in network byte order), dname,
- * and then nothing (no info) or soa info.
- */
-#define NSD_SOA_INFO 6
-/*
  * PASS_TO_XFRD is followed by the u16(len in network order) and
  * then network packet contents.  packet is a notify(acl checked), or
  * xfr reply from a master(acl checked).
  * followed by u32(acl number that matched from notify/xfr acl).
  */
-#define NSD_PASS_TO_XFRD 7
+#define NSD_PASS_TO_XFRD 6
 /*
- * NSD_ZONE_STATE is followed by u16(len in network byte order),
- * octet 0: zone is expired, 1: zone ok. and dname of zone.
+ * RELOAD_REQ is sent when parent receives a SIGHUP and tells
+ * xfrd that it wants to initiate a reload (and thus task swap).
  */
-#define NSD_ZONE_STATE 8
+#define NSD_RELOAD_REQ 7
 /*
- * SOA BEGIN is sent at the start of a reload SOA_INFO pass
- * xfrd will not send to the parent (deadlock prevention).
- */
-#define NSD_SOA_BEGIN 9
-/*
- * SOA END is sent at the end of a reload SOA_INFO pass.
+ * RELOAD_DONE is sent at the end of a reload pass.
  * xfrd then knows that reload phase is over.
  */
-#define NSD_SOA_END 10
+#define NSD_RELOAD_DONE 8
 /*
  * QUIT_SYNC is sent to signify a synchronisation of ipc
  * channel content during reload
  */
-#define NSD_QUIT_SYNC 11
+#define NSD_QUIT_SYNC 9
+/*
+ * QUIT_WITH_STATS is sent during a reload when BIND8_STATS is defined,
+ * from parent to children.  The stats are transferred too from child to
+ * parent with this commandvalue, when the child is exiting.
+ */
+#define NSD_QUIT_WITH_STATS 10
 /*
  * QUIT_CHILD is sent at exit, to make sure the child has exited so that
  * port53 is free when all of nsd's processes have exited at shutdown time
  */
-#define NSD_QUIT_CHILD 12
+#define NSD_QUIT_CHILD 11
 
 #define NSD_SERVER_MAIN 0x0U
 #define NSD_SERVER_UDP  0x1U
@@ -76,29 +73,20 @@ struct nsd_options;
 
 #ifdef BIND8_STATS
 
-#define	LASTELEM(arr)	(sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]) - 1)
-
-#define STATUP(nsd, stc) nsd->st.stc++
-#define STATUP2(nsd, stc, i) nsd->st.stc[(i) <= (LASTELEM(nsd->st.stc) - 1) ? i : LASTELEM(nsd->st.stc)]++
-
-#  ifdef USE_ZONE_STATS
+/* Counter for statistics */
+typedef	unsigned long stc_t;
 
-#  define ZTATUP(zone, stc) zone->st.stc++
-#  define ZTATUP2(zone, stc, i) zone->st.stc[(i) <= (LASTELEM(zone->st.stc) - 1) ? i : LASTELEM(zone->st.stc)]++
-
-#  else
-
-#  define ZTATUP(zone, stc) /* Nothing */
-#  define ZTATUP2(zone, stc, i) /* Nothing */
+#define	LASTELEM(arr)	(sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]) - 1)
 
-#  endif /* USE_ZONE_STATS */
+#define	STATUP(nsd, stc) nsd->st.stc++
+/* #define	STATUP2(nsd, stc, i)  ((i) <= (LASTELEM(nsd->st.stc) - 1)) ? nsd->st.stc[(i)]++ : \
+				nsd->st.stc[LASTELEM(nsd->st.stc)]++ */
 
-#else /* BIND8_STATS */
+#define	STATUP2(nsd, stc, i) nsd->st.stc[(i) <= (LASTELEM(nsd->st.stc) - 1) ? i : LASTELEM(nsd->st.stc)]++
+#else	/* BIND8_STATS */
 
 #define	STATUP(nsd, stc) /* Nothing */
 #define	STATUP2(nsd, stc, i) /* Nothing */
-#define	ZTATUP(zone, stc) /* Nothing */
-#define	ZTATUP2(zone, stc, i) /* Nothing */
 
 #endif /* BIND8_STATS */
 
@@ -133,12 +121,15 @@ struct nsd_child
 	 */
 	uint8_t need_to_send_STATS, need_to_send_QUIT;
 	uint8_t need_to_exit, has_exited;
-	stack_type* dirty_zones; /* stack of type zone_type* */
 
 	/*
 	 * The handler for handling the commands from the child.
 	 */
 	struct netio_handler* handler;
+
+#ifdef	BIND8_STATS
+	stc_t query_count;
+#endif
 };
 
 /* NSD configuration and run-time variables */
@@ -153,6 +144,7 @@ struct	nsd
 	/* Run-time variables */
 	pid_t		pid;
 	volatile sig_atomic_t mode;
+	volatile sig_atomic_t signal_hint_reload_hup;
 	volatile sig_atomic_t signal_hint_reload;
 	volatile sig_atomic_t signal_hint_child;
 	volatile sig_atomic_t signal_hint_quit;
@@ -170,12 +162,15 @@ struct	nsd
 	/* NULL if this is the parent process. */
 	struct nsd_child *this_child;
 
+	/* mmaps with data exchange from xfrd and reload */
+	struct udb_base* task[2];
+	int mytask; /* the base used by this process */
+	struct netio_handler* xfrd_listener;
+	struct daemon_remote* rc;
+
 	/* Configuration */
 	const char		*dbfile;
 	const char		*pidfile;
-#ifdef USE_ZONE_STATS
-	const char		*zonestatsfile;
-#endif
 	const char		*log_filename;
 	const char		*username;
 	uid_t			uid;
@@ -210,7 +205,20 @@ struct	nsd
 	size_t ipv6_edns_size;
 
 #ifdef	BIND8_STATS
-	struct nsdst st;
+
+	struct nsdst {
+		time_t	boot;
+		int	period;		/* Produce statistics dump every st_period seconds */
+		stc_t	qtype[257];	/* Counters per qtype */
+		stc_t	qclass[4];	/* Class IN or Class CH or other */
+		stc_t	qudp, qudp6;	/* Number of queries udp and udp6 */
+		stc_t	ctcp, ctcp6;	/* Number of tcp and tcp6 connections */
+		stc_t	rcode[17], opcode[6]; /* Rcodes & opcodes */
+		/* Dropped, truncated, queries for nonconfigured zone, tx errors */
+		stc_t	dropped, truncated, wrongzone, txerr, rxerr;
+		stc_t 	edns, ednserr, raxfr, nona;
+		uint64_t db_disk, db_mem;
+	} st;
 #endif /* BIND8_STATS */
 
 	struct nsd_options* options;
@@ -230,7 +238,16 @@ void server_main(struct nsd *nsd);
 void server_child(struct nsd *nsd);
 void server_shutdown(struct nsd *nsd);
 void server_close_all_sockets(struct nsd_socket sockets[], size_t n);
+struct event_base* nsd_child_event_base(void);
 /* extra domain numbers for temporary domains */
 #define EXTRA_DOMAIN_NUMBERS 1024
+#define SLOW_ACCEPT_TIMEOUT 2 /* in seconds */
+/* allocate and init xfrd variables */
+void server_prepare_xfrd(struct nsd *nsd);
+/* start xfrdaemon (again) */
+void server_start_xfrd(struct nsd *nsd, int del_db, int reload_active);
+/* send SOA serial numbers to xfrd */
+void server_send_soa_xfrd(struct nsd *nsd, int shortsoa);
+ssize_t block_read(struct nsd* nsd, int s, void* p, ssize_t sz, int timeout);
 
 #endif	/* _NSD_H_ */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/nsec3.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsec3.h
index d55b4825394..96c4367ff33 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/nsec3.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/nsec3.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * nsec3.h -- nsec3 handling.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@
 #ifndef NSEC3_H
 #define NSEC3_H
 
-#include "config.h"
 #ifdef NSEC3
-
+struct udb_ptr;
 struct domain;
 struct dname;
 struct region;
@@ -19,40 +18,23 @@ struct zone;
 struct namedb;
 struct query;
 struct answer;
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
 struct rr;
-struct nsec3_domain;
-#endif
 
 /*
- * Create the hashed name of the nsec3 record
- * for the given dname.
+ * calculate prehash information for zone.
  */
-const struct dname *nsec3_hash_dname(struct region *region,
-	struct zone *zone, const struct dname *dname);
-
+void prehash_zone(struct namedb* db, struct zone* zone);
 /*
- * calculate prehash information for all zones,
- * selects only updated=1 zones if bool set.
+ * calculate prehash for zone, assumes no partial precompile or prehashlist
  */
-void prehash(struct namedb* db, int updated_only);
-#ifndef FULL_PREHASH
-void prehash_zone(struct namedb *db, struct zone *zone);
-void prehash_zone_incremental(struct namedb *db, struct zone *zone);
-#endif
+void prehash_zone_complete(struct namedb* db, struct zone* zone);
 
 /*
- * finds nsec3 that covers the given domain dname.
+ * finds nsec3 that covers the given domain hash.
  * returns true if the find is exact.
- * hashname is the already hashed dname for the NSEC3.
  */
-#ifdef FULL_PREHASH
-int nsec3_find_cover(struct namedb* db, struct zone* zone,
-	const struct dname* hashname, struct domain** result);
-#else
-int nsec3_find_cover(struct namedb* ATTR_UNUSED(db), struct zone* zone,
-	const struct dname* hashname, struct nsec3_domain** result);
-#endif
+int nsec3_find_cover(struct zone* zone, uint8_t* hash, size_t hashlen,
+	struct domain** result);
 
 /*
  * _answer_ Routines used to add the correct nsec3 record to a query answer.
@@ -62,9 +44,8 @@ int nsec3_find_cover(struct namedb* ATTR_UNUSED(db), struct zone* zone,
  * add proof for wildcards that the name below the wildcard.parent
  * does not exist
  */
-void nsec3_answer_wildcard(struct query *query, struct answer *answer,
-        struct domain *wildcard, struct namedb* db,
-	const struct dname *qname);
+void nsec3_answer_wildcard(struct query* query, struct answer* answer,
+        struct domain* wildcard, const struct dname* qname);
 
 /*
  * add NSEC3 to provide domain name but not rrset exists,
@@ -84,7 +65,7 @@ void nsec3_answer_delegation(struct query *query, struct answer *answer);
  */
 void nsec3_answer_authoritative(struct domain** match, struct query *query,
 	struct answer *answer, struct domain* closest_encloser,
-	struct namedb* db, const struct dname* qname);
+	const struct dname* qname);
 
 /*
  * True if domain is a NSEC3 (+RRSIG) data only variety.
@@ -92,5 +73,48 @@ void nsec3_answer_authoritative(struct domain** match, struct query *query,
  */
 int domain_has_only_NSEC3(struct domain* domain, struct zone* zone);
 
+/* get hashed bytes */
+void nsec3_hash_and_store(struct zone* zone, const struct dname* dname,
+	uint8_t* store);
+/* see if NSEC3 record uses the params in use for the zone */
+int nsec3_rr_uses_params(struct rr* rr, struct zone* zone);
+/* number of NSEC3s that are in the zone chain */
+int nsec3_in_chain_count(struct domain* domain, struct zone* zone);
+/* find previous NSEC3, or, lastinzone, or, NULL */
+struct domain* nsec3_chain_find_prev(struct zone* zone, struct domain* domain);
+/* clear nsec3 precompile for the zone */
+void nsec3_clear_precompile(struct namedb* db, struct zone* zone);
+/* if domain is part of nsec3hashed domains of a zone */
+int nsec3_domain_part_of_zone(struct domain* d, struct zone* z);
+/* condition when a domain is precompiled */
+int nsec3_condition_hash(struct domain* d, struct zone* z);
+/* condition when a domain is ds precompiled */
+int nsec3_condition_dshash(struct domain* d, struct zone* z);
+/* set nsec3param for this zone or NULL if no NSEC3 available */
+void nsec3_find_zone_param(struct namedb* db, struct zone* zone,
+	struct udb_ptr* z);
+/* hash domain and wcchild, and lookup nsec3 in tree, and precompile */
+void nsec3_precompile_domain(struct namedb* db, struct domain* domain,
+	struct zone* zone, struct region* tmpregion);
+/* hash ds_parent_cover, and lookup nsec3 and precompile */
+void nsec3_precompile_domain_ds(struct namedb* db, struct domain* domain,
+	struct zone* zone);
+/* put nsec3 into nsec3tree and adjust zonelast */
+void nsec3_precompile_nsec3rr(struct namedb* db, struct domain* domain,
+	struct zone* zone);
+/* precompile entire zone, assumes all is null at start */
+void nsec3_precompile_newparam(struct namedb* db, struct zone* zone);
+/* create b32.zone for a hash, allocated in the region */
+const struct dname* nsec3_b32_create(struct region* region, struct zone* zone,
+	unsigned char* hash);
+/* create trees for nsec3 updates and lookups in zone */
+void nsec3_zone_trees_create(struct region* region, struct zone* zone);
+/* clear trees for nsec3 in zone */
+void nsec3_hash_tree_clear(struct zone* zone);
+/* lookup zone that contains domain's nsec3 trees */
+struct zone* nsec3_tree_zone(struct namedb* db, struct domain* domain);
+/* lookup zone that contains domain's ds tree */
+struct zone* nsec3_tree_dszone(struct namedb* db, struct domain* domain);
+
 #endif /* NSEC3 */
 #endif /* NSEC3_H*/
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/options.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/options.c
index 39cfa610864..221a0f7eb35 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/options.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/options.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * options.c -- options functions.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@
 #include "options.h"
 #include "query.h"
 #include "tsig.h"
+#include "difffile.h"
 #include "rrl.h"
 
 #include "configyyrename.h"
-nsd_options_t* nsd_options = 0;
+#include "configparser.h"
 config_parser_state_t* cfg_parser = 0;
 extern FILE* c_in, *c_out;
 int c_parse(void);
@@ -24,28 +25,36 @@ int c_lex(void);
 int c_wrap(void);
 void c_error(const char *message);
 
-nsd_options_t* nsd_options_create(region_type* region)
+static int
+rbtree_strcmp(const void* p1, const void* p2)
+{
+	return strcmp((const char*)p1, (const char*)p2);
+}
+
+nsd_options_t*
+nsd_options_create(region_type* region)
 {
 	nsd_options_t* opt;
 	opt = (nsd_options_t*)region_alloc(region, sizeof(nsd_options_t));
 	opt->region = region;
 	opt->zone_options = rbtree_create(region,
 		(int (*)(const void *, const void *)) dname_compare);
-	opt->keys = NULL;
-	opt->numkeys = 0;
+	opt->configfile = NULL;
+	opt->patterns = rbtree_create(region, rbtree_strcmp);
+	opt->keys = rbtree_create(region, rbtree_strcmp);
 	opt->ip_addresses = NULL;
 	opt->ip_transparent = 0;
 	opt->debug_mode = 0;
 	opt->verbosity = 0;
 	opt->hide_version = 0;
-	opt->ip4_only = 0;
-	opt->ip6_only = 0;
+	opt->do_ip4 = 1;
+	opt->do_ip6 = 1;
 	opt->database = DBFILE;
 	opt->identity = 0;
 	opt->nsid = 0;
 	opt->logfile = 0;
 	opt->server_count = 1;
-	opt->tcp_count = 10;
+	opt->tcp_count = 100;
 	opt->tcp_query_count = 0;
 	opt->tcp_timeout = TCP_TIMEOUT;
 	opt->ipv4_edns_size = EDNS_MAX_MESSAGE_LEN;
@@ -54,17 +63,12 @@ nsd_options_t* nsd_options_create(region_type* region)
 	opt->port = UDP_PORT;
 /* deprecated?	opt->port = TCP_PORT; */
 	opt->statistics = 0;
-#ifdef USE_ZONE_STATS
-	opt->zonestatsfile = ZONESTATSFILE;
-#else
-	opt->zonestatsfile = 0;
-#endif
 	opt->chroot = 0;
 	opt->username = USER;
 	opt->zonesdir = ZONESDIR;
-	opt->difffile = DIFFFILE;
 	opt->xfrdfile = XFRDFILE;
-	opt->xfrd_reload_timeout = 10;
+	opt->xfrdir = XFRDIR;
+	opt->zonelistfile = ZONELISTFILE;
 #ifdef RATELIMIT
 	opt->rrl_size = RRL_BUCKETS;
 	opt->rrl_ratelimit = RRL_LIMIT/2;
@@ -73,11 +77,20 @@ nsd_options_t* nsd_options_create(region_type* region)
 	opt->rrl_ipv6_prefix_length = RRL_IPV6_PREFIX_LENGTH;
 	opt->rrl_whitelist_ratelimit = RRL_WLIST_LIMIT/2;
 #endif
-	nsd_options = opt;
+	opt->zonefiles_check = 1;
+	opt->xfrd_reload_timeout = 1;
+	opt->control_enable = 0;
+	opt->control_interface = NULL;
+	opt->control_port = NSD_CONTROL_PORT;
+	opt->server_key_file = CONFIGDIR"/nsd_server.key";
+	opt->server_cert_file = CONFIGDIR"/nsd_server.pem";
+	opt->control_key_file = CONFIGDIR"/nsd_control.key";
+	opt->control_cert_file = CONFIGDIR"/nsd_control.pem";
 	return opt;
 }
 
-int nsd_options_insert_zone(nsd_options_t* opt, zone_options_t* zone)
+int
+nsd_options_insert_zone(nsd_options_t* opt, zone_options_t* zone)
 {
 	/* create dname for lookup */
 	const dname_type* dname = dname_parse(opt->region, zone->name);
@@ -89,23 +102,40 @@ int nsd_options_insert_zone(nsd_options_t* opt, zone_options_t* zone)
 	return 1;
 }
 
-int parse_options_file(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* file)
+int
+nsd_options_insert_pattern(nsd_options_t* opt, pattern_options_t* pat)
+{
+	if(!pat->pname)
+		return 0;
+	pat->node.key = pat->pname;
+	if(!rbtree_insert(opt->patterns, (rbnode_t*)pat))
+		return 0;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int
+parse_options_file(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* file,
+	void (*err)(void*,const char*), void* err_arg)
 {
 	FILE *in = 0;
-	zone_options_t* zone;
+	pattern_options_t* pat;
 	acl_options_t* acl;
 
-	if(!cfg_parser)
+	if(!cfg_parser) {
 		cfg_parser = (config_parser_state_t*)region_alloc(
 			opt->region, sizeof(config_parser_state_t));
+		cfg_parser->chroot = 0;
+	}
+	cfg_parser->err = err;
+	cfg_parser->err_arg = err_arg;
 	cfg_parser->filename = file;
 	cfg_parser->line = 1;
 	cfg_parser->errors = 0;
+	cfg_parser->server_settings_seen = 0;
 	cfg_parser->opt = opt;
+	cfg_parser->current_pattern = 0;
 	cfg_parser->current_zone = 0;
-	cfg_parser->current_key = opt->keys;
-	while(cfg_parser->current_key && cfg_parser->current_key->next)
-		cfg_parser->current_key = cfg_parser->current_key->next;
+	cfg_parser->current_key = 0;
 	cfg_parser->current_ip_address_option = opt->ip_addresses;
 	while(cfg_parser->current_ip_address_option && cfg_parser->current_ip_address_option->next)
 		cfg_parser->current_ip_address_option = cfg_parser->current_ip_address_option->next;
@@ -113,16 +143,34 @@ int parse_options_file(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* file)
 	cfg_parser->current_request_xfr = 0;
 	cfg_parser->current_notify = 0;
 	cfg_parser->current_provide_xfr = 0;
-
+	
 	in = fopen(cfg_parser->filename, "r");
 	if(!in) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Could not open %s: %s\n", file, strerror(errno));
+		if(err) {
+			char m[MAXSYSLOGMSGLEN];
+			snprintf(m, sizeof(m), "Could not open %s: %s\n",
+				file, strerror(errno));
+			err(err_arg, m);
+		} else {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Could not open %s: %s\n",
+				file, strerror(errno));
+		}
 		return 0;
 	}
 	c_in = in;
 	c_parse();
 	fclose(in);
 
+	opt->configfile = region_strdup(opt->region, file);
+	if(cfg_parser->current_pattern) {
+		if(!cfg_parser->current_pattern->pname)
+			c_error("last pattern has no name");
+		else {
+			if(!nsd_options_insert_pattern(cfg_parser->opt,
+				cfg_parser->current_pattern))
+				c_error("duplicate pattern");
+		}
+	}
 	if(cfg_parser->current_zone) {
 		if(!cfg_parser->current_zone->name)
 			c_error("last zone has no name");
@@ -131,83 +179,499 @@ int parse_options_file(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* file)
 				cfg_parser->current_zone))
 				c_error("duplicate zone");
 		}
-		if(!cfg_parser->current_zone->zonefile)
-			c_error("last zone has no zonefile");
+		if(!cfg_parser->current_zone->pattern)
+			c_error("last zone has no pattern");
 	}
-	if(opt->keys)
+	if(cfg_parser->current_key)
 	{
-		if(!opt->keys->name)
+		if(!cfg_parser->current_key->name)
 			c_error("last key has no name");
-		if(!opt->keys->algorithm)
+		if(!cfg_parser->current_key->algorithm)
 			c_error("last key has no algorithm");
-		if(!opt->keys->secret)
+		if(!cfg_parser->current_key->secret)
 			c_error("last key has no secret blob");
+		key_options_insert(opt, cfg_parser->current_key);
 	}
-	RBTREE_FOR(zone, zone_options_t*, opt->zone_options)
+	RBTREE_FOR(pat, pattern_options_t*, opt->patterns)
 	{
-		if(!zone->name)
-			continue;
-		if(!zone->zonefile)
-			continue;
 		/* lookup keys for acls */
-		for(acl=zone->allow_notify; acl; acl=acl->next)
+		for(acl=pat->allow_notify; acl; acl=acl->next)
 		{
 			if(acl->nokey || acl->blocked)
 				continue;
 			acl->key_options = key_options_find(opt, acl->key_name);
 			if(!acl->key_options)
-				c_error_msg("key %s in zone %s could not be found",
-					acl->key_name, zone->name);
+				c_error_msg("key %s in pattern %s could not be found",
+					acl->key_name, pat->pname);
 		}
-		for(acl=zone->notify; acl; acl=acl->next)
+		for(acl=pat->notify; acl; acl=acl->next)
 		{
 			if(acl->nokey || acl->blocked)
 				continue;
 			acl->key_options = key_options_find(opt, acl->key_name);
 			if(!acl->key_options)
-				c_error_msg("key %s in zone %s could not be found",
-					acl->key_name, zone->name);
+				c_error_msg("key %s in pattern %s could not be found",
+					acl->key_name, pat->pname);
 		}
-		for(acl=zone->request_xfr; acl; acl=acl->next)
+		for(acl=pat->request_xfr; acl; acl=acl->next)
 		{
 			if(acl->nokey || acl->blocked)
 				continue;
 			acl->key_options = key_options_find(opt, acl->key_name);
 			if(!acl->key_options)
-				c_error_msg("key %s in zone %s could not be found",
-					acl->key_name, zone->name);
+				c_error_msg("key %s in pattern %s could not be found",
+					acl->key_name, pat->pname);
 		}
-		for(acl=zone->provide_xfr; acl; acl=acl->next)
+		for(acl=pat->provide_xfr; acl; acl=acl->next)
 		{
 			if(acl->nokey || acl->blocked)
 				continue;
 			acl->key_options = key_options_find(opt, acl->key_name);
 			if(!acl->key_options)
-				c_error_msg("key %s in zone %s could not be found",
-					acl->key_name, zone->name);
+				c_error_msg("key %s in pattern %s could not be found",
+					acl->key_name, pat->pname);
 		}
 	}
 
 	if(cfg_parser->errors > 0)
 	{
-        	fprintf(stderr, "read %s failed: %d errors in configuration file\n",
-			cfg_parser->filename,
-			cfg_parser->errors);
+		if(err) {
+			char m[MAXSYSLOGMSGLEN];
+			snprintf(m, sizeof(m), "read %s failed: %d errors in "
+				"configuration file\n", cfg_parser->filename,
+				cfg_parser->errors);
+			err(err_arg, m);
+		} else {
+			fprintf(stderr, "read %s failed: %d errors in "
+				"configuration file\n", cfg_parser->filename,
+				cfg_parser->errors);
+		}
 		return 0;
 	}
 	return 1;
 }
 
-void c_error_va_list(const char *fmt, va_list args)
+#define ZONELIST_HEADER "# NSD zone list\n# name pattern\n"
+static int
+comp_zonebucket(const void* a, const void* b)
+{
+	return *(const int*)b - *(const int*)a;
+}
+
+/* insert free entry into zonelist free buckets */
+static void
+zone_list_free_insert(nsd_options_t* opt, int linesize, off_t off)
+{
+	struct zonelist_free* e;
+	struct zonelist_bucket* b = (struct zonelist_bucket*)rbtree_search(
+		opt->zonefree, &linesize);
+	if(!b) {
+		b = region_alloc_zero(opt->region, sizeof(*b));
+		b->linesize = linesize;
+		b->node = *RBTREE_NULL;
+		b->node.key = &b->linesize;
+		rbtree_insert(opt->zonefree, &b->node);
+	}
+	e = (struct zonelist_free*)region_alloc_zero(opt->region, sizeof(*e));
+	e->next = b->list;
+	b->list = e;
+	e->off = off;
+	opt->zonefree_number++;
+}
+
+zone_options_t*
+zone_list_zone_insert(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* nm, const char* patnm,
+	int linesize, off_t off)
+{
+	pattern_options_t* pat = pattern_options_find(opt, patnm);
+	zone_options_t* zone;
+	if(!pat) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "pattern does not exist for zone %s "
+			"pattern %s", nm, patnm);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	zone = zone_options_create(opt->region);
+	zone->part_of_config = 0;
+	zone->name = region_strdup(opt->region, nm);
+	zone->linesize = linesize;
+	zone->off = off;
+	zone->pattern = pat;
+	if(!nsd_options_insert_zone(opt, zone)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "bad domain name or duplicate zone '%s' "
+			"pattern %s", nm, patnm);
+		region_recycle(opt->region, (void*)zone->name, strlen(nm)+1);
+		region_recycle(opt->region, zone, sizeof(*zone));
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	return zone;
+}
+
+int
+parse_zone_list_file(nsd_options_t* opt)
+{
+	/* zonelist looks like this:
+	# name pattern
+	add example.com master
+	del example.net slave
+	add foo.bar.nl slave
+	add rutabaga.uk config
+	*/
+	char buf[1024];
+	
+	/* create empty data structures */
+	opt->zonefree = rbtree_create(opt->region, comp_zonebucket);
+	opt->zonelist = NULL;
+	opt->zonefree_number = 0;
+	opt->zonelist_off = 0;
+
+	/* try to open the zonelist file, an empty or nonexist file is OK */
+	opt->zonelist = fopen(opt->zonelistfile, "r+");
+	if(!opt->zonelist) {
+		if(errno == ENOENT)
+			return 1; /* file does not exist, it is created later */
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not open zone list %s: %s", opt->zonelistfile,
+			strerror(errno));
+		return 0;
+	}
+	/* read header */
+	buf[strlen(ZONELIST_HEADER)] = 0;
+	if(fread(buf, 1, strlen(ZONELIST_HEADER), opt->zonelist) !=
+		strlen(ZONELIST_HEADER) || strncmp(buf, ZONELIST_HEADER,
+		strlen(ZONELIST_HEADER)) != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "zone list %s contains bad header\n", opt->zonelistfile);
+		fclose(opt->zonelist);
+		opt->zonelist = NULL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* read entries in file */
+	while(fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), opt->zonelist)) {
+		/* skip comments and empty lines */
+		if(buf[0] == 0 || buf[0] == '\n' || buf[0] == '#')
+			continue;
+		if(strncmp(buf, "add ", 4) == 0) {
+			int linesize = strlen(buf);
+			/* parse the 'add' line */
+			/* pick last space on the line, so that the domain
+			 * name can have a space in it (but not the pattern)*/
+			char* space = strrchr(buf+4, ' ');
+			char* nm, *patnm;
+			if(!space) {
+				/* parse error */
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "parse error in %s: '%s'",
+					opt->zonelistfile, buf);
+				continue;
+			}
+			nm = buf+4;
+			*space = 0;
+			patnm = space+1;
+			if(linesize && buf[linesize-1] == '\n')
+				buf[linesize-1] = 0;
+
+			/* store offset and line size for zone entry */
+			/* and create zone entry in zonetree */
+			(void)zone_list_zone_insert(opt, nm, patnm, linesize,
+				ftello(opt->zonelist)-linesize);
+		} else if(strncmp(buf, "del ", 4) == 0) {
+			/* store offset and line size for deleted entry */
+			int linesize = strlen(buf);
+			zone_list_free_insert(opt, linesize,
+				ftello(opt->zonelist)-linesize);
+		} else {
+			log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "bad data in %s, '%s'", opt->zonelistfile,
+				buf);
+		}
+	}
+	/* store EOF offset */
+	opt->zonelist_off = ftello(opt->zonelist);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+void
+zone_options_delete(nsd_options_t* opt, zone_options_t* zone)
+{
+	rbtree_delete(opt->zone_options, zone->node.key);
+	region_recycle(opt->region, (void*)zone->node.key, dname_total_size(
+		(dname_type*)zone->node.key));
+	region_recycle(opt->region, zone, sizeof(*zone));
+}
+
+/* add a new zone to the zonelist */
+zone_options_t*
+zone_list_add(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* zname, const char* pname)
+{
+	int r;
+	struct zonelist_free* e;
+	struct zonelist_bucket* b;
+	int linesize = 6 + strlen(zname) + strlen(pname);
+	/* create zone entry */
+	zone_options_t* zone = zone_list_zone_insert(opt, zname, pname,
+		linesize, 0);
+	if(!zone)
+		return NULL;
+
+	/* use free entry or append to file or create new file */
+	if(!opt->zonelist || opt->zonelist_off == 0) {
+		/* create new file */
+		if(opt->zonelist) fclose(opt->zonelist);
+		opt->zonelist = fopen(opt->zonelistfile, "w+");
+		if(!opt->zonelist) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not create zone list %s: %s",
+				opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "zone %s could not be added", zname);
+			zone_options_delete(opt, zone);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		r = fprintf(opt->zonelist, ZONELIST_HEADER);
+		if(r != strlen(ZONELIST_HEADER)) {
+			if(r == -1)
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write to %s: %s",
+					opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+			else log_msg(LOG_ERR, "partial write to %s: disk full",
+				opt->zonelistfile);
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "zone %s could not be added", zname);
+			zone_options_delete(opt, zone);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		zone->off = ftello(opt->zonelist);
+		if(zone->off == -1)
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "ftello(%s): %s", opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+		r = fprintf(opt->zonelist, "add %s %s\n", zname, pname);
+		if(r != zone->linesize) {
+			if(r == -1)
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write to %s: %s",
+					opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+			else log_msg(LOG_ERR, "partial write to %s: disk full",
+				opt->zonelistfile);
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "zone %s could not be added", zname);
+			zone_options_delete(opt, zone);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		opt->zonelist_off = ftello(opt->zonelist);
+		if(opt->zonelist_off == -1)
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "ftello(%s): %s", opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+		if(fflush(opt->zonelist) != 0) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "fflush %s: %s", opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+		}
+		return zone;
+	}
+	b = (struct zonelist_bucket*)rbtree_search(opt->zonefree,
+		&zone->linesize);
+	if(!b || b->list == NULL) {
+		/* no empty place, append to file */
+		zone->off = opt->zonelist_off;
+		if(fseeko(opt->zonelist, zone->off, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "fseeko(%s): %s", opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "zone %s could not be added", zname);
+			zone_options_delete(opt, zone);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		r = fprintf(opt->zonelist, "add %s %s\n", zname, pname);
+		if(r != zone->linesize) {
+			if(r == -1)
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write to %s: %s",
+					opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+			else log_msg(LOG_ERR, "partial write to %s: disk full",
+				opt->zonelistfile);
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "zone %s could not be added", zname);
+			zone_options_delete(opt, zone);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		opt->zonelist_off += linesize;
+		if(fflush(opt->zonelist) != 0) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "fflush %s: %s", opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+		}
+		return zone;
+	}
+	/* reuse empty spot */
+	e = b->list;
+	zone->off = e->off;
+	if(fseeko(opt->zonelist, zone->off, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "fseeko(%s): %s", opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "zone %s could not be added", zname);
+		zone_options_delete(opt, zone);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	r = fprintf(opt->zonelist, "add %s %s\n", zname, pname);
+	if(r != zone->linesize) {
+		if(r == -1)
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not write to %s: %s",
+				opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+		else log_msg(LOG_ERR, "partial write to %s: disk full",
+			opt->zonelistfile);
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "zone %s could not be added", zname);
+		zone_options_delete(opt, zone);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	if(fflush(opt->zonelist) != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "fflush %s: %s", opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+	}
+
+	/* snip off and recycle element */
+	b->list = e->next;
+	region_recycle(opt->region, e, sizeof(*e));
+	if(b->list == NULL) {
+		rbtree_delete(opt->zonefree, &b->linesize);
+		region_recycle(opt->region, b, sizeof(*b));
+	}
+	opt->zonefree_number--;
+	return zone;
+}
+
+/* remove a zone on the zonelist */
+void
+zone_list_del(nsd_options_t* opt, zone_options_t* zone)
+{
+	/* put its space onto the free entry */
+	if(fseeko(opt->zonelist, zone->off, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "fseeko(%s): %s", opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+		return;
+	}
+	fprintf(opt->zonelist, "del");
+	zone_list_free_insert(opt, zone->linesize, zone->off);
+
+	/* remove zone_options_t */
+	zone_options_delete(opt, zone);
+
+	/* see if we need to compact: it is going to halve the zonelist */
+	if(opt->zonefree_number > opt->zone_options->count) {
+		zone_list_compact(opt);
+	} else {
+		if(fflush(opt->zonelist) != 0) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "fflush %s: %s", opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+		}
+	}
+}
+/* postorder delete of zonelist free space tree */
+static void
+delbucket(region_type* region, struct zonelist_bucket* b)
+{
+	struct zonelist_free* e, *f;
+	if(!b || (rbnode_t*)b==RBTREE_NULL)
+		return;
+	delbucket(region, (struct zonelist_bucket*)b->node.left);
+	delbucket(region, (struct zonelist_bucket*)b->node.right);
+	e = b->list;
+	while(e) {
+		f = e->next;
+		region_recycle(region, e, sizeof(*e));
+		e = f;
+	}
+	region_recycle(region, b, sizeof(*b));
+}
+
+/* compact zonelist file */
+void
+zone_list_compact(nsd_options_t* opt)
+{
+	char outname[1024];
+	FILE* out;
+	zone_options_t* zone;
+	off_t off;
+	int r;
+	snprintf(outname, sizeof(outname), "%s~", opt->zonelistfile);
+	/* useful, when : count-of-free > count-of-used */
+	/* write zonelist to zonelist~ */
+	out = fopen(outname, "w+");
+	if(!out) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not open %s: %s", outname, strerror(errno));
+		return;
+	}
+	r = fprintf(out, ZONELIST_HEADER);
+	if(r == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "write %s failed: %s", outname,
+			strerror(errno));
+		fclose(out);
+		return;
+	} else if(r != strlen(ZONELIST_HEADER)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "write %s was partial: disk full",
+			outname);
+		fclose(out);
+		return;
+	}
+	off = ftello(out);
+	if(off == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "ftello(%s): %s", outname, strerror(errno));
+		fclose(out);
+		return;
+	}
+	RBTREE_FOR(zone, zone_options_t*, opt->zone_options) {
+		if(zone->part_of_config)
+			continue;
+		r = fprintf(out, "add %s %s\n", zone->name,
+			zone->pattern->pname);
+		if(r < 0) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "write %s failed: %s", outname,
+				strerror(errno));
+			fclose(out);
+			return;
+		} else if(r != zone->linesize) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "write %s was partial: disk full",
+				outname);
+			fclose(out);
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	if(fflush(out) != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "fflush %s: %s", outname, strerror(errno));
+	}
+
+	/* rename zonelist~ onto zonelist */
+	if(rename(outname, opt->zonelistfile) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "rename(%s to %s) failed: %s",
+			outname, opt->zonelistfile, strerror(errno));
+		fclose(out);
+		return;
+	}
+	fclose(opt->zonelist);
+	/* set offsets */
+	RBTREE_FOR(zone, zone_options_t*, opt->zone_options) {
+		if(zone->part_of_config)
+			continue;
+		zone->off = off;
+		off += zone->linesize;
+	}
+	/* empty the free tree */
+	delbucket(opt->region, (struct zonelist_bucket*)opt->zonefree->root);
+	opt->zonefree->root = RBTREE_NULL;
+	opt->zonefree->count = 0;
+	opt->zonefree_number = 0;
+	/* finish */
+	opt->zonelist = out;
+	opt->zonelist_off = off;
+}
+
+/* close zonelist file */
+void
+zone_list_close(nsd_options_t* opt)
+{
+	fclose(opt->zonelist);
+	opt->zonelist = NULL;
+}
+
+
+void
+c_error_va_list(const char* fmt, va_list args)
 {
 	cfg_parser->errors++;
+	if(cfg_parser->err) {
+		char m[MAXSYSLOGMSGLEN];
+		snprintf(m, sizeof(m), "%s:%d: error: ", cfg_parser->filename,
+			cfg_parser->line);
+		(*cfg_parser->err)(cfg_parser->err_arg, m);
+		vsnprintf(m, sizeof(m), fmt, args);
+		(*cfg_parser->err)(cfg_parser->err_arg, m);
+		(*cfg_parser->err)(cfg_parser->err_arg, "\n");
+		return;
+	}
         fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: error: ", cfg_parser->filename,
 		cfg_parser->line);
 	vfprintf(stderr, fmt, args);
 	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 }
 
-void c_error_msg(const char* fmt, ...)
+void
+c_error_msg(const char* fmt, ...)
 {
         va_list args;
         va_start(args, fmt);
@@ -215,62 +679,546 @@ void c_error_msg(const char* fmt, ...)
         va_end(args);
 }
 
-void c_error(const char *str)
+void
+c_error(const char* str)
 {
-	cfg_parser->errors++;
-        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: error: %s\n", cfg_parser->filename,
-		cfg_parser->line, str);
+	c_error_msg("%s", str);
 }
 
-int c_wrap()
+int
+c_wrap()
 {
         return 1;
 }
 
-zone_options_t* zone_options_create(region_type* region)
+zone_options_t*
+zone_options_create(region_type* region)
 {
 	zone_options_t* zone;
 	zone = (zone_options_t*)region_alloc(region, sizeof(zone_options_t));
 	zone->node = *RBTREE_NULL;
 	zone->name = 0;
-	zone->zonefile = 0;
-	zone->allow_notify = 0;
-	zone->request_xfr = 0;
-	zone->notify = 0;
-	zone->notify_retry = 5;
-	zone->provide_xfr = 0;
-	zone->outgoing_interface = 0;
-	zone->allow_axfr_fallback = 1;
+	zone->pattern = 0;
+	zone->part_of_config = 0;
+	return zone;
+}
+
+/* true is booleans are the same truth value */
+#define booleq(x,y) ( ((x) && (y)) || (!(x) && !(y)) )
+
+int
+acl_equal(acl_options_t* p, acl_options_t* q)
+{
+	if(!booleq(p->use_axfr_only, q->use_axfr_only)) return 0;
+	if(!booleq(p->allow_udp, q->allow_udp)) return 0;
+	if(strcmp(p->ip_address_spec, q->ip_address_spec)!=0) return 0;
+	/* the ip6, port, addr, mask, type: are derived from the ip_address_spec */
+	if(!booleq(p->nokey, q->nokey)) return 0;
+	if(!booleq(p->blocked, q->blocked)) return 0;
+	if(p->key_name && q->key_name) {
+		if(strcmp(p->key_name, q->key_name)!=0) return 0;
+	} else if(p->key_name && !q->key_name) return 0;
+	else if(!p->key_name && q->key_name) return 0;
+	/* key_options is derived from key_name */
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int
+acl_list_equal(acl_options_t* p, acl_options_t* q)
+{
+	/* must be same and in same order */
+	while(p && q) {
+		if(!acl_equal(p, q))
+			return 0;
+		p = p->next;
+		q = q->next;
+	}
+	if(!p && !q) return 1;
+	/* different lengths */
+	return 0;
+}
+
+pattern_options_t*
+pattern_options_create(region_type* region)
+{
+	pattern_options_t* p;
+	p = (pattern_options_t*)region_alloc(region, sizeof(pattern_options_t));
+	p->node = *RBTREE_NULL;
+	p->pname = 0;
+	p->zonefile = 0;
+	p->allow_notify = 0;
+	p->request_xfr = 0;
+	p->notify = 0;
+	p->provide_xfr = 0;
+	p->outgoing_interface = 0;
+	p->notify_retry = 5;
+	p->notify_retry_is_default = 1;
+	p->allow_axfr_fallback = 1;
+	p->allow_axfr_fallback_is_default = 1;
+	p->implicit = 0;
+	p->xfrd_flags = 0;
 #ifdef RATELIMIT
-	zone->rrl_whitelist = 0;
+	p->rrl_whitelist = 0;
 #endif
-	return zone;
+	return p;
+}
+
+static void
+acl_delete(region_type* region, acl_options_t* acl)
+{
+	if(acl->ip_address_spec)
+		region_recycle(region, (void*)acl->ip_address_spec,
+			strlen(acl->ip_address_spec)+1);
+	if(acl->key_name)
+		region_recycle(region, (void*)acl->key_name,
+			strlen(acl->key_name)+1);
+	/* key_options is a convenience pointer, not owned by the acl */
+	region_recycle(region, acl, sizeof(*acl));
+}
+
+static void
+acl_list_delete(region_type* region, acl_options_t* list)
+{
+	acl_options_t* n;
+	while(list) {
+		n = list->next;
+		acl_delete(region, list);
+		list = n;
+	}
 }
 
-key_options_t* key_options_create(region_type* region)
+void
+pattern_options_remove(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* name)
+{
+	pattern_options_t* p = (pattern_options_t*)rbtree_delete(
+		opt->patterns, name);
+	/* delete p and its contents */
+	if (!p)
+		return;
+	if(p->pname)
+		region_recycle(opt->region, (void*)p->pname,
+			strlen(p->pname)+1);
+	if(p->zonefile)
+		region_recycle(opt->region, (void*)p->zonefile,
+			strlen(p->zonefile)+1);
+	acl_list_delete(opt->region, p->allow_notify);
+	acl_list_delete(opt->region, p->request_xfr);
+	acl_list_delete(opt->region, p->notify);
+	acl_list_delete(opt->region, p->provide_xfr);
+	acl_list_delete(opt->region, p->outgoing_interface);
+
+	region_recycle(opt->region, p, sizeof(pattern_options_t));
+}
+
+static acl_options_t*
+copy_acl(region_type* region, acl_options_t* a)
+{
+	acl_options_t* b;
+	if(!a) return NULL;
+	b = (acl_options_t*)region_alloc(region, sizeof(*b));
+	/* copy the whole lot */
+	*b = *a;
+	/* fix the pointers */
+	if(a->ip_address_spec)
+		b->ip_address_spec = region_strdup(region, a->ip_address_spec);
+	if(a->key_name)
+		b->key_name = region_strdup(region, a->key_name);
+	b->next = NULL;
+	b->key_options = NULL;
+	return b;
+}
+
+static acl_options_t*
+copy_acl_list(nsd_options_t* opt, acl_options_t* a)
+{
+	acl_options_t* b, *blast = NULL, *blist = NULL;
+	while(a) {
+		b = copy_acl(opt->region, a);
+		/* fixup key_options */
+		if(b->key_name)
+			b->key_options = key_options_find(opt, b->key_name);
+		else	b->key_options = NULL;
+
+		/* link as last into list */
+		b->next = NULL;
+		if(!blist) blist = b;
+		else blast->next = b;
+		blast = b;
+		
+		a = a->next;
+	}
+	return blist;
+}
+
+static void
+copy_changed_acl(nsd_options_t* opt, acl_options_t** orig,
+	acl_options_t* anew)
+{
+	if(!acl_list_equal(*orig, anew)) {
+		acl_list_delete(opt->region, *orig);
+		*orig = copy_acl_list(opt, anew);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+copy_pat_fixed(region_type* region, pattern_options_t* orig,
+	pattern_options_t* p)
+{
+	orig->allow_axfr_fallback = p->allow_axfr_fallback;
+	orig->allow_axfr_fallback_is_default =
+		p->allow_axfr_fallback_is_default;
+	orig->notify_retry = p->notify_retry;
+	orig->notify_retry_is_default = p->notify_retry_is_default;
+	orig->implicit = p->implicit;
+	if(p->zonefile)
+		orig->zonefile = region_strdup(region, p->zonefile);
+	else orig->zonefile = NULL;
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	orig->rrl_whitelist = p->rrl_whitelist;
+#endif
+}
+
+void
+pattern_options_add_modify(nsd_options_t* opt, pattern_options_t* p)
+{
+	pattern_options_t* orig = pattern_options_find(opt, p->pname);
+	if(!orig) {
+		/* needs to be copied to opt region */
+		orig = pattern_options_create(opt->region);
+		orig->pname = region_strdup(opt->region, p->pname);
+		copy_pat_fixed(opt->region, orig, p);
+		orig->allow_notify = copy_acl_list(opt, p->allow_notify);
+		orig->request_xfr = copy_acl_list(opt, p->request_xfr);
+		orig->notify = copy_acl_list(opt, p->notify);
+		orig->provide_xfr = copy_acl_list(opt, p->provide_xfr);
+		orig->outgoing_interface = copy_acl_list(opt,
+			p->outgoing_interface);
+		nsd_options_insert_pattern(opt, orig);
+	} else {
+		/* modify in place so pointers stay valid (and copy
+		   into region). Do not touch unchanged acls. */
+		if(orig->zonefile)
+			region_recycle(opt->region, (char*)orig->zonefile,
+				strlen(orig->zonefile)+1);
+		copy_pat_fixed(opt->region, orig, p);
+		copy_changed_acl(opt, &orig->allow_notify, p->allow_notify);
+		copy_changed_acl(opt, &orig->request_xfr, p->request_xfr);
+		copy_changed_acl(opt, &orig->notify, p->notify);
+		copy_changed_acl(opt, &orig->provide_xfr, p->provide_xfr);
+		copy_changed_acl(opt, &orig->outgoing_interface,
+			p->outgoing_interface);
+	}
+}
+
+pattern_options_t*
+pattern_options_find(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* name)
+{
+	return (pattern_options_t*)rbtree_search(opt->patterns, name);
+}
+
+int
+pattern_options_equal(pattern_options_t* p, pattern_options_t* q)
+{
+	if(strcmp(p->pname, q->pname) != 0) return 0;
+	if(!p->zonefile && q->zonefile) return 0;
+	else if(p->zonefile && !q->zonefile) return 0;
+	else if(p->zonefile && q->zonefile) {
+		if(strcmp(p->zonefile, q->zonefile) != 0) return 0;
+	}
+	if(!booleq(p->allow_axfr_fallback, q->allow_axfr_fallback)) return 0;
+	if(!booleq(p->allow_axfr_fallback_is_default,
+		q->allow_axfr_fallback_is_default)) return 0;
+	if(p->notify_retry != q->notify_retry) return 0;
+	if(!booleq(p->notify_retry_is_default,
+		q->notify_retry_is_default)) return 0;
+	if(!booleq(p->implicit, q->implicit)) return 0;
+	if(!acl_list_equal(p->allow_notify, q->allow_notify)) return 0;
+	if(!acl_list_equal(p->request_xfr, q->request_xfr)) return 0;
+	if(!acl_list_equal(p->notify, q->notify)) return 0;
+	if(!acl_list_equal(p->provide_xfr, q->provide_xfr)) return 0;
+	if(!acl_list_equal(p->outgoing_interface, q->outgoing_interface))
+		return 0;
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	if(p->rrl_whitelist != q->rrl_whitelist) return 0;
+#endif
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static void
+marshal_u8(struct buffer* b, uint8_t v)
+{
+	buffer_reserve(b, 1);
+	buffer_write_u8(b, v);
+}
+
+static uint8_t
+unmarshal_u8(struct buffer* b)
+{
+	return buffer_read_u8(b);
+}
+
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+static void
+marshal_u16(struct buffer* b, uint16_t v)
+{
+	buffer_reserve(b, 2);
+	buffer_write_u16(b, v);
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+static uint16_t
+unmarshal_u16(struct buffer* b)
+{
+	return buffer_read_u16(b);
+}
+#endif
+
+static void
+marshal_str(struct buffer* b, const char* s)
+{
+	if(!s) marshal_u8(b, 0);
+	else {
+		size_t len = strlen(s);
+		marshal_u8(b, 1);
+		buffer_reserve(b, len+1);
+		buffer_write(b, s, len+1);
+	}
+}
+
+static char*
+unmarshal_str(region_type* r, struct buffer* b)
+{
+	uint8_t nonnull = unmarshal_u8(b);
+	if(nonnull) {
+		char* result = region_strdup(r, (char*)buffer_current(b));
+		size_t len = strlen((char*)buffer_current(b));
+		buffer_skip(b, len+1);
+		return result;
+	} else return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+marshal_acl(struct buffer* b, acl_options_t* acl)
+{
+	buffer_reserve(b, sizeof(*acl));
+	buffer_write(b, acl, sizeof(*acl));
+	marshal_str(b, acl->ip_address_spec);
+	marshal_str(b, acl->key_name);
+}
+
+static acl_options_t*
+unmarshal_acl(region_type* r, struct buffer* b)
+{
+	acl_options_t* acl = (acl_options_t*)region_alloc(r, sizeof(*acl));
+	buffer_read(b, acl, sizeof(*acl));
+	acl->next = NULL;
+	acl->key_options = NULL;
+	acl->ip_address_spec = unmarshal_str(r, b);
+	acl->key_name = unmarshal_str(r, b);
+	return acl;
+}
+
+static void
+marshal_acl_list(struct buffer* b, acl_options_t* list)
+{
+	while(list) {
+		marshal_u8(b, 1); /* is there a next one marker */
+		marshal_acl(b, list);
+		list = list->next;
+	}
+	marshal_u8(b, 0); /* end of list marker */
+}
+
+static acl_options_t*
+unmarshal_acl_list(region_type* r, struct buffer* b)
+{
+	acl_options_t* a, *last=NULL, *list=NULL;
+	while(unmarshal_u8(b)) {
+		a = unmarshal_acl(r, b);
+		/* link in */
+		a->next = NULL;
+		if(!list) list = a;
+		else last->next = a;
+		last = a;
+	}
+	return list;
+}
+
+void
+pattern_options_marshal(struct buffer* b, pattern_options_t* p)
+{
+	marshal_str(b, p->pname);
+	marshal_str(b, p->zonefile);
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	marshal_u16(b, p->rrl_whitelist);
+#endif
+	marshal_u8(b, p->allow_axfr_fallback);
+	marshal_u8(b, p->allow_axfr_fallback_is_default);
+	marshal_u8(b, p->notify_retry);
+	marshal_u8(b, p->notify_retry_is_default);
+	marshal_u8(b, p->implicit);
+	marshal_acl_list(b, p->allow_notify);
+	marshal_acl_list(b, p->request_xfr);
+	marshal_acl_list(b, p->notify);
+	marshal_acl_list(b, p->provide_xfr);
+	marshal_acl_list(b, p->outgoing_interface);
+}
+
+pattern_options_t*
+pattern_options_unmarshal(region_type* r, struct buffer* b)
+{
+	pattern_options_t* p = pattern_options_create(r);
+	p->pname = unmarshal_str(r, b);
+	p->zonefile = unmarshal_str(r, b);
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	p->rrl_whitelist = unmarshal_u16(b);
+#endif
+	p->allow_axfr_fallback = unmarshal_u8(b);
+	p->allow_axfr_fallback_is_default = unmarshal_u8(b);
+	p->notify_retry = unmarshal_u8(b);
+	p->notify_retry_is_default = unmarshal_u8(b);
+	p->implicit = unmarshal_u8(b);
+	p->allow_notify = unmarshal_acl_list(r, b);
+	p->request_xfr = unmarshal_acl_list(r, b);
+	p->notify = unmarshal_acl_list(r, b);
+	p->provide_xfr = unmarshal_acl_list(r, b);
+	p->outgoing_interface = unmarshal_acl_list(r, b);
+	return p;
+}
+
+key_options_t*
+key_options_create(region_type* region)
 {
 	key_options_t* key;
-	key = (key_options_t*)region_alloc(region, sizeof(key_options_t));
-	key->name = 0;
-	key->next = 0;
-	key->algorithm = 0;
-	key->secret = 0;
-	key->tsig_key = 0;
+	key = (key_options_t*)region_alloc_zero(region, sizeof(key_options_t));
 	return key;
 }
 
-key_options_t* key_options_find(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* name)
+void
+key_options_insert(nsd_options_t* opt, key_options_t* key)
+{
+	if(!key->name) return;
+	key->node.key = key->name;
+	(void)rbtree_insert(opt->keys, &key->node);
+}
+
+key_options_t*
+key_options_find(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* name)
 {
-	key_options_t* key = opt->keys;
-	while(key) {
-		if(strcmp(key->name, name)==0)
-			return key;
-		key = key->next;
+	return (key_options_t*)rbtree_search(opt->keys, name);
+}
+
+/** remove tsig_key contents */
+void
+key_options_desetup(region_type* region, key_options_t* key)
+{
+	/* keep tsig_key pointer so that existing references keep valid */
+	if(!key->tsig_key)
+		return;
+	/* name stays the same */
+	if(key->tsig_key->data) {
+		/* wipe secret! */
+		memset(key->tsig_key->data, 0xdd, key->tsig_key->size);
+		region_recycle(region, key->tsig_key->data,
+			key->tsig_key->size);
+		key->tsig_key->data = NULL;
+		key->tsig_key->size = 0;
 	}
-	return 0;
 }
 
-int acl_check_incoming(acl_options_t* acl, struct query* q,
+/** add tsig_key contents */
+void
+key_options_setup(region_type* region, key_options_t* key)
+{
+	uint8_t data[16384]; /* 16KB */
+	int size;
+	if(!key->tsig_key) {
+		/* create it */
+		key->tsig_key = (tsig_key_type *) region_alloc(region,
+			sizeof(tsig_key_type));
+		/* create name */
+		key->tsig_key->name = dname_parse(region, key->name);
+		if(!key->tsig_key->name) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "Failed to parse tsig key name %s",
+				key->name);
+			/* key and base64 were checked during syntax parse */
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		key->tsig_key->size = 0;
+		key->tsig_key->data = NULL;
+	}
+	size = b64_pton(key->secret, data, sizeof(data));
+	if(size == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "Failed to parse tsig key data %s",
+			key->name);
+		/* key and base64 were checked during syntax parse */
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	key->tsig_key->size = size;
+	key->tsig_key->data = (uint8_t *)region_alloc_init(region, data, size);
+}
+
+void
+key_options_remove(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* name)
+{
+	key_options_t* k = key_options_find(opt, name);
+	if(!k) return;
+	(void)rbtree_delete(opt->keys, name);
+	if(k->name)
+		region_recycle(opt->region, k->name, strlen(k->name)+1);
+	if(k->algorithm)
+		region_recycle(opt->region, k->algorithm, strlen(k->algorithm)+1);
+	if(k->secret) {
+		memset(k->secret, 0xdd, strlen(k->secret)); /* wipe secret! */
+		region_recycle(opt->region, k->secret, strlen(k->secret)+1);
+	}
+	if(k->tsig_key) {
+		tsig_del_key(k->tsig_key);
+		if(k->tsig_key->name)
+			region_recycle(opt->region, (void*)k->tsig_key->name,
+				dname_total_size(k->tsig_key->name));
+		key_options_desetup(opt->region, k);
+		region_recycle(opt->region, k->tsig_key, sizeof(tsig_key_type));
+	}
+	region_recycle(opt->region, k, sizeof(key_options_t));
+}
+
+int
+key_options_equal(key_options_t* p, key_options_t* q)
+{
+	return strcmp(p->name, q->name)==0 && strcmp(p->algorithm,
+		q->algorithm)==0 && strcmp(p->secret, q->secret)==0;
+}
+
+void
+key_options_add_modify(nsd_options_t* opt, key_options_t* key)
+{
+	key_options_t* orig = key_options_find(opt, key->name);
+	if(!orig) {
+		/* needs to be copied to opt region */
+		orig = key_options_create(opt->region);
+		orig->name = region_strdup(opt->region, key->name);
+		orig->algorithm = region_strdup(opt->region, key->algorithm);
+		orig->secret = region_strdup(opt->region, key->secret);
+		key_options_setup(opt->region, orig);
+		tsig_add_key(orig->tsig_key);
+		key_options_insert(opt, orig);
+	} else {
+		/* modify entries in existing key, and copy to opt region */
+		key_options_desetup(opt->region, orig);
+		region_recycle(opt->region, orig->algorithm,
+			strlen(orig->algorithm)+1);
+		orig->algorithm = region_strdup(opt->region, key->algorithm);
+		region_recycle(opt->region, orig->secret,
+			strlen(orig->secret)+1);
+		orig->secret = region_strdup(opt->region, key->secret);
+		key_options_setup(opt->region, orig);
+	}
+}
+
+int
+acl_check_incoming(acl_options_t* acl, struct query* q,
 	acl_options_t** reason)
 {
 	/* check each acl element.
@@ -311,7 +1259,8 @@ int acl_check_incoming(acl_options_t* acl, struct query* q,
 }
 
 #ifdef INET6
-int acl_addr_matches_ipv6host(acl_options_t* acl, struct sockaddr_storage* addr_storage, unsigned int port)
+int
+acl_addr_matches_ipv6host(acl_options_t* acl, struct sockaddr_storage* addr_storage, unsigned int port)
 {
 	struct sockaddr_in6* addr = (struct sockaddr_in6*)addr_storage;
 	if(acl->port != 0 && acl->port != port)
@@ -339,7 +1288,8 @@ int acl_addr_matches_ipv6host(acl_options_t* acl, struct sockaddr_storage* addr_
 }
 #endif
 
-int acl_addr_matches_ipv4host(acl_options_t* acl, struct sockaddr_in* addr, unsigned int port)
+int
+acl_addr_matches_ipv4host(acl_options_t* acl, struct sockaddr_in* addr, unsigned int port)
 {
 	if(acl->port != 0 && acl->port != port)
 		return 0;
@@ -365,7 +1315,8 @@ int acl_addr_matches_ipv4host(acl_options_t* acl, struct sockaddr_in* addr, unsi
 	return 1;
 }
 
-int acl_addr_matches_host(acl_options_t* acl, acl_options_t* host)
+int
+acl_addr_matches_host(acl_options_t* acl, acl_options_t* host)
 {
 	if(acl->is_ipv6)
 	{
@@ -387,7 +1338,8 @@ int acl_addr_matches_host(acl_options_t* acl, acl_options_t* host)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int acl_addr_matches(acl_options_t* acl, struct query* q)
+int
+acl_addr_matches(acl_options_t* acl, struct query* q)
 {
 	if(acl->is_ipv6)
 	{
@@ -411,7 +1363,8 @@ int acl_addr_matches(acl_options_t* acl, struct query* q)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int acl_addr_match_mask(uint32_t* a, uint32_t* b, uint32_t* mask, size_t sz)
+int
+acl_addr_match_mask(uint32_t* a, uint32_t* b, uint32_t* mask, size_t sz)
 {
 	size_t i;
 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -427,7 +1380,8 @@ int acl_addr_match_mask(uint32_t* a, uint32_t* b, uint32_t* mask, size_t sz)
 	return 1;
 }
 
-int acl_addr_match_range(uint32_t* minval, uint32_t* x, uint32_t* maxval, size_t sz)
+int
+acl_addr_match_range(uint32_t* minval, uint32_t* x, uint32_t* maxval, size_t sz)
 {
 	size_t i;
 	uint8_t checkmin = 1, checkmax = 1;
@@ -456,7 +1410,8 @@ int acl_addr_match_range(uint32_t* minval, uint32_t* x, uint32_t* maxval, size_t
 	return 1;
 }
 
-int acl_key_matches(acl_options_t* acl, struct query* q)
+int
+acl_key_matches(acl_options_t* acl, struct query* q)
 {
 	if(acl->blocked)
 		return 1;
@@ -527,42 +1482,93 @@ acl_same_host(acl_options_t* a, acl_options_t* b)
 }
 
 #if defined(HAVE_SSL)
-void key_options_tsig_add(nsd_options_t* opt)
+void
+key_options_tsig_add(nsd_options_t* opt)
 {
 	key_options_t* optkey;
-	uint8_t data[4000];
-	tsig_key_type* tsigkey;
-	const dname_type* dname;
-	int size;
-
-	for(optkey = opt->keys; optkey; optkey = optkey->next)
-	{
-		dname = dname_parse(opt->region, optkey->name);
-		if(!dname) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "Failed to parse tsig key name %s", optkey->name);
-			continue;
-		}
-		size = b64_pton(optkey->secret, data, sizeof(data));
-		if(size == -1) {
-			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "Failed to parse tsig key data %s", optkey->name);
-			continue;
-		}
-		tsigkey = (tsig_key_type *) region_alloc(opt->region, sizeof(tsig_key_type));
-		tsigkey->name = dname;
-		tsigkey->size = size;
-		tsigkey->data = (uint8_t *) region_alloc_init(opt->region, data, tsigkey->size);
-		tsig_add_key(tsigkey);
-		optkey->tsig_key = tsigkey;
+	RBTREE_FOR(optkey, key_options_t*, opt->keys) {
+		key_options_setup(opt->region, optkey);
+		tsig_add_key(optkey->tsig_key);
 	}
 }
 #endif
 
-int zone_is_slave(zone_options_t* opt)
+int
+zone_is_slave(zone_options_t* opt)
+{
+	return opt && opt->pattern && opt->pattern->request_xfr != 0;
+}
+
+/* get a character in string (or replacement char if not long enough) */
+static const char*
+get_char(const char* str, size_t i)
+{
+	static char res[2];
+	if(i >= strlen(str))
+		return ".";
+	res[0] = str[i];
+	res[1] = 0;
+	return res;
+}
+/* get end label of the zone name (or .) */
+static const char*
+get_end_label(zone_options_t* zone, int i)
+{
+	const dname_type* d = (const dname_type*)zone->node.key;
+	if(i >= d->label_count) {
+		return ".";
+	}
+	return wirelabel2str(dname_label(d, i));
+}
+/* replace occurrences of one with two */
+void
+replace_str(char* str, size_t len, const char* one, const char* two)
+{
+	char* pos;
+	char* at = str;
+	while( (pos=strstr(at, one)) ) {
+		if(strlen(str)+strlen(two)-strlen(one) >= len)
+			return; /* no more space to replace */
+		/* stuff before pos is fine */
+		/* move the stuff after pos to make space for two, add
+		 * one to length of remainder to also copy the 0 byte end */
+		memmove(pos+strlen(two), pos+strlen(one),
+			strlen(pos+strlen(one))+1);
+		/* copy in two */
+		memmove(pos, two, strlen(two));
+		/* at is end of the newly inserted two (avoids recursion if
+		 * two contains one) */
+		at = pos+strlen(two);
+	}
+}
+
+const char*
+config_make_zonefile(zone_options_t* zone)
 {
-	return opt->request_xfr != 0;
+	static char f[1024];
+	/* if not a template, return as-is */
+	if(!strchr(zone->pattern->zonefile, '%'))
+		return zone->pattern->zonefile;
+	strlcpy(f, zone->pattern->zonefile, sizeof(f));
+	if(strstr(f, "%1"))
+		replace_str(f, sizeof(f), "%1", get_char(zone->name, 0));
+	if(strstr(f, "%2"))
+		replace_str(f, sizeof(f), "%2", get_char(zone->name, 1));
+	if(strstr(f, "%3"))
+		replace_str(f, sizeof(f), "%3", get_char(zone->name, 2));
+	if(strstr(f, "%z"))
+		replace_str(f, sizeof(f), "%z", get_end_label(zone, 1));
+	if(strstr(f, "%y"))
+		replace_str(f, sizeof(f), "%y", get_end_label(zone, 2));
+	if(strstr(f, "%x"))
+		replace_str(f, sizeof(f), "%x", get_end_label(zone, 3));
+	if(strstr(f, "%s"))
+		replace_str(f, sizeof(f), "%s", zone->name);
+	return f;
 }
 
-zone_options_t* zone_options_find(nsd_options_t* opt, const struct dname* apex)
+zone_options_t*
+zone_options_find(nsd_options_t* opt, const struct dname* apex)
 {
 	return (zone_options_t*) rbtree_search(opt->zone_options, apex);
 }
@@ -583,7 +1589,8 @@ acl_find_num(acl_options_t* acl, int num)
 }
 
 /* true if ipv6 address, false if ipv4 */
-int parse_acl_is_ipv6(const char* p)
+int
+parse_acl_is_ipv6(const char* p)
 {
 	/* see if addr is ipv6 or ipv4 -- by : and . */
 	while(*p) {
@@ -595,7 +1602,8 @@ int parse_acl_is_ipv6(const char* p)
 }
 
 /* returns range type. mask is the 2nd part of the range */
-int parse_acl_range_type(char* ip, char** mask)
+int
+parse_acl_range_type(char* ip, char** mask)
 {
 	char *p;
 	if((p=strchr(ip, '&'))!=0) {
@@ -618,7 +1626,8 @@ int parse_acl_range_type(char* ip, char** mask)
 }
 
 /* parses subnet mask, fills 0 mask as well */
-void parse_acl_range_subnet(char* p, void* addr, int maxbits)
+void
+parse_acl_range_subnet(char* p, void* addr, int maxbits)
 {
 	int subnet_bits = atoi(p);
 	uint8_t* addr_bytes = (uint8_t*)addr;
@@ -641,7 +1650,8 @@ void parse_acl_range_subnet(char* p, void* addr, int maxbits)
 	}
 }
 
-acl_options_t* parse_acl_info(region_type* region, char* ip, const char* key)
+acl_options_t*
+parse_acl_info(region_type* region, char* ip, const char* key)
 {
 	char* p;
 	acl_options_t* acl = (acl_options_t*)region_alloc(region, sizeof(acl_options_t));
@@ -704,7 +1714,62 @@ acl_options_t* parse_acl_info(region_type* region, char* ip, const char* key)
 	return acl;
 }
 
-void nsd_options_destroy(nsd_options_t* opt)
+/* copy acl list at end of parser start, update current */
+static
+void append_acl(acl_options_t** start, acl_options_t** cur,
+	acl_options_t* list)
+{
+	while(list) {
+		acl_options_t* acl = copy_acl(cfg_parser->opt->region, list);
+		acl->next = NULL;
+		if(*cur)
+			(*cur)->next = acl;
+		else	*start = acl;
+		*cur = acl;
+		list = list->next;
+	}
+}
+
+void
+config_apply_pattern(const char* name)
+{
+	/* find the pattern */
+	pattern_options_t* pat = pattern_options_find(cfg_parser->opt, name);
+	pattern_options_t* a = cfg_parser->current_pattern;
+	if(!pat) {
+		c_error_msg("could not find pattern %s", name);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* apply settings */
+	if(pat->zonefile)
+		a->zonefile = region_strdup(cfg_parser->opt->region,
+			pat->zonefile);
+	if(!pat->allow_axfr_fallback_is_default) {
+		a->allow_axfr_fallback = pat->allow_axfr_fallback;
+		a->allow_axfr_fallback_is_default = 0;
+	}
+	if(!pat->notify_retry_is_default) {
+		a->notify_retry = pat->notify_retry;
+		a->notify_retry_is_default = 0;
+	}
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	a->rrl_whitelist |= pat->rrl_whitelist;
+#endif
+	/* append acl items */
+	append_acl(&a->allow_notify, &cfg_parser->current_allow_notify,
+		pat->allow_notify);
+	append_acl(&a->request_xfr, &cfg_parser->current_request_xfr,
+		pat->request_xfr);
+	append_acl(&a->notify, &cfg_parser->current_notify, pat->notify);
+	append_acl(&a->provide_xfr, &cfg_parser->current_provide_xfr,
+		pat->provide_xfr);
+	append_acl(&a->outgoing_interface, &cfg_parser->
+		current_outgoing_interface, pat->outgoing_interface);
+}
+
+void
+nsd_options_destroy(nsd_options_t* opt)
 {
 	region_destroy(opt->region);
 }
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/options.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/options.h
index cab7d5749cf..4cad972a683 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/options.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/options.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * options.h -- nsd.conf options definitions and prototypes
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@
 struct query;
 struct dname;
 struct tsig_key;
+struct buffer;
 
 typedef struct nsd_options nsd_options_t;
+typedef struct pattern_options pattern_options_t;
 typedef struct zone_options zone_options_t;
 typedef struct ipaddress_option ip_address_option_t;
 typedef struct acl_options acl_options_t;
@@ -28,12 +30,24 @@ typedef struct config_parser_state config_parser_state_t;
  * Options global for nsd.
  */
 struct nsd_options {
+	/* config file name */
+	char* configfile;
 	/* options for zones, by apex, contains zone_options_t */
 	rbtree_t* zone_options;
+	/* patterns, by name, contains pattern_options_t */
+	rbtree_t* patterns;
 
-	/* list of keys defined */
-	key_options_t* keys;
-	size_t numkeys;
+	/* free space in zonelist file, contains zonelist_bucket */
+	rbtree_t* zonefree;
+	/* number of free space lines in zonelist file */
+	size_t zonefree_number;
+	/* zonelist file if open */
+	FILE* zonelist;
+	/* last offset in file (or 0 if none) */
+	off_t zonelist_off;
+
+	/* rbtree of keys defined, by name */
+	rbtree_t* keys;
 
 	/* list of ip adresses to bind to (or NULL for all) */
 	ip_address_option_t* ip_addresses;
@@ -42,8 +56,8 @@ struct nsd_options {
 	int debug_mode;
 	int verbosity;
 	int hide_version;
-	int ip4_only;
-	int ip6_only;
+	int do_ip4;
+	int do_ip6;
 	const char* database;
 	const char* identity;
 	const char* logfile;
@@ -56,14 +70,30 @@ struct nsd_options {
 	const char* pidfile;
 	const char* port;
 	int statistics;
-	const char* zonestatsfile;
 	const char* chroot;
 	const char* username;
 	const char* zonesdir;
-	const char* difffile;
 	const char* xfrdfile;
+	const char* xfrdir;
+	const char* zonelistfile;
 	const char* nsid;
 	int xfrd_reload_timeout;
+	int zonefiles_check;
+
+        /** remote control section. enable toggle. */
+	int control_enable;
+	/** the interfaces the remote control should listen on */
+	ip_address_option_t* control_interface;
+	/** port number for the control port */
+	int control_port;
+	/** private key file for server */
+	char* server_key_file;
+	/** certificate file for server */
+	char* server_cert_file;
+	/** private key file for nsd-control */
+	char* control_key_file;
+	/** certificate file for nsd-control */
+	char* control_cert_file;
 
 #ifdef RATELIMIT
 	/** number of buckets in rrl hashtable */
@@ -88,14 +118,11 @@ struct ipaddress_option {
 };
 
 /*
- * Options for a zone
+ * Pattern of zone options, used to contain options for zone(s).
  */
-struct zone_options {
-	/* key is dname of apex */
+struct pattern_options {
 	rbnode_t node;
-
-	/* is apex of the zone */
-	const char* name;
+	const char* pname; /* name of the pattern, key of rbtree */
 	const char* zonefile;
 	acl_options_t* allow_notify;
 	acl_options_t* request_xfr;
@@ -106,7 +133,32 @@ struct zone_options {
 	uint16_t rrl_whitelist; /* bitmap with rrl types */
 #endif
 	uint8_t allow_axfr_fallback;
+	uint8_t allow_axfr_fallback_is_default;
 	uint8_t notify_retry;
+	uint8_t notify_retry_is_default;
+	uint8_t implicit; /* pattern is implicit, part_of_config zone used */
+	uint8_t xfrd_flags;
+};
+
+#define PATTERN_IMPLICIT_MARKER "_implicit_"
+
+/*
+ * Options for a zone
+ */
+struct zone_options {
+	/* key is dname of apex */
+	rbnode_t node;
+
+	/* is apex of the zone */
+	const char* name;
+	/* if not part of config, the offset and linesize of zonelist entry */
+	off_t off;
+	int linesize;
+	/* pattern for the zone options, if zone is part_of_config, this is
+	 * a anonymous pattern created in-place */
+	pattern_options_t* pattern;
+	/* zone is fixed into the main config, not in zonelist, cannot delete */
+	uint8_t part_of_config;
 };
 
 union acl_addr_storage {
@@ -125,10 +177,10 @@ struct acl_options {
 	acl_options_t* next;
 
 	/* options */
-	uint8_t use_axfr_only;
-	uint8_t allow_udp;
 	time_t ixfr_disabled;
 	int bad_xfr_count;
+	uint8_t use_axfr_only;
+	uint8_t allow_udp;
 
 	/* ip address range */
 	const char* ip_address_spec;
@@ -154,21 +206,36 @@ struct acl_options {
  * Key definition
  */
 struct key_options {
-	key_options_t* next;
-	const char* name;
-	const char* algorithm;
-	const char* secret;
+	rbnode_t node; /* key of tree is name */
+	char* name;
+	char* algorithm;
+	char* secret;
 	struct tsig_key* tsig_key;
 };
 
+/** zone list free space */
+struct zonelist_free {
+	struct zonelist_free* next;
+	off_t off;
+};
+/** zonelist free bucket for a particular line length */
+struct zonelist_bucket {
+	rbnode_t node; /* key is ptr to linesize */
+	int linesize;
+	struct zonelist_free* list;
+};
+
 /*
  * Used during options parsing
  */
 struct config_parser_state {
 	const char* filename;
+	const char* chroot;
 	int line;
 	int errors;
+	int server_settings_seen;
 	nsd_options_t* opt;
+	pattern_options_t* current_pattern;
 	zone_options_t* current_zone;
 	key_options_t* current_key;
 	ip_address_option_t* current_ip_address_option;
@@ -177,6 +244,8 @@ struct config_parser_state {
 	acl_options_t* current_notify;
 	acl_options_t* current_provide_xfr;
 	acl_options_t* current_outgoing_interface;
+	void (*err)(void*,const char*);
+	void* err_arg;
 };
 
 extern config_parser_state_t* cfg_parser;
@@ -188,14 +257,41 @@ static inline size_t nsd_options_num_zones(nsd_options_t* opt)
 { return opt->zone_options->count; }
 /* insert a zone into the main options tree, returns 0 on error */
 int nsd_options_insert_zone(nsd_options_t* opt, zone_options_t* zone);
+/* insert a pattern into the main options tree, returns 0 on error */
+int nsd_options_insert_pattern(nsd_options_t* opt, pattern_options_t* pat);
 
-/* parses options file. Returns false on failure */
-int parse_options_file(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* file);
+/* parses options file. Returns false on failure. callback, if nonNULL,
+ * gets called with error strings, default prints. */
+int parse_options_file(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* file,
+	void (*err)(void*,const char*), void* err_arg);
 zone_options_t* zone_options_create(region_type* region);
+void zone_options_delete(nsd_options_t* opt, zone_options_t* zone);
 /* find a zone by apex domain name, or NULL if not found. */
 zone_options_t* zone_options_find(nsd_options_t* opt, const struct dname* apex);
+pattern_options_t* pattern_options_create(region_type* region);
+pattern_options_t* pattern_options_find(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* name);
+int pattern_options_equal(pattern_options_t* p, pattern_options_t* q);
+void pattern_options_remove(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* name);
+void pattern_options_add_modify(nsd_options_t* opt, pattern_options_t* p);
+void pattern_options_marshal(struct buffer* buffer, pattern_options_t* p);
+pattern_options_t* pattern_options_unmarshal(region_type* r, struct buffer* b);
 key_options_t* key_options_create(region_type* region);
+void key_options_insert(nsd_options_t* opt, key_options_t* key);
 key_options_t* key_options_find(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* name);
+void key_options_remove(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* name);
+int key_options_equal(key_options_t* p, key_options_t* q);
+void key_options_add_modify(nsd_options_t* opt, key_options_t* key);
+/* read in zone list file. Returns false on failure */
+int parse_zone_list_file(nsd_options_t* opt);
+/* create zone entry and add to the zonelist file */
+zone_options_t* zone_list_add(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* zname,
+	const char* pname);
+/* create zonelist entry, do not insert in file (called by _add) */
+zone_options_t* zone_list_zone_insert(nsd_options_t* opt, const char* nm,
+	const char* patnm, int linesize, off_t off);
+void zone_list_del(nsd_options_t* opt, zone_options_t* zone);
+void zone_list_compact(nsd_options_t* opt);
+void zone_list_close(nsd_options_t* opt);
 
 #if defined(HAVE_SSL)
 /* tsig must be inited, adds all keys in options to tsig. */
@@ -218,8 +314,18 @@ int acl_same_host(acl_options_t* a, acl_options_t* b);
 /* find acl by number in the list */
 acl_options_t* acl_find_num(acl_options_t* acl, int num);
 
+/* see if two acl lists are the same (same elements in same order, or empty) */
+int acl_list_equal(acl_options_t* p, acl_options_t* q);
+/* see if two acl are the same */
+int acl_equal(acl_options_t* p, acl_options_t* q);
+
 /* see if a zone is a slave or a master zone */
 int zone_is_slave(zone_options_t* opt);
+/* create zonefile name, returns static pointer (perhaps to options data) */
+const char* config_make_zonefile(zone_options_t* zone);
+
+#define ZONEC_PCT_TIME 5 /* seconds, then it starts to print pcts */
+#define ZONEC_PCT_COUNT 100000 /* elements before pct check is done */
 
 /* parsing helpers */
 void c_error(const char* msg);
@@ -233,5 +339,9 @@ int parse_acl_range_type(char* ip, char** mask);
 void parse_acl_range_subnet(char* p, void* addr, int maxbits);
 /* clean up options */
 void nsd_options_destroy(nsd_options_t* opt);
+/* replace occurrences of one with two in buf, pass length of buffer */
+void replace_str(char* buf, size_t len, const char* one, const char* two);
+/* apply pattern to the existing pattern in the parser */
+void config_apply_pattern(const char* name);
 
 #endif /* OPTIONS_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/packet.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/packet.c
index a4ab76e9511..4cba1600c8f 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/packet.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/packet.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * packet.c -- low-level DNS packet encoding and decoding functions.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ encode_dname(query_type *q, domain_type *domain)
 		query_put_dname_offset(q, domain, buffer_position(q->packet));
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_NAME_COMPRESSION, 2,
 		      (LOG_INFO, "dname: %s, number: %lu, offset: %u\n",
-		       dname_to_string(domain_dname(domain), NULL),
+		       domain_to_string(domain),
 		       (unsigned long) domain->number,
 		       query_get_dname_offset(q, domain)));
 		buffer_write(q->packet, dname_name(domain_dname(domain)),
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ encode_dname(query_type *q, domain_type *domain)
 	if (domain->parent) {
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_NAME_COMPRESSION, 2,
 		      (LOG_INFO, "dname: %s, number: %lu, pointer: %u\n",
-		       dname_to_string(domain_dname(domain), NULL),
+		       domain_to_string(domain),
 		       (unsigned long) domain->number,
 		       query_get_dname_offset(q, domain)));
 		assert(query_get_dname_offset(q, domain) <= MAX_COMPRESSION_OFFSET);
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/packet.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/packet.h
index c9a34061b74..2efa288b91e 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/packet.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/packet.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * packet.h -- low-level DNS packet encoding and decoding functions.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/query.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/query.h
index 24fafd447ca..4ff21f770c5 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/query.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/query.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * query.h -- manipulation with the queries
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -76,9 +76,6 @@ struct query {
 	/* The zone used to answer the query.  */
 	zone_type *zone;
 
-	/* The domain used to answer the query.  */
-	domain_type *domain;
-
 	/* The delegation domain, if any.  */
 	domain_type *delegation_domain;
 
@@ -106,10 +103,10 @@ struct query {
 	  * query name when generated from a wildcard record.
 	  */
 	uint16_t    *compressed_dname_offsets;
-	uint32_t compressed_dname_offsets_size;
+	size_t compressed_dname_offsets_size;
 
 	/* number of temporary domains used for the query */
-	uint32_t number_temporary_domains;
+	size_t number_temporary_domains;
 
 	/*
 	 * Used for AXFR processing.
@@ -175,7 +172,7 @@ void query_add_compression_domain(struct query *query,
  */
 query_type *query_create(region_type *region,
 			 uint16_t *compressed_dname_offsets,
-			 uint32_t compressed_dname_size);
+			 size_t compressed_dname_size);
 
 /*
  * Reset a query structure so it is ready for receiving and processing
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/radtree.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/radtree.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..11bfb4fcd30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/radtree.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1411 @@
+/*
+ * radtree -- generic radix tree for binary strings.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010, NLnet Labs.  See LICENSE for license.
+ */
+#include "config.h"
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include "radtree.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "region-allocator.h"
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+struct radtree* radix_tree_create(struct region* region)
+{
+	struct radtree* rt = (struct radtree*)region_alloc(region, sizeof(*rt));
+	if(!rt) return NULL;
+	rt->region = region;
+	radix_tree_init(rt);
+	return rt;
+}
+
+void radix_tree_init(struct radtree* rt)
+{
+	rt->root = NULL;
+	rt->count = 0;
+}
+
+/** delete radnodes in postorder recursion */
+static void radnode_del_postorder(struct region* region, struct radnode* n)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+	if(!n) return;
+	for(i=0; i<n->len; i++) {
+		radnode_del_postorder(region, n->array[i].node);
+		region_recycle(region, n->array[i].str, n->array[i].len);
+	}
+	region_recycle(region, n->array, n->capacity*sizeof(struct radsel));
+	region_recycle(region, n, sizeof(*n));
+}
+
+void radix_tree_clear(struct radtree* rt)
+{
+	radnode_del_postorder(rt->region, rt->root);
+	rt->root = NULL;
+	rt->count = 0;
+}
+
+void radix_tree_delete(struct radtree* rt)
+{
+	if(!rt) return;
+	radix_tree_clear(rt);
+	region_recycle(rt->region, rt, sizeof(*rt));
+}
+
+/** return last elem-containing node in this subtree (excl self) */
+static struct radnode*
+radnode_last_in_subtree(struct radnode* n)
+{
+	int idx;
+	/* try last entry in array first */
+	for(idx=((int)n->len)-1; idx >= 0; idx--) {
+		if(n->array[idx].node) {
+			/* does it have entries in its subtrees? */
+			if(n->array[idx].node->len > 0) {
+				struct radnode* s = radnode_last_in_subtree(
+					n->array[idx].node);
+				if(s) return s;
+			}
+			/* no, does it have an entry itself? */
+			if(n->array[idx].node->elem)
+				return n->array[idx].node;
+		}
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/** last in subtree, incl self */
+static struct radnode*
+radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(struct radnode* n)
+{
+	struct radnode* s = radnode_last_in_subtree(n);
+	if(s) return s;
+	if(n->elem) return n;
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/** return first elem-containing node in this subtree (excl self) */
+static struct radnode*
+radnode_first_in_subtree(struct radnode* n)
+{
+	unsigned idx;
+	struct radnode* s;
+	/* try every subnode */
+	for(idx=0; idx<n->len; idx++) {
+		if(n->array[idx].node) {
+			/* does it have elem itself? */
+			if(n->array[idx].node->elem)
+				return n->array[idx].node;
+			/* try its subtrees */
+			if((s=radnode_first_in_subtree(n->array[idx].node))!=0)
+				return s;
+		}
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/** Find an entry in arrays from idx-1 to 0 */
+static struct radnode*
+radnode_find_prev_from_idx(struct radnode* n, unsigned from)
+{
+	unsigned idx = from;
+	while(idx > 0) {
+		idx --;
+		if(n->array[idx].node) {
+			struct radnode* s = radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(
+				n->array[idx].node);
+			if(s) return s;
+		}
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/** 
+ * Find a prefix of the key, in whole-nodes.
+ * Finds the longest prefix that corresponds to a whole radnode entry.
+ * There may be a slightly longer prefix in one of the array elements.
+ * @param result: the longest prefix, the entry itself if *respos==len,
+ * 	otherwise an array entry, residx.
+ * @param respos: pos in string where next unmatched byte is, if == len an
+ * 	exact match has been found.  If == 0 then a "" match was found.
+ * @return false if no prefix found, not even the root "" prefix.
+ */
+static int radix_find_prefix_node(struct radtree* rt, uint8_t* k,
+	radstrlen_t len, struct radnode** result, radstrlen_t* respos)
+{
+	struct radnode* n = rt->root;
+	radstrlen_t pos = 0;
+	uint8_t byte;
+	*respos = 0;
+	*result = n;
+	if(!n) return 0;
+	while(n) {
+		if(pos == len) {
+			return 1;
+		}
+		byte = k[pos];
+		if(byte < n->offset) {
+			return 1;
+		}
+		byte -= n->offset;
+		if(byte >= n->len) {
+			return 1;
+		}
+		pos++;
+		if(n->array[byte].len != 0) {
+			/* must match additional string */
+			if(pos+n->array[byte].len > len) {
+				return 1;
+			}
+			if(memcmp(&k[pos], n->array[byte].str,
+				n->array[byte].len) != 0) {
+				return 1;
+			}
+			pos += n->array[byte].len;
+		}
+		n = n->array[byte].node;
+		if(!n) return 1;
+		*respos = pos;
+		*result = n;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** grow array to at least the given size, offset unchanged */
+static int
+radnode_array_grow(struct region* region, struct radnode* n, unsigned want)
+{
+	unsigned ns = ((unsigned)n->capacity)*2;
+	struct radsel* a;
+	assert(want <= 256); /* cannot be more, range of uint8 */
+	if(want > ns)
+		ns = want;
+	if(ns > 256) ns = 256;
+	/* we do not use realloc, because we want to keep the old array
+	 * in case alloc fails, so that the tree is still usable */
+	a = (struct radsel*)region_alloc(region, ns*sizeof(struct radsel));
+	if(!a) return 0;
+	assert(n->len <= n->capacity);
+	assert(n->capacity < ns);
+	memcpy(&a[0], &n->array[0], n->len*sizeof(struct radsel));
+	region_recycle(region, n->array, n->capacity*sizeof(struct radsel));
+	n->array = a;
+	n->capacity = ns;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** make space in radnode array for another byte */
+static int
+radnode_array_space(struct region* region, struct radnode* n, uint8_t byte)
+{
+	/* is there an array? */
+	if(!n->array || n->capacity == 0) {
+		n->array = (struct radsel*)region_alloc(region,
+			sizeof(struct radsel));
+		if(!n->array) return 0;
+		memset(&n->array[0], 0, sizeof(struct radsel));
+		n->len = 1;
+		n->capacity = 1;
+		n->offset = byte;
+	/* is the array unused? */
+	} else if(n->len == 0 && n->capacity != 0) {
+		n->len = 1;
+		n->offset = byte;
+		memset(&n->array[0], 0, sizeof(struct radsel));
+	/* is it below the offset? */
+	} else if(byte < n->offset) {
+		/* is capacity enough? */
+		unsigned idx;
+		unsigned need = n->offset-byte;
+		if(n->len+need > n->capacity) {
+			/* grow array */
+			if(!radnode_array_grow(region, n, n->len+need))
+				return 0;
+		}
+		/* reshuffle items to end */
+		memmove(&n->array[need], &n->array[0],
+				n->len*sizeof(struct radsel));
+		/* fixup pidx */
+		for(idx = 0; idx < n->len; idx++) {
+			if(n->array[idx+need].node)
+				n->array[idx+need].node->pidx = idx+need;
+		}
+		/* zero the first */
+		memset(&n->array[0], 0, need*sizeof(struct radsel));
+		n->len += need;
+		n->offset = byte;
+	/* is it above the max? */
+	} else if(byte-n->offset >= n->len) {
+		/* is capacity enough? */
+		unsigned need = (byte-n->offset) - n->len + 1;
+		/* grow array */
+		if(n->len + need > n->capacity) {
+			if(!radnode_array_grow(region, n, n->len+need))
+				return 0;
+		}
+		/* zero added entries */
+		memset(&n->array[n->len], 0, need*sizeof(struct radsel));
+		/* grow length */
+		n->len += need;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** create a prefix in the array strs */
+static int
+radsel_str_create(struct region* region, struct radsel* r, uint8_t* k,
+	radstrlen_t pos, radstrlen_t len)
+{
+	r->str = (uint8_t*)region_alloc(region, sizeof(uint8_t)*(len-pos));
+	if(!r->str)
+		return 0; /* out of memory */
+	memmove(r->str, k+pos, len-pos);
+	r->len = len-pos;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** see if one byte string p is a prefix of another x (equality is true) */
+static int
+bstr_is_prefix(uint8_t* p, radstrlen_t plen, uint8_t* x, radstrlen_t xlen)
+{
+	/* if plen is zero, it is an (empty) prefix */
+	if(plen == 0)
+		return 1;
+	/* if so, p must be shorter */
+	if(plen > xlen)
+		return 0;
+	return (memcmp(p, x, plen) == 0);
+}
+
+/** number of bytes in common for the two strings */
+static radstrlen_t
+bstr_common(uint8_t* x, radstrlen_t xlen, uint8_t* y, radstrlen_t ylen)
+{
+	unsigned i, max = ((xlen<ylen)?xlen:ylen);
+	for(i=0; i<max; i++) {
+		if(x[i] != y[i])
+			return i;
+	}
+	return max;
+}
+
+
+int
+bstr_is_prefix_ext(uint8_t* p, radstrlen_t plen, uint8_t* x, radstrlen_t xlen)
+{
+	return bstr_is_prefix(p, plen, x, xlen);
+}
+
+radstrlen_t
+bstr_common_ext(uint8_t* x, radstrlen_t xlen, uint8_t* y, radstrlen_t ylen)
+{
+	return bstr_common(x, xlen, y, ylen);
+}
+
+/** allocate remainder from prefixes for a split:
+ * plen: len prefix, l: longer bstring, llen: length of l. */
+static int
+radsel_prefix_remainder(struct region* region, radstrlen_t plen,
+	uint8_t* l, radstrlen_t llen,
+	uint8_t** s, radstrlen_t* slen)
+{
+	*slen = llen - plen;
+	*s = (uint8_t*)region_alloc(region, (*slen)*sizeof(uint8_t));
+	if(!*s)
+		return 0;
+	memmove(*s, l+plen, llen-plen);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** radsel create a split when two nodes have shared prefix.
+ * @param r: radsel that gets changed, it contains a node.
+ * @param k: key byte string
+ * @param pos: position where the string enters the radsel (e.g. r.str)
+ * @param len: length of k.
+ * @param add: additional node for the string k.
+ * 	removed by called on failure.
+ * @return false on alloc failure, no changes made.
+ */
+static int
+radsel_split(struct region* region, struct radsel* r, uint8_t* k,
+	radstrlen_t pos, radstrlen_t len, struct radnode* add)
+{
+	uint8_t* addstr = k+pos;
+	radstrlen_t addlen = len-pos;
+	if(bstr_is_prefix(addstr, addlen, r->str, r->len)) {
+		uint8_t* split_str=NULL, *dupstr=NULL;
+		radstrlen_t split_len=0;
+		/* 'add' is a prefix of r.node */
+		/* also for empty addstr */
+		/* set it up so that the 'add' node has r.node as child */
+		/* so, r.node gets moved below the 'add' node, but we do
+		 * this so that the r.node stays the same pointer for its
+		 * key name */
+		assert(addlen != r->len);
+		assert(addlen < r->len);
+		if(r->len-addlen > 1) {
+			/* shift one because a char is in the lookup array */
+			if(!radsel_prefix_remainder(region, addlen+1, r->str,
+				r->len, &split_str, &split_len))
+				return 0;
+		}
+		if(addlen != 0) {
+			dupstr = (uint8_t*)region_alloc(region,
+				addlen*sizeof(uint8_t));
+			if(!dupstr) {
+				region_recycle(region, split_str, split_len);
+				return 0;
+			}
+			memcpy(dupstr, addstr, addlen);
+		}
+		if(!radnode_array_space(region, add, r->str[addlen])) {
+			region_recycle(region, split_str, split_len);
+			region_recycle(region, dupstr, addlen);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		/* alloc succeeded, now link it in */
+		add->parent = r->node->parent;
+		add->pidx = r->node->pidx;
+		add->array[0].node = r->node;
+		add->array[0].str = split_str;
+		add->array[0].len = split_len;
+		r->node->parent = add;
+		r->node->pidx = 0;
+
+		r->node = add;
+		region_recycle(region, r->str, r->len);
+		r->str = dupstr;
+		r->len = addlen;
+	} else if(bstr_is_prefix(r->str, r->len, addstr, addlen)) {
+		uint8_t* split_str = NULL;
+		radstrlen_t split_len = 0;
+		/* r.node is a prefix of 'add' */
+		/* set it up so that the 'r.node' has 'add' as child */
+		/* and basically, r.node is already completely fine,
+		 * we only need to create a node as its child */
+		assert(addlen != r->len);
+		assert(r->len < addlen);
+		if(addlen-r->len > 1) {
+			/* shift one because a character goes into array */
+			if(!radsel_prefix_remainder(region, r->len+1, addstr,
+				addlen, &split_str, &split_len))
+				return 0;
+		}
+		if(!radnode_array_space(region, r->node, addstr[r->len])) {
+			region_recycle(region, split_str, split_len);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		/* alloc succeeded, now link it in */
+		add->parent = r->node;
+		add->pidx = addstr[r->len] - r->node->offset;
+		r->node->array[add->pidx].node = add;
+		r->node->array[add->pidx].str = split_str;
+		r->node->array[add->pidx].len = split_len;
+	} else {
+		/* okay we need to create a new node that chooses between 
+		 * the nodes 'add' and r.node
+		 * We do this so that r.node stays the same pointer for its
+		 * key name. */
+		struct radnode* com;
+		uint8_t* common_str=NULL, *s1_str=NULL, *s2_str=NULL;
+		radstrlen_t common_len, s1_len=0, s2_len=0;
+		common_len = bstr_common(r->str, r->len, addstr, addlen);
+		assert(common_len < r->len);
+		assert(common_len < addlen);
+
+		/* create the new node for choice */
+		com = (struct radnode*)region_alloc_zero(region, sizeof(*com));
+		if(!com) return 0; /* out of memory */
+
+		/* create the two substrings for subchoices */
+		if(r->len-common_len > 1) {
+			/* shift by one char because it goes in lookup array */
+			if(!radsel_prefix_remainder(region, common_len+1,
+				r->str, r->len, &s1_str, &s1_len)) {
+				region_recycle(region, com, sizeof(*com));
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+		if(addlen-common_len > 1) {
+			if(!radsel_prefix_remainder(region, common_len+1,
+				addstr, addlen, &s2_str, &s2_len)) {
+				region_recycle(region, com, sizeof(*com));
+				region_recycle(region, s1_str, s1_len);
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* create the shared prefix to go in r */
+		if(common_len > 0) {
+			common_str = (uint8_t*)region_alloc(region,
+				common_len*sizeof(uint8_t*));
+			if(!common_str) {
+				region_recycle(region, com, sizeof(*com));
+				region_recycle(region, s1_str, s1_len);
+				region_recycle(region, s2_str, s2_len);
+				return 0;
+			}
+			memcpy(common_str, addstr, common_len);
+		}
+
+		/* make space in the common node array */
+		if(!radnode_array_space(region, com, r->str[common_len]) ||
+			!radnode_array_space(region, com, addstr[common_len])) {
+			region_recycle(region, com->array, com->capacity*sizeof(struct radsel));
+			region_recycle(region, com, sizeof(*com));
+			region_recycle(region, common_str, common_len);
+			region_recycle(region, s1_str, s1_len);
+			region_recycle(region, s2_str, s2_len);
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		/* allocs succeeded, proceed to link it all up */
+		com->parent = r->node->parent;
+		com->pidx = r->node->pidx;
+		r->node->parent = com;
+		r->node->pidx = r->str[common_len]-com->offset;
+		add->parent = com;
+		add->pidx = addstr[common_len]-com->offset;
+		com->array[r->node->pidx].node = r->node;
+		com->array[r->node->pidx].str = s1_str;
+		com->array[r->node->pidx].len = s1_len;
+		com->array[add->pidx].node = add;
+		com->array[add->pidx].str = s2_str;
+		com->array[add->pidx].len = s2_len;
+		region_recycle(region, r->str, r->len);
+		r->str = common_str;
+		r->len = common_len;
+		r->node = com;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+struct radnode* radix_insert(struct radtree* rt, uint8_t* k, radstrlen_t len,
+        void* elem)
+{
+	struct radnode* n;
+	radstrlen_t pos = 0;
+	/* create new element to add */
+	struct radnode* add = (struct radnode*)region_alloc_zero(rt->region,
+		sizeof(*add));
+	if(!add) return NULL; /* out of memory */
+	add->elem = elem;
+
+	/* find out where to add it */
+	if(!radix_find_prefix_node(rt, k, len, &n, &pos)) {
+		/* new root */
+		assert(rt->root == NULL);
+		if(len == 0) {
+			rt->root = add;
+		} else {
+			/* add a root to point to new node */
+			n = (struct radnode*)region_alloc_zero(rt->region,
+				sizeof(*n));
+			if(!n) return NULL;
+			if(!radnode_array_space(rt->region, n, k[0])) {
+				region_recycle(rt->region, n->array,
+					n->capacity*sizeof(struct radsel));
+				region_recycle(rt->region, n, sizeof(*n));
+				region_recycle(rt->region, add, sizeof(*add));
+				return NULL;
+			}
+			add->parent = n;
+			add->pidx = 0;
+			n->array[0].node = add;
+			if(len > 1) {
+				if(!radsel_prefix_remainder(rt->region, 1, k, len,
+					&n->array[0].str, &n->array[0].len)) {
+					region_recycle(rt->region, n->array,
+						n->capacity*sizeof(struct radsel));
+					region_recycle(rt->region, n, sizeof(*n));
+					region_recycle(rt->region, add, sizeof(*add));
+					return NULL;
+				}
+			}
+			rt->root = n;
+		}
+	} else if(pos == len) {
+		/* found an exact match */
+		if(n->elem) {
+			/* already exists, failure */
+			region_recycle(rt->region, add, sizeof(*add));
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		n->elem = elem;
+		region_recycle(rt->region, add, sizeof(*add));
+		add = n;
+	} else {
+		/* n is a node which can accomodate */
+		uint8_t byte;
+		assert(pos < len);
+		byte = k[pos];
+
+		/* see if it falls outside of array */
+		if(byte < n->offset || byte-n->offset >= n->len) {
+			/* make space in the array for it; adjusts offset */
+			if(!radnode_array_space(rt->region, n, byte)) {
+				region_recycle(rt->region, add, sizeof(*add));
+				return NULL;
+			}
+			assert(byte>=n->offset && byte-n->offset<n->len);
+			byte -= n->offset;
+			/* see if more prefix needs to be split off */
+			if(pos+1 < len) {
+				if(!radsel_str_create(rt->region, &n->array[byte],
+					k, pos+1, len)) {
+					region_recycle(rt->region, add, sizeof(*add));
+					return NULL;
+				}
+			}
+			/* insert the new node in the new bucket */
+			add->parent = n;
+			add->pidx = byte;
+			n->array[byte].node = add;
+		/* so a bucket exists and byte falls in it */
+		} else if(n->array[byte-n->offset].node == NULL) {
+			/* use existing bucket */
+			byte -= n->offset;
+			if(pos+1 < len) {
+				/* split off more prefix */
+				if(!radsel_str_create(rt->region, &n->array[byte],
+					k, pos+1, len)) {
+					region_recycle(rt->region, add, sizeof(*add));
+					return NULL;
+				}
+			}
+			/* insert the new node in the new bucket */
+			add->parent = n;
+			add->pidx = byte;
+			n->array[byte].node = add;
+		} else {
+			/* use bucket but it has a shared prefix,
+			 * split that out and create a new intermediate
+			 * node to split out between the two.
+			 * One of the two might exactmatch the new 
+			 * intermediate node */
+			if(!radsel_split(rt->region, &n->array[byte-n->offset],
+				k, pos+1, len, add)) {
+				region_recycle(rt->region, add, sizeof(*add));
+				return NULL;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	rt->count ++;
+	return add;
+}
+
+/** Delete a radnode */
+static void radnode_delete(struct region* region, struct radnode* n)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+	if(!n) return;
+	for(i=0; i<n->len; i++) {
+		/* safe to free NULL str */
+		region_recycle(region, n->array[i].str, n->array[i].len);
+	}
+	region_recycle(region, n->array, n->capacity*sizeof(struct radsel));
+	region_recycle(region, n, sizeof(*n));
+}
+
+/** Cleanup node with one child, it is removed and joined into parent[x] str */
+static int
+radnode_cleanup_onechild(struct region* region, struct radnode* n,
+	struct radnode* par)
+{
+	uint8_t* join;
+	radstrlen_t joinlen;
+	uint8_t pidx = n->pidx;
+	struct radnode* child = n->array[0].node;
+	/* node had one child, merge them into the parent. */
+	/* keep the child node, so its pointers stay valid. */
+
+	/* at parent, append child->str to array str */
+	assert(pidx < par->len);
+	joinlen = par->array[pidx].len + n->array[0].len + 1;
+	join = (uint8_t*)region_alloc(region, joinlen*sizeof(uint8_t));
+	if(!join) {
+		/* cleanup failed due to out of memory */
+		/* the tree is inefficient, with node n still existing */
+		return 0;
+	}
+	/* we know that .str and join are malloced, thus aligned */
+	memcpy(join, par->array[pidx].str, par->array[pidx].len);
+	/* the array lookup is gone, put its character in the lookup string*/
+	join[par->array[pidx].len] = child->pidx + n->offset;
+	/* but join+len may not be aligned */
+	memmove(join+par->array[pidx].len+1, n->array[0].str, n->array[0].len);
+	region_recycle(region, par->array[pidx].str, par->array[pidx].len);
+	par->array[pidx].str = join;
+	par->array[pidx].len = joinlen;
+	/* and set the node to our child. */
+	par->array[pidx].node = child;
+	child->parent = par;
+	child->pidx = pidx;
+	/* we are unlinked, delete our node */
+	radnode_delete(region, n);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** remove array of nodes */
+static void
+radnode_array_clean_all(struct region* region, struct radnode* n)
+{
+	n->offset = 0;
+	n->len = 0;
+	/* shrink capacity */
+	region_recycle(region, n->array, n->capacity*sizeof(struct radsel));
+	n->array = NULL;
+	n->capacity = 0;
+}
+
+/** see if capacity can be reduced for the given node array */
+static void
+radnode_array_reduce_if_needed(struct region* region, struct radnode* n)
+{
+	if(n->len <= n->capacity/2 && n->len != n->capacity) {
+		struct radsel* a = (struct radsel*)region_alloc(region,
+			sizeof(*a)*n->len);
+		if(!a) return;
+		memcpy(a, n->array, sizeof(*a)*n->len);
+		region_recycle(region, n->array, n->capacity*sizeof(*a));
+		n->array = a;
+		n->capacity = n->len;
+	}
+}
+
+/** remove NULL nodes from front of array */
+static void
+radnode_array_clean_front(struct region* region, struct radnode* n)
+{
+	/* move them up and adjust offset */
+	unsigned idx, shuf = 0;
+	/* remove until a nonNULL entry */
+	while(shuf < n->len && n->array[shuf].node == NULL)
+		shuf++;
+	if(shuf == 0)
+		return;
+	if(shuf == n->len) {
+		/* the array is empty, the tree is inefficient */
+		radnode_array_clean_all(region, n);
+		return;
+	}
+	assert(shuf < n->len);
+	assert((int)shuf <= 255-(int)n->offset);
+	memmove(&n->array[0], &n->array[shuf],
+		(n->len - shuf)*sizeof(struct radsel));
+	n->offset += shuf;
+	n->len -= shuf;
+	for(idx=0; idx<n->len; idx++)
+		if(n->array[idx].node)
+			n->array[idx].node->pidx = idx;
+	/* see if capacity can be reduced */
+	radnode_array_reduce_if_needed(region, n);
+}
+
+/** remove NULL nodes from end of array */
+static void
+radnode_array_clean_end(struct region* region, struct radnode* n)
+{
+	/* shorten it */
+	unsigned shuf = 0;
+	/* remove until a nonNULL entry */
+	while(shuf < n->len && n->array[n->len-1-shuf].node == NULL)
+		shuf++;
+	if(shuf == 0)
+		return;
+	if(shuf == n->len) {
+		/* the array is empty, the tree is inefficient */
+		radnode_array_clean_all(region, n);
+		return;
+	}
+	assert(shuf < n->len);
+	n->len -= shuf;
+	/* array elements can stay where they are */
+	/* see if capacity can be reduced */
+	radnode_array_reduce_if_needed(region, n);
+}
+
+/** clean up radnode leaf, where we know it has a parent */
+static void
+radnode_cleanup_leaf(struct region* region, struct radnode* n,
+	struct radnode* par)
+{
+	uint8_t pidx;
+	/* node was a leaf */
+	/* delete leaf node, but store parent+idx */
+	pidx = n->pidx;
+	radnode_delete(region, n);
+
+	/* set parent+idx entry to NULL str and node.*/
+	assert(pidx < par->len);
+	region_recycle(region, par->array[pidx].str, par->array[pidx].len);
+	par->array[pidx].str = NULL;
+	par->array[pidx].len = 0;
+	par->array[pidx].node = NULL;
+
+	/* see if par offset or len must be adjusted */
+	if(par->len == 1) {
+		/* removed final element from array */
+		radnode_array_clean_all(region, par);
+	} else if(pidx == 0) {
+		/* removed first element from array */
+		radnode_array_clean_front(region, par);
+	} else if(pidx == par->len-1) {
+		/* removed last element from array */
+		radnode_array_clean_end(region, par);
+	}
+}
+
+/** 
+ * Cleanup a radix node that was made smaller, see if it can 
+ * be merged with others.
+ * @param rt: tree to remove root if needed.
+ * @param n: node to cleanup
+ * @return false on alloc failure.
+ */
+static int
+radnode_cleanup(struct radtree* rt, struct radnode* n)
+{
+	while(n) {
+		if(n->elem) {
+			/* cannot delete node with a data element */
+			return 1;
+		} else if(n->len == 1 && n->parent) {
+			return radnode_cleanup_onechild(rt->region, n, n->parent);
+		} else if(n->len == 0) {
+			struct radnode* par = n->parent;
+			if(!par) {
+				/* root deleted */
+				radnode_delete(rt->region, n);
+				rt->root = NULL;
+				return 1;
+			}
+			/* remove and delete the leaf node */
+			radnode_cleanup_leaf(rt->region, n, par);
+			/* see if parent can now be cleaned up */
+			n = par;
+		} else {
+			/* node cannot be cleaned up */
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+	/* ENOTREACH */
+	return 1;
+}
+
+void radix_delete(struct radtree* rt, struct radnode* n)
+{
+	if(!n) return;
+	n->elem = NULL;
+	rt->count --;
+	if(!radnode_cleanup(rt, n)) {
+		/* out of memory in cleanup.  the elem ptr is NULL, but
+		 * the radix tree could be inefficient. */
+	}
+}
+
+struct radnode* radix_search(struct radtree* rt, uint8_t* k, radstrlen_t len)
+{
+	struct radnode* n = rt->root;
+	radstrlen_t pos = 0;
+	uint8_t byte;
+	while(n) {
+		if(pos == len)
+			return n->elem?n:NULL;
+		byte = k[pos];
+		if(byte < n->offset)
+			return NULL;
+		byte -= n->offset;
+		if(byte >= n->len)
+			return NULL;
+		pos++;
+		if(n->array[byte].len != 0) {
+			/* must match additional string */
+			if(pos+n->array[byte].len > len)
+				return NULL; /* no match */
+			if(memcmp(&k[pos], n->array[byte].str,
+				n->array[byte].len) != 0)
+				return NULL; /* no match */
+			pos += n->array[byte].len;
+		}
+		n = n->array[byte].node;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/** return self or a previous element */
+static int ret_self_or_prev(struct radnode* n, struct radnode** result)
+{
+	if(n->elem)
+		*result = n;
+	else	*result = radix_prev(n);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int radix_find_less_equal(struct radtree* rt, uint8_t* k, radstrlen_t len,
+        struct radnode** result)
+{
+	struct radnode* n = rt->root;
+	radstrlen_t pos = 0;
+	uint8_t byte;
+	int r;
+	if(!n) {
+		/* empty tree */
+		*result = NULL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	while(pos < len) {
+		byte = k[pos];
+		if(byte < n->offset) {
+			/* so the previous is the element itself */
+			/* or something before this element */
+			return ret_self_or_prev(n, result);
+		}
+		byte -= n->offset;
+		if(byte >= n->len) {
+			/* so, the previous is the last of array, or itself */
+			/* or something before this element */
+			if((*result=radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(n))==0)
+				*result = radix_prev(n);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		pos++;
+		if(!n->array[byte].node) {
+			/* no match */
+			/* Find an entry in arrays from byte-1 to 0 */
+			*result = radnode_find_prev_from_idx(n, byte);
+			if(*result)
+				return 0;
+			/* this entry or something before it */
+			return ret_self_or_prev(n, result);
+		}
+		if(n->array[byte].len != 0) {
+			/* must match additional string */
+			if(pos+n->array[byte].len > len) {
+				/* the additional string is longer than key*/
+				if( (memcmp(&k[pos], n->array[byte].str,
+					len-pos)) <= 0) {
+				  /* and the key is before this node */
+				  *result = radix_prev(n->array[byte].node);
+				} else {
+					/* the key is after the additional
+					 * string, thus everything in that
+					 * subtree is smaller. */
+				  	*result=radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(n->array[byte].node);
+					/* if somehow that is NULL,
+					 * then we have an inefficient tree:
+					 * byte+1 is larger than us, so find
+					 * something in byte-1 and before */
+					if(!*result)
+						*result = radix_prev(n->array[byte].node);
+				}
+				return 0; /* no match */
+			}
+			if( (r=memcmp(&k[pos], n->array[byte].str,
+				n->array[byte].len)) < 0) {
+				*result = radix_prev(n->array[byte].node);
+				return 0; /* no match */
+			} else if(r > 0) {
+				/* the key is larger than the additional
+				 * string, thus everything in that subtree
+				 * is smaller */
+				*result=radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(n->array[byte].node);
+				/* if we have an inefficient tree */
+				if(!*result) *result = radix_prev(n->array[byte].node);
+				return 0; /* no match */
+			}
+			pos += n->array[byte].len;
+		}
+		n = n->array[byte].node;
+	}
+	if(n->elem) {
+		/* exact match */
+		*result = n;
+		return 1;
+	}
+	/* there is a node which is an exact match, but it has no element */
+	*result = radix_prev(n);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+struct radnode* radix_first(struct radtree* rt)
+{
+	struct radnode* n;
+	if(!rt || !rt->root) return NULL;
+	n = rt->root;
+	if(n->elem) return n;
+	return radix_next(n);
+}
+
+struct radnode* radix_last(struct radtree* rt)
+{
+	if(!rt || !rt->root) return NULL;
+	return radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(rt->root);
+}
+
+struct radnode* radix_next(struct radnode* n)
+{
+	if(n->len) {
+		/* go down */
+		struct radnode* s = radnode_first_in_subtree(n);
+		if(s) return s;
+	}
+	/* go up - the parent->elem is not useful, because it is before us */
+	while(n->parent) {
+		unsigned idx = n->pidx;
+		n = n->parent;
+		idx++;
+		for(; idx < n->len; idx++) {
+			/* go down the next branch */
+			if(n->array[idx].node) {
+				struct radnode* s;
+				/* node itself */
+				if(n->array[idx].node->elem)
+					return n->array[idx].node;
+				/* or subtree */
+				s = radnode_first_in_subtree(
+					n->array[idx].node);
+				if(s) return s;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct radnode* radix_prev(struct radnode* n)
+{
+	/* must go up, since all array nodes are after this node */
+	while(n->parent) {
+		uint8_t idx = n->pidx;
+		struct radnode* s;
+		n = n->parent;
+		assert(n->len > 0); /* since we are a child */
+		/* see if there are elements in previous branches there */
+		s = radnode_find_prev_from_idx(n, idx);
+		if(s) return s;
+		/* the current node is before the array */
+		if(n->elem)
+			return n;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/** convert one character from domain-name to radname */
+static uint8_t char_d2r(uint8_t c)
+{
+	if(c < 'A') return c+1; /* make space for 00 */
+	else if(c <= 'Z') return c-'A'+'a'; /* lowercase */
+	else return c;
+}
+
+/** convert one character from radname to domain-name (still lowercased) */
+static uint8_t char_r2d(uint8_t c)
+{
+	assert(c != 0); /* end of label */
+	if(c <= 'A') return c-1;
+	else return c;
+}
+
+/** copy and convert a range of characters */
+static void cpy_d2r(uint8_t* to, const uint8_t* from, int len)
+{
+	int i;
+	for(i=0; i<len; i++)
+		to[i] = char_d2r(from[i]);
+}
+
+/** copy and convert a range of characters */
+static void cpy_r2d(uint8_t* to, uint8_t* from, uint8_t len)
+{
+	uint8_t i;
+	for(i=0; i<len; i++)
+		to[i] = char_r2d(from[i]);
+}
+
+/* radname code: domain to radix-bstring */
+void radname_d2r(uint8_t* k, radstrlen_t* len, const uint8_t* dname,
+	size_t dlen)
+{
+	/* the domain name is converted as follows,
+	 * to preserve the normal (NSEC) ordering of domain names.
+	 * lowercased, and 'end-of-label' is a '00' byte,
+	 * bytes 00-'A' are +1 moved to make space for 00 byte.
+	 * final root label is not appended (string ends).
+	 * because the only allowed empty label is the final root label,
+	 * we can also remove the last 00 label-end.
+	 * The total result length is one-or-two less than the dname.
+	 * 
+	 * examples (numbers are bytes, letters are ascii):
+	 * - root: dname: 0, radname: ''
+	 * - nl.:  dname: 3nl0, radname: 'nl'
+	 * - labs.nl: dname 4labs3nl0, radname: 'nl0labs'
+	 * - x.labs.nl: dname 1x4labs3nl0, radname: 'nl0labs0x'
+	 */
+
+	/* conversion by putting the label starts on a stack */
+	const uint8_t* labstart[130];
+	unsigned int lab = 0, kpos, dpos = 0;
+	/* sufficient space */
+	assert(k && dname);
+	assert(dlen <= 256); /* and therefore not more than 128 labels */
+	assert(*len >= dlen);
+	assert(dlen > 0); /* even root label has dlen=1 */
+
+	/* root */
+	if(dlen == 1) {
+		assert(dname[0] == 0);
+		*len = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+	
+	/* walk through domain name and remember label positions */
+	do {
+		/* compression pointers not allowed */
+		if((dname[dpos] & 0xc0)) {
+			*len = 0;
+			return; /* format error */
+		}
+		labstart[lab++] = &dname[dpos];
+		if(dpos + dname[dpos] + 1 >= dlen) {
+			*len = 0;
+			return; /* format error */
+		}
+		/* skip the label contents */
+		dpos += dname[dpos];
+		dpos ++;
+	} while(dname[dpos] != 0);
+	/* exit condition makes root label not in labelstart stack */
+	/* because the root was handled before, we know there is some text */
+	assert(lab > 0);
+	lab-=1;
+	kpos = *labstart[lab];
+	cpy_d2r(k, labstart[lab]+1, kpos);
+	/* if there are more labels, copy them over */
+	while(lab) {
+		/* put 'end-of-label' 00 to end previous label */
+		k[kpos++]=0;
+		/* append the label */
+		lab--;
+		cpy_d2r(k+kpos, labstart[lab]+1, *labstart[lab]);
+		kpos += *labstart[lab];
+	}
+	/* done */
+	assert(kpos == dlen-2); /* no rootlabel, one less label-marker */
+	*len = kpos;
+}
+
+/* radname code: radix-bstring to domain */
+void radname_r2d(uint8_t* k, radstrlen_t len, uint8_t* dname, size_t* dlen)
+{
+	/* find labels and push on stack */
+	uint8_t* labstart[130];
+	uint8_t lablen[130];
+	unsigned int lab = 0, dpos, kpos = 0;
+	/* sufficient space */
+	assert(k && dname);
+	assert((size_t)*dlen >= (size_t)len+2);
+	assert(len <= 256);
+	/* root label */
+	if(len == 0) {
+		assert(*dlen > 0);
+		dname[0]=0;
+		*dlen=1;
+		return;
+	}
+	/* find labels */
+	while(kpos < len) {
+		lablen[lab]=0;
+			labstart[lab]=&k[kpos];
+		/* skip to next label */
+		while(kpos < len && k[kpos] != 0) {
+			lablen[lab]++;
+			kpos++;
+		}
+		lab++;
+		/* skip 00 byte for label-end */
+		if(kpos < len) {
+			assert(k[kpos] == 0);
+			kpos++;
+		}
+	}
+	/* copy the labels over to the domain name */
+	dpos = 0;
+	while(lab) {
+		lab--;
+		/* label length */
+		dname[dpos++] = lablen[lab];
+		/* label content */
+		cpy_r2d(dname+dpos, labstart[lab], lablen[lab]);
+		dpos += lablen[lab];
+	}
+	/* append root label */
+	dname[dpos++] = 0;
+	/* assert the domain name is wellformed */
+	assert((int)dpos == (int)len+2);
+	assert(dname[dpos-1] == 0); /* ends with root label */
+	*dlen = dpos;
+}
+
+/** insert by domain name */
+struct radnode*
+radname_insert(struct radtree* rt, const uint8_t* d, size_t max, void* elem)
+{
+	/* convert and insert */
+	uint8_t radname[300];
+	radstrlen_t len = (radstrlen_t)sizeof(radname);
+	if(max > sizeof(radname))
+		return NULL; /* too long */
+	radname_d2r(radname, &len, d, max);
+	return radix_insert(rt, radname, len, elem);
+}
+
+/** delete by domain name */
+void
+radname_delete(struct radtree* rt, const uint8_t* d, size_t max)
+{
+	/* search and remove */
+	struct radnode* n = radname_search(rt, d, max);
+	if(n) radix_delete(rt, n);
+}
+
+/* search for exact match of domain name, converted to radname in tree */
+struct radnode* radname_search(struct radtree* rt, const uint8_t* d,
+	size_t max)
+{
+	/* stack of labels in the domain name */
+	const uint8_t* labstart[130];
+	unsigned int lab, dpos, lpos;
+	struct radnode* n = rt->root;
+	uint8_t byte;
+	radstrlen_t i;
+	uint8_t b;
+
+	/* search for root? it is '' */
+	if(max < 1)
+		return NULL;
+	if(d[0] == 0) {
+		if(!n) return NULL;
+		return n->elem?n:NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* find labels stack in domain name */
+	lab = 0;
+	dpos = 0;
+	/* must have one label, since root is specialcased */
+	do {
+		if((d[dpos] & 0xc0))
+			return NULL; /* compression ptrs not allowed error */
+		labstart[lab++] = &d[dpos];
+		if(dpos + d[dpos] + 1 >= max)
+			return NULL; /* format error: outside of bounds */
+		/* skip the label contents */
+		dpos += d[dpos];
+		dpos ++;
+	} while(d[dpos] != 0);
+	/* exit condition makes that root label is not in the labstarts */
+	/* now: dpos+1 is length of domain name. lab is number of labels-1 */
+
+	/* start processing at the last label */
+	lab-=1;
+	lpos = 0;
+	while(n) {
+		/* fetch next byte this label */
+		if(lpos < *labstart[lab])
+			/* lpos+1 to skip labelstart, lpos++ to move forward */
+			byte = char_d2r(labstart[lab][++lpos]);
+		else {
+			if(lab == 0) /* last label - we're done */
+				return n->elem?n:NULL;
+			/* next label, search for byte 00 */
+			lpos = 0;
+			lab--;
+			byte = 0;
+		}
+		/* find that byte in the array */
+		if(byte < n->offset)
+			return NULL;
+		byte -= n->offset;
+		if(byte >= n->len)
+			return NULL;
+		if(n->array[byte].len != 0) {
+			/* must match additional string */
+			/* see how many bytes we need and start matching them*/
+			for(i=0; i<n->array[byte].len; i++) {
+				/* next byte to match */
+				if(lpos < *labstart[lab])
+					b = char_d2r(labstart[lab][++lpos]);
+				else {
+					/* if last label, no match since
+					 * we are in the additional string */
+					if(lab == 0)
+						return NULL; 
+					/* next label, search for byte 00 */
+					lpos = 0;
+					lab--;
+					b = 0;
+				}
+				if(n->array[byte].str[i] != b)
+					return NULL; /* not matched */
+			}
+		}
+		n = n->array[byte].node;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/* find domain name or smaller or equal domain name in radix tree */
+int radname_find_less_equal(struct radtree* rt, const uint8_t* d, size_t max,
+        struct radnode** result)
+{
+	/* stack of labels in the domain name */
+	const uint8_t* labstart[130];
+	unsigned int lab, dpos, lpos;
+	struct radnode* n = rt->root;
+	uint8_t byte;
+	radstrlen_t i;
+	uint8_t b;
+
+	/* empty tree */
+	if(!n) {
+		*result = NULL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* search for root? it is '' */
+	if(max < 1) {
+		*result = NULL;
+		return 0; /* parse error, out of bounds */
+	}
+	if(d[0] == 0) {
+		if(n->elem) {
+			*result = n;
+			return 1;
+		}
+		/* no smaller element than the root */
+		*result = NULL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* find labels stack in domain name */
+	lab = 0;
+	dpos = 0;
+	/* must have one label, since root is specialcased */
+	do {
+		if((d[dpos] & 0xc0)) {
+			*result = NULL;
+			return 0; /* compression ptrs not allowed error */
+		}
+		labstart[lab++] = &d[dpos];
+		if(dpos + d[dpos] + 1 >= max) {
+			*result = NULL; /* format error: outside of bounds */
+			return 0;
+		}
+		/* skip the label contents */
+		dpos += d[dpos];
+		dpos ++;
+	} while(d[dpos] != 0);
+	/* exit condition makes that root label is not in the labstarts */
+	/* now: dpos+1 is length of domain name. lab is number of labels-1 */
+
+	/* start processing at the last label */
+	lab-=1;
+	lpos = 0;
+	while(1) {
+		/* fetch next byte this label */
+		if(lpos < *labstart[lab])
+			/* lpos+1 to skip labelstart, lpos++ to move forward */
+			byte = char_d2r(labstart[lab][++lpos]);
+		else {
+			if(lab == 0) {
+				/* last label - we're done */
+				/* exact match */
+				if(n->elem) {
+					*result = n;
+					return 1;
+				}
+				/* there is a node which is an exact match,
+				 * but there no element in it */
+				*result = radix_prev(n);
+				return 0;
+			}
+			/* next label, search for byte 0 the label separator */
+			lpos = 0;
+			lab--;
+			byte = 0;
+		}
+		/* find that byte in the array */
+		if(byte < n->offset)
+			/* so the previous is the element itself */
+			/* or something before this element */
+			return ret_self_or_prev(n, result);
+		byte -= n->offset;
+		if(byte >= n->len) {
+			/* so, the previous is the last of array, or itself */
+			/* or something before this element */
+			*result = radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(n);
+			if(!*result)
+				*result = radix_prev(n);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		if(!n->array[byte].node) {
+			/* no match */
+			/* Find an entry in arrays from byte-1 to 0 */
+			*result = radnode_find_prev_from_idx(n, byte);
+			if(*result)
+				return 0;
+			/* this entry or something before it */
+			return ret_self_or_prev(n, result);
+		}
+		if(n->array[byte].len != 0) {
+			/* must match additional string */
+			/* see how many bytes we need and start matching them*/
+			for(i=0; i<n->array[byte].len; i++) {
+				/* next byte to match */
+				if(lpos < *labstart[lab])
+					b = char_d2r(labstart[lab][++lpos]);
+				else {
+					/* if last label, no match since
+					 * we are in the additional string */
+					if(lab == 0) {
+						/* dname ended, thus before
+						 * this array element */
+						*result =radix_prev(
+							n->array[byte].node);
+						return 0; 
+					}
+					/* next label, search for byte 00 */
+					lpos = 0;
+					lab--;
+					b = 0;
+				}
+				if(b < n->array[byte].str[i]) {
+					*result =radix_prev(
+						n->array[byte].node);
+					return 0; 
+				} else if(b > n->array[byte].str[i]) {
+					/* the key is after the additional,
+					 * so everything in its subtree is
+					 * smaller */
+					*result = radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(n->array[byte].node);
+					/* if that is NULL, we have an
+					 * inefficient tree, find in byte-1*/
+					if(!*result)
+						*result = radix_prev(n->array[byte].node);
+					return 0;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		n = n->array[byte].node;
+	}
+	/* ENOTREACH */
+	return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/radtree.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/radtree.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6f54de01641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/radtree.h
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+/*
+ * radtree -- generic radix tree for binary strings.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010, NLnet Labs.  See LICENSE for license.
+ */
+#ifndef RADTREE_H
+#define RADTREE_H
+
+struct radnode;
+struct region;
+
+/** length of the binary string */
+typedef uint16_t radstrlen_t;
+
+/**
+ * The radix tree
+ *
+ * The elements are stored based on binary strings(0-255) of a given length.
+ * They are sorted, a prefix is sorted before its suffixes.
+ * If you want to know the key string, you should store it yourself, the
+ * tree stores it in the parts necessary for lookup.
+ * For binary strings for domain names see the radname routines.
+ */
+struct radtree {
+	/** root node in tree */
+	struct radnode* root;
+	/** count of number of elements */
+	size_t count;
+	/** region for allocation */
+	struct region* region;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A radix tree lookup node.
+ * The array is malloced separately from the radnode.
+ */
+struct radnode {
+	/** data element associated with the binary string up to this node */
+	void* elem;
+	/** parent node (NULL for the root) */
+	struct radnode* parent;
+	/** index in the parent lookup array */
+	uint8_t pidx;
+	/** offset of the lookup array, add to [i] for lookups */
+	uint8_t offset;
+	/** length of the lookup array */
+	uint16_t len;
+	/** capacity of the lookup array (can be larger than length) */
+	uint16_t capacity;
+	/** the lookup array by [byte-offset] */
+	struct radsel* array; 
+};
+
+/**
+ * radix select edge in array
+ */
+struct radsel {
+	/** additional string after the selection-byte for this edge. */
+	uint8_t* str;
+	/** length of the additional string for this edge */
+	radstrlen_t len;
+	/** node that deals with byte+str */
+	struct radnode* node;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Create new radix tree
+ * @param region: where to allocate the tree.
+ * @return new tree or NULL on alloc failure.
+ */
+struct radtree* radix_tree_create(struct region* region);
+
+/**
+ * Init new radix tree.
+ * @param rt: radix tree to be initialized.
+ */
+void radix_tree_init(struct radtree* rt);
+
+/**
+ * Delete intermediate nodes from radix tree
+ * @param rt: radix tree to be initialized.
+ */
+void radix_tree_clear(struct radtree* rt);
+
+/**
+ * Delete radix tree.
+ * @param rt: radix tree to be deleted.
+ */
+void radix_tree_delete(struct radtree* rt);
+
+
+/**
+ * Insert element into radix tree.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree.
+ * @param key: key string.
+ * @param len: length of key.
+ * @param elem: pointer to element data.
+ * @return NULL on failure - out of memory.
+ * 	NULL on failure - duplicate entry.
+ * 	On success the new radix node for this element.
+ */
+struct radnode* radix_insert(struct radtree* rt, uint8_t* k, radstrlen_t len,
+	void* elem);
+
+/**
+ * Delete element from radix tree.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree.
+ * @param n: radix node for that element.
+ * 	if NULL, nothing is deleted.
+ */
+void radix_delete(struct radtree* rt, struct radnode* n);
+
+/**
+ * Find radix element in tree.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree.
+ * @param key: key string.
+ * @param len: length of key.
+ * @return the radix node or NULL if not found.
+ */
+struct radnode* radix_search(struct radtree* rt, uint8_t* k, radstrlen_t len);
+
+/**
+ * Find radix element in tree, and if not found, find the closest smaller or
+ * equal element in the tree.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree.
+ * @param key: key string.
+ * @param len: length of key.
+ * @param result: returns the radix node or closest match (NULL if key is
+ * 	smaller than the smallest key in the tree).
+ * @return true if exact match, false if no match.
+ */
+int radix_find_less_equal(struct radtree* rt, uint8_t* k, radstrlen_t len,
+	struct radnode** result);
+
+/**
+ * Return the first (smallest) element in the tree.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree.
+ * @return: first node or NULL if none.
+ */
+struct radnode* radix_first(struct radtree* rt);
+
+/**
+ * Return the last (largest) element in the tree.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree.
+ * @return: last node or NULL if none.
+ */
+struct radnode* radix_last(struct radtree* rt);
+
+/**
+ * Return the next element.
+ * @param n: the element to go from.
+ * @return: next node or NULL if none.
+ */
+struct radnode* radix_next(struct radnode* n);
+
+/**
+ * Return the previous element.
+ * @param n: the element to go from.
+ * @return: prev node or NULL if none.
+ */
+struct radnode* radix_prev(struct radnode* n);
+
+/*
+ * Perform a walk through all elements of the tree.
+ * node: variable of type struct radnode*.
+ * tree: pointer to the tree.
+ *	for(node=radix_first(tree); node; node=radix_next(node))
+*/
+
+/**
+ * Create a binary string to represent a domain name
+ * @param k: string buffer to store into
+ * @param len: output length, initially, the max, output the result.
+ * @param dname: the domain name to convert, in wireformat.
+ * @param dlen: length of space for dname.
+ */
+void radname_d2r(uint8_t* k, radstrlen_t* len, const uint8_t* dname,
+	size_t dlen);
+
+/**
+ * Convert a binary string back to a domain name.
+ * @param k: the binary string.
+ * @param len: length of k.
+ * @param dname: buffer to store domain name into.
+ * @param dlen: length of dname (including root label).
+ */
+void radname_r2d(uint8_t* k, radstrlen_t len, uint8_t* dname, size_t* dlen);
+
+/**
+ * Search the radix tree using a domain name.
+ * The name is internally converted to a radname.
+ * @param rt: tree
+ * @param d: domain name, no compression pointers allowed.
+ * @param max: max length to go from d.
+ * @return NULL on parse error or if not found.
+ */
+struct radnode* radname_search(struct radtree* rt, const uint8_t* d,
+	size_t max);
+
+/**
+ * Find radix element in tree by domain name, and if not found,
+ * find the closest smaller or equal element in the tree.
+ * The name is internally converted to a radname (same sorting order).
+ * @param rt: the radix tree.
+ * @param d: domain name, no compression pointers allowed.
+ * @param max: max length to go from d.
+ * @param result: returns the radix node or closest match (NULL if key is
+ * 	smaller than the smallest key in the tree).
+ * 	could result in NULL on a parse error as well (with return false).
+ * @return true if exact match, false if no match.
+ */
+int radname_find_less_equal(struct radtree* rt, const uint8_t* d, size_t max,
+	struct radnode** result);
+
+/**
+ * Insert radix element by domain name.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree
+ * @param d: domain name, no compression pointers.
+ * @param max: max length from d.
+ * @param elem: the element pointer to insert.
+ * @return NULL on failure - out of memory.
+ * 	NULL on failure - duplicate entry.
+ * 	NULL on failure - parse error.
+ * 	On success the radix node for this element.
+ */
+struct radnode* radname_insert(struct radtree* rt, const uint8_t* d,
+	size_t max, void* elem);
+
+/**
+ * Delete element by domain name from radix tree.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree.
+ * @param d: the domain name.  If it is not in the tree nothing happens.
+ * @param max: max length.
+ */
+void radname_delete(struct radtree* rt, const uint8_t* d, size_t max);
+
+/** number of bytes in common in strings */
+radstrlen_t bstr_common_ext(uint8_t* x, radstrlen_t xlen, uint8_t* y,
+	radstrlen_t ylen);
+/** true if one is prefix of the other */
+int bstr_is_prefix_ext(uint8_t* p, radstrlen_t plen, uint8_t* x,
+	radstrlen_t xlen);
+
+#endif /* RADTREE_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/rbtree.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/rbtree.c
index c7d384fe66d..80f7bbb2b6e 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/rbtree.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/rbtree.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * rbtree.c -- generic red black tree
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -551,39 +551,3 @@ rbtree_previous(rbnode_t *node)
 	}
 	return node;
 }
-
-
-/**
- * Given an rbtree "root" node, find the first node under that tree in
- * postorder.
- */
-rbnode_t *
-rbtree_postorder_first(rbnode_t *root)
-{
-	rbnode_t *node = root;
-	do {
-		while (node->left != RBTREE_NULL) {
-			node = node->left;
-		}
-		while ((node->left == RBTREE_NULL) &&
-		       (node->right != RBTREE_NULL)) {
-			node = node->right;
-		}
-	} while (node->left != node->right);
-	return node;
-}
-
-
-/**
- * Given any node in an rbtree, find the next node in postorder.
- */
-rbnode_t *
-rbtree_postorder_next(rbnode_t *node)
-{
-	if ((node->parent->right == RBTREE_NULL) ||
-	    (node->parent->right == node))
-		node = node->parent;
-	else
-		node = rbtree_postorder_first(node->parent->right);
-	return node;
-}
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/rbtree.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/rbtree.h
index 028d715397c..a381cf0788f 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/rbtree.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/rbtree.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * rbtree.h -- generic red-black tree
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -60,8 +60,6 @@ rbnode_t *rbtree_first(rbtree_t *rbtree);
 rbnode_t *rbtree_last(rbtree_t *rbtree);
 rbnode_t *rbtree_next(rbnode_t *rbtree);
 rbnode_t *rbtree_previous(rbnode_t *rbtree);
-rbnode_t *rbtree_postorder_first(rbnode_t *root);
-rbnode_t *rbtree_postorder_next(rbnode_t *node);
 
 #define	RBTREE_WALK(rbtree, k, d) \
 	for((rbtree)->_node = rbtree_first(rbtree);\
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/rdata.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/rdata.h
index 0cddb16e0f4..0da8eab6ec0 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/rdata.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/rdata.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * rdata.h -- RDATA conversion functions.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/region-allocator.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/region-allocator.h
index a047a1dfc5a..7a7bfe96f2a 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/region-allocator.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/region-allocator.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * region-allocator.h -- region based memory allocator.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -129,6 +129,10 @@ void region_dump_stats(region_type *region, FILE *out);
 
 /* get size of recyclebin */
 size_t region_get_recycle_size(region_type* region);
+/* get size of region memory in use */
+size_t region_get_mem(region_type* region);
+/* get size of region memory unused */
+size_t region_get_mem_unused(region_type* region);
 
 /* Debug print REGION statistics to LOG. */
 void region_log_stats(region_type *region);
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/remote.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/remote.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d4858d2202a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/remote.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1943 @@
+/*
+ * remote.c - remote control for the NSD daemon.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This software is open source.
+ * 
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 
+ * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 
+ * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 
+ * Neither the name of the NLNET LABS nor the names of its contributors may
+ * be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+ * specific prior written permission.
+ * 
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+ * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+ * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+ * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+ * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * \file
+ *
+ * This file contains the remote control functionality for the daemon.
+ * The remote control can be performed using either the commandline
+ * nsd-control tool, or a SSLv3/TLS capable web browser. 
+ * The channel is secured using SSLv3 or TLSv1, and certificates.
+ * Both the server and the client(control tool) have their own keys.
+ */
+#include "config.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_SSL
+
+#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL_SSL_H
+#include "openssl/ssl.h"
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL_ERR_H
+#include <openssl/err.h>
+#endif
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#ifndef USE_MINI_EVENT
+#include <event.h>
+#else
+#include "mini_event.h"
+#endif
+#include "remote.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "xfrd.h"
+#include "xfrd-notify.h"
+#include "xfrd-tcp.h"
+#include "nsd.h"
+#include "options.h"
+#include "difffile.h"
+#include "xfrd.h"
+#include "ipc.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+#  include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_NETDB_H
+#include <netdb.h>
+#endif
+
+/** number of seconds timeout on incoming remote control handshake */
+#define REMOTE_CONTROL_TCP_TIMEOUT 120
+
+/** repattern to master or slave */
+#define REPAT_SLAVE  1
+#define REPAT_MASTER 2
+
+/** if you want zero to be inhibited in stats output.
+ * it omits zeroes for types that have no acronym and unused-rcodes */
+const int inhibit_zero = 1;
+
+/**
+ * a busy control command connection, SSL state
+ * Defined here to keep the definition private, and keep SSL out of the .h
+ */
+struct rc_state {
+	/** the next item in list */
+	struct rc_state* next, *prev;
+	/* if the event was added to the event_base */
+	int event_added;
+	/** the commpoint */
+	struct event c;
+	/** timeout for this state */
+	struct timeval tval;
+	/** in the handshake part */
+	enum { rc_none, rc_hs_read, rc_hs_write } shake_state;
+	/** the ssl state */
+	SSL* ssl;
+	/** the rc this is part of */
+	struct daemon_remote* rc;
+	/** stats list next item */
+	struct rc_state* stats_next;
+	/** stats list indicator (0 is not part of stats list, 1 is stats,
+	 * 2 is stats_noreset. */
+	int in_stats_list;
+};
+
+/**
+ * list of events for accepting connections
+ */
+struct acceptlist {
+	struct acceptlist* next;
+	int event_added;
+	struct event c;
+};
+
+/**
+ * The remote control state.
+ */
+struct daemon_remote {
+	/** the master process for this remote control */
+	struct xfrd_state* xfrd;
+	/** commpoints for accepting remote control connections */
+	struct acceptlist* accept_list;
+	/** number of active commpoints that are handling remote control */
+	int active;
+	/** max active commpoints */
+	int max_active;
+	/** current commpoints busy; double linked, malloced */
+	struct rc_state* busy_list;
+	/** commpoints waiting for stats to complete (also in busy_list) */
+	struct rc_state* stats_list;
+	/** last time stats was reported */
+	struct timeval stats_time, boot_time;
+	/** the SSL context for creating new SSL streams */
+	SSL_CTX* ctx;
+};
+
+/** 
+ * Print fixed line of text over ssl connection in blocking mode
+ * @param ssl: print to
+ * @param text: the text.
+ * @return false on connection failure.
+ */
+static int ssl_print_text(SSL* ssl, const char* text);
+
+/** 
+ * printf style printing to the ssl connection
+ * @param ssl: the SSL connection to print to. Blocking.
+ * @param format: printf style format string.
+ * @return success or false on a network failure.
+ */
+static int ssl_printf(SSL* ssl, const char* format, ...)
+        ATTR_FORMAT(printf, 2, 3);
+
+/**
+ * Read until \n is encountered
+ * If SSL signals EOF, the string up to then is returned (without \n).
+ * @param ssl: the SSL connection to read from. blocking.
+ * @param buf: buffer to read to.
+ * @param max: size of buffer.
+ * @return false on connection failure.
+ */
+static int ssl_read_line(SSL* ssl, char* buf, size_t max);
+
+/** perform the accept of a new remote control connection */
+static void
+remote_accept_callback(int fd, short event, void* arg);
+
+/** perform remote control */
+static void
+remote_control_callback(int fd, short event, void* arg);
+
+
+/** ---- end of private defines ---- **/
+
+
+/** log ssl crypto err */
+static void
+log_crypto_err(const char* str)
+{
+	/* error:[error code]:[library name]:[function name]:[reason string] */
+	char buf[128];
+	unsigned long e;
+	ERR_error_string_n(ERR_get_error(), buf, sizeof(buf));
+	log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s crypto %s", str, buf);
+	while( (e=ERR_get_error()) ) {
+		ERR_error_string_n(e, buf, sizeof(buf));
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "and additionally crypto %s", buf);
+	}
+}
+
+#ifdef BIND8_STATS
+/** subtract timers and the values do not overflow or become negative */
+static void
+timeval_subtract(struct timeval* d, const struct timeval* end, 
+	const struct timeval* start)
+{
+#ifndef S_SPLINT_S
+	time_t end_usec = end->tv_usec;
+	d->tv_sec = end->tv_sec - start->tv_sec;
+	if(end_usec < start->tv_usec) {
+		end_usec += 1000000;
+		d->tv_sec--;
+	}
+	d->tv_usec = end_usec - start->tv_usec;
+#endif
+}
+#endif /* BIND8_STATS */
+
+struct daemon_remote*
+daemon_remote_create(nsd_options_t* cfg)
+{
+	char* s_cert;
+	char* s_key;
+	struct daemon_remote* rc = (struct daemon_remote*)xalloc_zero(
+		sizeof(*rc));
+	rc->max_active = 10;
+	assert(cfg->control_enable);
+
+	/* init SSL library */
+	ERR_load_crypto_strings();
+	ERR_load_SSL_strings();
+	OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms();
+	(void)SSL_library_init();
+
+	rc->ctx = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv23_server_method());
+	if(!rc->ctx) {
+		log_crypto_err("could not SSL_CTX_new");
+		free(rc);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	/* no SSLv2 because has defects */
+	if(!(SSL_CTX_set_options(rc->ctx, SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2) & SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2)){
+		log_crypto_err("could not set SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2");
+		daemon_remote_delete(rc);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	s_cert = cfg->server_cert_file;
+	s_key = cfg->server_key_file;
+	VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "setup SSL certificates"));
+	if (!SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file(rc->ctx,s_cert,SSL_FILETYPE_PEM)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "Error for server-cert-file: %s", s_cert);
+		log_crypto_err("Error in SSL_CTX use_certificate_file");
+		goto setup_error;
+	}
+	if(!SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(rc->ctx,s_key,SSL_FILETYPE_PEM)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "Error for server-key-file: %s", s_key);
+		log_crypto_err("Error in SSL_CTX use_PrivateKey_file");
+		goto setup_error;
+	}
+	if(!SSL_CTX_check_private_key(rc->ctx)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "Error for server-key-file: %s", s_key);
+		log_crypto_err("Error in SSL_CTX check_private_key");
+		goto setup_error;
+	}
+	if(!SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(rc->ctx, s_cert, NULL)) {
+		log_crypto_err("Error setting up SSL_CTX verify locations");
+	setup_error:
+		daemon_remote_delete(rc);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	SSL_CTX_set_client_CA_list(rc->ctx, SSL_load_client_CA_file(s_cert));
+	SSL_CTX_set_verify(rc->ctx, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, NULL);
+
+	/* and try to open the ports */
+	if(!daemon_remote_open_ports(rc, cfg)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "could not open remote control port");
+		goto setup_error;
+	}
+
+	if(gettimeofday(&rc->boot_time, NULL) == -1)
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "gettimeofday: %s", strerror(errno));
+	rc->stats_time = rc->boot_time;
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+void daemon_remote_close(struct daemon_remote* rc)
+{
+	struct rc_state* p, *np;
+	struct acceptlist* h, *nh;
+	if(!rc) return;
+
+	/* close listen sockets */
+	h = rc->accept_list;
+	while(h) {
+		nh = h->next;
+		if(h->event_added)
+			event_del(&h->c);
+		close(h->c.ev_fd);
+		free(h);
+		h = nh;
+	}
+	rc->accept_list = NULL;
+
+	/* close busy connection sockets */
+	p = rc->busy_list;
+	while(p) {
+		np = p->next;
+		if(p->event_added)
+			event_del(&p->c);
+		if(p->ssl)
+			SSL_free(p->ssl);
+		close(p->c.ev_fd);
+		free(p);
+		p = np;
+	}
+	rc->busy_list = NULL;
+	rc->active = 0;
+}
+
+void daemon_remote_delete(struct daemon_remote* rc)
+{
+	if(!rc) return;
+	daemon_remote_close(rc);
+	if(rc->ctx) {
+		SSL_CTX_free(rc->ctx);
+	}
+	free(rc);
+}
+
+static int
+create_tcp_accept_sock(struct addrinfo* addr, int* noproto)
+{
+#if defined(SO_REUSEADDR) || (defined(INET6) && (defined(IPV6_V6ONLY) || defined(IPV6_USE_MIN_MTU) || defined(IPV6_MTU)))
+	int on = 1;
+#endif
+	int s;
+	*noproto = 0;
+	if ((s = socket(addr->ai_family, addr->ai_socktype, 0)) == -1) {
+#if defined(INET6)
+		if (addr->ai_family == AF_INET6 &&
+			errno == EAFNOSUPPORT) {
+			*noproto = 1;
+			log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "fallback to TCP4, no IPv6: not supported");
+			return -1;
+		}
+#endif /* INET6 */
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "can't create a socket: %s", strerror(errno));
+		return -1;
+	}
+#ifdef  SO_REUSEADDR
+	if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &on, sizeof(on)) < 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "setsockopt(..., SO_REUSEADDR, ...) failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+	}
+#endif /* SO_REUSEADDR */
+#if defined(INET6) && defined(IPV6_V6ONLY)
+	if (addr->ai_family == AF_INET6 &&
+		setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, &on, sizeof(on)) < 0)
+	{
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "setsockopt(..., IPV6_V6ONLY, ...) failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+		return -1;
+	}
+#endif
+	/* set it nonblocking */
+	/* (StevensUNP p463), if tcp listening socket is blocking, then
+	   it may block in accept, even if select() says readable. */
+	if (fcntl(s, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot fcntl tcp: %s", strerror(errno));
+	}
+	/* Bind it... */
+	if (bind(s, (struct sockaddr *)addr->ai_addr, addr->ai_addrlen) != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "can't bind tcp socket: %s", strerror(errno));
+		return -1;
+	}
+	/* Listen to it... */
+	if (listen(s, TCP_BACKLOG_REMOTE) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "can't listen: %s", strerror(errno));
+		return -1;
+	}
+	return s;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add and open a new control port
+ * @param rc: rc with result list.
+ * @param ip: ip str
+ * @param nr: port nr
+ * @param noproto_is_err: if lack of protocol support is an error.
+ * @return false on failure.
+ */
+static int
+add_open(struct daemon_remote* rc, const char* ip, int nr, int noproto_is_err)
+{
+	struct addrinfo hints;
+	struct addrinfo* res;
+	struct acceptlist* hl;
+	int noproto;
+	int fd, r;
+	char port[15];
+	snprintf(port, sizeof(port), "%d", nr);
+	port[sizeof(port)-1]=0;
+	memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
+	hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
+	hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE | AI_NUMERICHOST;
+	if((r = getaddrinfo(ip, port, &hints, &res)) != 0 || !res) {
+                log_msg(LOG_ERR, "control interface %s:%s getaddrinfo: %s %s",
+			ip?ip:"default", port, gai_strerror(r),
+#ifdef EAI_SYSTEM
+			r==EAI_SYSTEM?(char*)strerror(errno):""
+#else
+			""
+#endif
+			);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* open fd */
+	fd = create_tcp_accept_sock(res, &noproto);
+	freeaddrinfo(res);
+	if(fd == -1 && noproto) {
+		if(!noproto_is_err)
+			return 1; /* return success, but do nothing */
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot open control interface %s %d : "
+			"protocol not supported", ip, nr);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if(fd == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot open control interface %s %d", ip, nr);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* alloc */
+	hl = (struct acceptlist*)xalloc_zero(sizeof(*hl));
+	hl->next = rc->accept_list;
+	rc->accept_list = hl;
+
+	hl->c.ev_fd = fd;
+	hl->event_added = 0;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int
+daemon_remote_open_ports(struct daemon_remote* rc, nsd_options_t* cfg)
+{
+	assert(cfg->control_enable && cfg->control_port);
+	if(cfg->control_interface) {
+		ip_address_option_t* p;
+		for(p = cfg->control_interface; p; p = p->next) {
+			if(!add_open(rc, p->address, cfg->control_port, 1)) {
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* defaults */
+		if(cfg->do_ip6 && !add_open(rc, "::1", cfg->control_port, 0)) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		if(cfg->do_ip4 &&
+			!add_open(rc, "127.0.0.1", cfg->control_port, 1)) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+void
+daemon_remote_attach(struct daemon_remote* rc, struct xfrd_state* xfrd)
+{
+	int fd;
+	struct acceptlist* p;
+	if(!rc) return;
+	rc->xfrd = xfrd;
+	for(p = rc->accept_list; p; p = p->next) {
+		/* add event */
+		fd = p->c.ev_fd;
+		event_set(&p->c, fd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ, remote_accept_callback,
+			rc);
+		if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &p->c) != 0)
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "remote: cannot set event_base");
+		if(event_add(&p->c, NULL) != 0)
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "remote: cannot add event");
+		p->event_added = 1;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+remote_accept_callback(int fd, short event, void* arg)
+{
+	struct daemon_remote *rc = (struct daemon_remote*)arg;
+	struct sockaddr_storage addr;
+	socklen_t addrlen;
+	int newfd;
+	struct rc_state* n;
+
+	if (!(event & EV_READ)) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* perform the accept */
+	addrlen = sizeof(addr);
+	newfd = accept(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, &addrlen);
+	if(newfd == -1) {
+		if (    errno != EINTR
+			&& errno != EWOULDBLOCK
+#ifdef ECONNABORTED
+			&& errno != ECONNABORTED
+#endif /* ECONNABORTED */
+#ifdef EPROTO
+			&& errno != EPROTO
+#endif /* EPROTO */
+			) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "accept failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* create new commpoint unless we are servicing already */
+	if(rc->active >= rc->max_active) {
+		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "drop incoming remote control: "
+			"too many connections");
+	close_exit:
+		close(newfd);
+		return;
+	}
+	if (fcntl(newfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "fcntl failed: %s", strerror(errno));
+		goto close_exit;
+	}
+
+	/* setup state to service the remote control command */
+	n = (struct rc_state*)calloc(1, sizeof(*n));
+	if(!n) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory");
+		goto close_exit;
+	}
+
+	n->tval.tv_sec = REMOTE_CONTROL_TCP_TIMEOUT; 
+	n->tval.tv_usec = 0L;
+
+	event_set(&n->c, newfd, EV_PERSIST|EV_TIMEOUT|EV_READ,
+		remote_control_callback, n);
+	if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &n->c) != 0)
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "remote_accept: cannot set event_base");
+	if(event_add(&n->c, &n->tval) != 0)
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "remote_accept: cannot add event");
+	n->event_added = 1;
+
+	if(2 <= verbosity) {
+		char s[128];
+		addr2str(&addr, s, sizeof(s));
+		VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "new control connection from %s", s));
+	}
+
+	n->shake_state = rc_hs_read;
+	n->ssl = SSL_new(rc->ctx);
+	if(!n->ssl) {
+		log_crypto_err("could not SSL_new");
+		event_del(&n->c);
+		free(n);
+		goto close_exit;
+	}
+	SSL_set_accept_state(n->ssl);
+        (void)SSL_set_mode(n->ssl, SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY);
+	if(!SSL_set_fd(n->ssl, newfd)) {
+		log_crypto_err("could not SSL_set_fd");
+		event_del(&n->c);
+		SSL_free(n->ssl);
+		free(n);
+		goto close_exit;
+	}
+
+	n->rc = rc;
+	n->stats_next = NULL;
+	n->in_stats_list = 0;
+	n->prev = NULL;
+	n->next = rc->busy_list;
+	if(n->next) n->next->prev = n;
+	rc->busy_list = n;
+	rc->active ++;
+
+	/* perform the first nonblocking read already, for windows, 
+	 * so it can return wouldblock. could be faster too. */
+	remote_control_callback(newfd, EV_READ, n);
+}
+
+/** delete from list */
+static void
+state_list_remove_elem(struct rc_state** list, struct rc_state* todel)
+{
+	if(todel->prev) todel->prev->next = todel->next;
+	else	*list = todel->next;
+	if(todel->next) todel->next->prev = todel->prev;
+}
+
+/** delete from stats list */
+static void
+stats_list_remove_elem(struct rc_state** list, struct rc_state* todel)
+{
+	while(*list) {
+		if( (*list) == todel) {
+			*list = (*list)->stats_next;
+			return;
+		}
+		list = &(*list)->stats_next;
+	}
+}
+
+/** decrease active count and remove commpoint from busy list */
+static void
+clean_point(struct daemon_remote* rc, struct rc_state* s)
+{
+	if(s->in_stats_list)
+		stats_list_remove_elem(&rc->stats_list, s);
+	state_list_remove_elem(&rc->busy_list, s);
+	rc->active --;
+	if(s->event_added)
+		event_del(&s->c);
+	if(s->ssl) {
+		SSL_shutdown(s->ssl);
+		SSL_free(s->ssl);
+	}
+	close(s->c.ev_fd);
+	free(s);
+}
+
+static int
+ssl_print_text(SSL* ssl, const char* text)
+{
+	int r;
+	if(!ssl) 
+		return 0;
+	ERR_clear_error();
+	if((r=SSL_write(ssl, text, (int)strlen(text))) <= 0) {
+		if(SSL_get_error(ssl, r) == SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN) {
+			VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_WARNING, "in SSL_write, peer "
+				"closed connection"));
+			return 0;
+		}
+		log_crypto_err("could not SSL_write");
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** print text over the ssl connection */
+static int
+ssl_print_vmsg(SSL* ssl, const char* format, va_list args)
+{
+	char msg[1024];
+	vsnprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), format, args);
+	return ssl_print_text(ssl, msg);
+}
+
+/** printf style printing to the ssl connection */
+static int
+ssl_printf(SSL* ssl, const char* format, ...)
+{
+	va_list args;
+	int ret;
+	va_start(args, format);
+	ret = ssl_print_vmsg(ssl, format, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int
+ssl_read_line(SSL* ssl, char* buf, size_t max)
+{
+	int r;
+	size_t len = 0;
+	if(!ssl)
+		return 0;
+	while(len < max) {
+		ERR_clear_error();
+		if((r=SSL_read(ssl, buf+len, 1)) <= 0) {
+			if(SSL_get_error(ssl, r) == SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN) {
+				buf[len] = 0;
+				return 1;
+			}
+			log_crypto_err("could not SSL_read");
+			return 0;
+		}
+		if(buf[len] == '\n') {
+			/* return string without \n */
+			buf[len] = 0;
+			return 1;
+		}
+		len++;
+	}
+	buf[max-1] = 0;
+	log_msg(LOG_ERR, "control line too long (%d): %s", (int)max, buf);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** skip whitespace, return new pointer into string */
+static char*
+skipwhite(char* str)
+{
+	/* EOS \0 is not a space */
+	while( isspace(*str) ) 
+		str++;
+	return str;
+}
+
+/** send the OK to the control client */
+static void
+send_ok(SSL* ssl)
+{
+	(void)ssl_printf(ssl, "ok\n");
+}
+
+/** get zone argument (if any) or NULL, false on error */
+static int
+get_zone_arg(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, char* arg,
+	zone_options_t** zo)
+{
+	const dname_type* dname;
+	if(!arg[0]) {
+		/* no argument present, return NULL */
+		*zo = NULL;
+		return 1;
+	}
+	dname = dname_parse(xfrd->region, arg);
+	if(!dname) {
+		ssl_printf(ssl, "error cannot parse zone name '%s'\n", arg);
+		*zo = NULL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+	*zo = zone_options_find(xfrd->nsd->options, dname);
+	region_recycle(xfrd->region, (void*)dname, dname_total_size(dname));
+	if(!*zo) {
+		ssl_printf(ssl, "error zone %s not configured\n", arg);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** do the stop command */
+static void
+do_stop(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
+{
+	xfrd->need_to_send_shutdown = 1;
+
+	if(!(xfrd->ipc_handler_flags&EV_WRITE)) {
+		ipc_xfrd_set_listening(xfrd, EV_PERSIST|EV_READ|EV_WRITE);
+	}
+
+	send_ok(ssl);
+}
+
+/** do the log_reopen command, it only needs reload_now */
+static void
+do_log_reopen(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
+{
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+	send_ok(ssl);
+}
+
+/** do the reload command */
+static void
+do_reload(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, char* arg)
+{
+	zone_options_t* zo;
+	if(!get_zone_arg(ssl, xfrd, arg, &zo))
+		return;
+	task_new_check_zonefiles(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+		xfrd->last_task, zo?(const dname_type*)zo->node.key:NULL);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+	send_ok(ssl);
+}
+
+/** do the write command */
+static void
+do_write(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, char* arg)
+{
+	zone_options_t* zo;
+	if(!get_zone_arg(ssl, xfrd, arg, &zo))
+		return;
+	task_new_write_zonefiles(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+		xfrd->last_task, zo?(const dname_type*)zo->node.key:NULL);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+	send_ok(ssl);
+}
+
+/** do the notify command */
+static void
+do_notify(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, char* arg)
+{
+	zone_options_t* zo;
+	if(!get_zone_arg(ssl, xfrd, arg, &zo))
+		return;
+	if(zo) {
+		struct notify_zone_t* n = (struct notify_zone_t*)rbtree_search(
+			xfrd->notify_zones, (const dname_type*)zo->node.key);
+		if(n) {
+			xfrd_notify_start(n);
+			send_ok(ssl);
+		} else {
+			ssl_printf(ssl, "error zone does not have notify\n");
+		}
+	} else {
+		struct notify_zone_t* n;
+		RBTREE_FOR(n, struct notify_zone_t*, xfrd->notify_zones) {
+			xfrd_notify_start(n);
+		}
+		send_ok(ssl);
+	}
+}
+
+/** do the transfer command */
+static void
+do_transfer(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, char* arg)
+{
+	zone_options_t* zo;
+	xfrd_zone_t* zone;
+	if(!get_zone_arg(ssl, xfrd, arg, &zo))
+		return;
+	if(zo) {
+		zone = (xfrd_zone_t*)rbtree_search(xfrd->zones, (const
+			dname_type*)zo->node.key);
+		if(zone) {
+			xfrd_handle_notify_and_start_xfr(zone, NULL);
+			send_ok(ssl);
+		} else {
+			ssl_printf(ssl, "error zone not slave\n");
+		}
+	} else {
+		RBTREE_FOR(zone, xfrd_zone_t*, xfrd->zones) {
+			xfrd_handle_notify_and_start_xfr(zone, NULL);
+		}
+		ssl_printf(ssl, "ok, %u zones\n", (unsigned)xfrd->zones->count);
+	}
+}
+
+/** force transfer a zone */
+static void
+force_transfer_zone(xfrd_zone_t* zone)
+{
+	/* if in TCP transaction, stop it immediately. */
+	if(zone->tcp_conn != -1)
+		xfrd_tcp_release(xfrd->tcp_set, zone);
+	else if(zone->zone_handler.ev_fd != -1)
+		xfrd_udp_release(zone);
+	/* pretend we not longer have it and force any
+	 * zone to be downloaded (even same serial, w AXFR) */
+	zone->soa_disk_acquired = 0;
+	xfrd_handle_notify_and_start_xfr(zone, NULL);
+}
+
+/** do the force transfer command */
+static void
+do_force_transfer(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, char* arg)
+{
+	zone_options_t* zo;
+	xfrd_zone_t* zone;
+	if(!get_zone_arg(ssl, xfrd, arg, &zo))
+		return;
+	if(zo) {
+		zone = (xfrd_zone_t*)rbtree_search(xfrd->zones, (const
+			dname_type*)zo->node.key);
+		if(zone) {
+			force_transfer_zone(zone);
+			send_ok(ssl);
+		} else {
+			ssl_printf(ssl, "error zone not slave\n");
+		}
+	} else {
+		RBTREE_FOR(zone, xfrd_zone_t*, xfrd->zones) {
+			force_transfer_zone(zone);
+		}
+		ssl_printf(ssl, "ok, %u zones\n", (unsigned)xfrd->zones->count);
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+print_soa_status(SSL* ssl, const char* str, xfrd_soa_t* soa, time_t acq)
+{
+	if(acq) {
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	%s: \"%u since %s\"\n", str,
+			(unsigned)ntohl(soa->serial), xfrd_pretty_time(acq)))
+			return 0;
+	} else {
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	%s: none\n", str))
+			return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** print zonestatus for one domain */
+static int
+print_zonestatus(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, zone_options_t* zo)
+{
+	xfrd_zone_t* xz = (xfrd_zone_t*)rbtree_search(xfrd->zones,
+		(const dname_type*)zo->node.key);
+	struct notify_zone_t* nz = (struct notify_zone_t*)rbtree_search(
+		xfrd->notify_zones, (const dname_type*)zo->node.key);
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "zone:	%s\n", zo->name))
+		return 0;
+	if(!zo->part_of_config) {
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	pattern: %s\n", zo->pattern->pname))
+			return 0;
+	}
+	if(nz) {
+		if(nz->is_waiting) {
+			if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	notify: \"waiting-for-fd\"\n"))
+				return 0;
+		} else if(nz->notify_send_enable) {
+			if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	notify: \"sent try %d "
+				"to %s with serial %u\"\n", nz->notify_retry,
+				nz->notify_current->ip_address_spec,
+				(unsigned)ntohl(nz->current_soa->serial)))
+				return 0;
+		}
+	}
+	if(!xz) {
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	state: master\n"))
+			return 0;
+		return 1;
+	}
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	state: %s\n",
+		(xz->state == xfrd_zone_ok)?"ok":(
+		(xz->state == xfrd_zone_expired)?"expired":"refreshing")))
+		return 0;
+	if(!print_soa_status(ssl, "served-serial", &xz->soa_nsd,
+		xz->soa_nsd_acquired))
+		return 0;
+	if(!print_soa_status(ssl, "commit-serial", &xz->soa_disk,
+		xz->soa_disk_acquired))
+		return 0;
+	if(xz->round_num != -1) {
+		if(!print_soa_status(ssl, "notified-serial", &xz->soa_notified,
+			xz->soa_notified_acquired))
+			return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* UDP */
+	if(xz->udp_waiting) {
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	transfer: \"waiting-for-UDP-fd\"\n"))
+			return 0;
+	} else if(xz->zone_handler.ev_fd != -1 && xz->tcp_conn == -1) {
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	transfer: \"sent UDP to %s\"\n",
+			xz->master->ip_address_spec))
+			return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* TCP */
+	if(xz->tcp_waiting) {
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	transfer: \"waiting-for-TCP-fd\"\n"))
+			return 0;
+	} else if(xz->tcp_conn != -1) {
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "	transfer: \"TCP connected to %s\"\n",
+			xz->master->ip_address_spec))
+			return 0;
+	}
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** do the zonestatus command */
+static void
+do_zonestatus(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, char* arg)
+{
+	zone_options_t* zo;
+	if(!get_zone_arg(ssl, xfrd, arg, &zo))
+		return;
+	if(zo) (void)print_zonestatus(ssl, xfrd, zo);
+	else {
+		RBTREE_FOR(zo, zone_options_t*,
+			xfrd->nsd->options->zone_options) {
+			if(!print_zonestatus(ssl, xfrd, zo))
+				return;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/** do the verbosity command */
+static void
+do_verbosity(SSL* ssl, char* str)
+{
+	int val = atoi(str);
+	if(strcmp(str, "") == 0) {
+		ssl_printf(ssl, "verbosity %d\n", verbosity);
+		return;
+	}
+	if(val == 0 && strcmp(str, "0") != 0) {
+		ssl_printf(ssl, "error in verbosity number syntax: %s\n", str);
+		return;
+	}
+	verbosity = val;
+	task_new_set_verbosity(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+		xfrd->last_task, val);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+	send_ok(ssl);
+}
+
+/** find second argument, modifies string */
+static int
+find_arg2(SSL* ssl, char* arg, char** arg2)
+{
+	char* as = strrchr(arg, ' ');
+	if(as) {
+		as[0]=0;
+		*arg2 = as+1;
+		while(isspace(*as) && as > arg)
+			as--;
+		as[0]=0;
+		return 1;
+	}
+	ssl_printf(ssl, "error could not find next argument "
+		"after %s\n", arg);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** do the status command */
+static void
+do_status(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
+{
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "version: %s\n", PACKAGE_VERSION))
+		return;
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "verbosity: %d\n", verbosity))
+		return;
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "ratelimit: %d\n",
+		(int)xfrd->nsd->options->rrl_ratelimit))
+		return;
+#else
+	(void)xfrd;
+#endif
+}
+
+/** do the stats command */
+static void
+do_stats(struct daemon_remote* rc, int peek, struct rc_state* rs)
+{
+#ifdef BIND8_STATS
+	/* queue up to get stats after a reload is done (to gather statistics
+	 * from the servers) */
+	assert(!rs->in_stats_list);
+	if(peek) rs->in_stats_list = 2;
+	else	rs->in_stats_list = 1;
+	rs->stats_next = rc->stats_list;
+	rc->stats_list = rs;
+	/* block the tcp waiting for the reload */
+	event_del(&rs->c);
+	rs->event_added = 0;
+	/* force a reload */
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+#else
+	(void)rc; (void)peek;
+	(void)ssl_printf(rs->ssl, "error no stats enabled at compile time\n");
+#endif /* BIND8_STATS */
+}
+
+/** do the addzone command */
+static void
+do_addzone(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, char* arg)
+{
+	zone_options_t* zopt;
+	char* arg2 = NULL;
+	if(!find_arg2(ssl, arg, &arg2))
+		return;
+
+	/* if we add it to the xfrd now, then xfrd could download AXFR and
+	 * store it and the NSD-reload would see it in the difffile before
+	 * it sees the add-config task.
+	 */
+	/* thus: AXFRs and IXFRs must store the pattern name in the
+	 * difffile, so that it can be added when the AXFR or IXFR is seen.
+	 */
+
+	/* check that the pattern exists */
+	if(!rbtree_search(xfrd->nsd->options->patterns, arg2)) {
+		(void)ssl_printf(ssl, "error pattern does not exist\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* add to zonelist and adds to config in memory */
+	zopt = zone_list_add(xfrd->nsd->options, arg, arg2);
+	if(!zopt) {
+		/* also dname parse error here */
+		(void)ssl_printf(ssl, "error could not add zonelist entry\n");
+		return;
+	}
+	/* make addzone task and schedule reload */
+	task_new_add_zone(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+		xfrd->last_task, arg, arg2);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+	/* add to xfrd - notify (for master and slaves) */
+	init_notify_send(xfrd->notify_zones, xfrd->region, zopt);
+	/* add to xfrd - slave */
+	if(zone_is_slave(zopt)) {
+		xfrd_init_slave_zone(xfrd, zopt);
+	}
+
+	send_ok(ssl);
+}
+
+/** do the delzone command */
+static void
+do_delzone(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, char* arg)
+{
+	const dname_type* dname;
+	zone_options_t* zopt;
+
+	dname = dname_parse(xfrd->region, arg);
+	if(!dname) {
+		(void)ssl_printf(ssl, "error cannot parse zone name\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* see if we have the zone in question */
+	zopt = zone_options_find(xfrd->nsd->options, dname);
+	if(!zopt) {
+		region_recycle(xfrd->region, (void*)dname,
+			dname_total_size(dname));
+		/* nothing to do */
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "warning zone %s not present\n", arg))
+			return;
+		send_ok(ssl);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* see if it can be deleted */
+	if(zopt->part_of_config) {
+		region_recycle(xfrd->region, (void*)dname,
+			dname_total_size(dname));
+		(void)ssl_printf(ssl, "error zone defined in nsd.conf, "
+			"cannot delete it in this manner: remove it from "
+			"nsd.conf yourself and repattern\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* create deletion task */
+	task_new_del_zone(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+		xfrd->last_task, dname);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+	/* delete it in xfrd */
+	if(zone_is_slave(zopt)) {
+		xfrd_del_slave_zone(xfrd, dname);
+	}
+	xfrd_del_notify(xfrd, dname);
+	/* delete from config */
+	zone_list_del(xfrd->nsd->options, zopt);
+
+	region_recycle(xfrd->region, (void*)dname, dname_total_size(dname));
+	send_ok(ssl);
+}
+
+/** remove TSIG key from config and add task so that reload does too */
+static void remove_key(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, const char* kname)
+{
+	/* add task before deletion because the name string could be deleted */
+	task_new_del_key(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask], xfrd->last_task,
+		kname);
+	key_options_remove(xfrd->nsd->options, kname);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd); /* this is executed when the current control
+		command ends, thus the entire config changes are bunched up */
+}
+
+/** add TSIG key to config and add task so that reload does too */
+static void add_key(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, key_options_t* k)
+{
+	key_options_add_modify(xfrd->nsd->options, k);
+	task_new_add_key(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask], xfrd->last_task,
+		k);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+}
+
+/** check if keys have changed */
+static void repat_keys(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, nsd_options_t* newopt)
+{
+	nsd_options_t* oldopt = xfrd->nsd->options;
+	key_options_t* k;
+	/* find deleted keys */
+	k = (key_options_t*)rbtree_first(oldopt->keys);
+	while((rbnode_t*)k != RBTREE_NULL) {
+		key_options_t* next = (key_options_t*)rbtree_next(
+			(rbnode_t*)k);
+		if(!key_options_find(newopt, k->name))
+			remove_key(xfrd, k->name);
+		k = next;
+	}
+	/* find added or changed keys */
+	RBTREE_FOR(k, key_options_t*, newopt->keys) {
+		key_options_t* origk = key_options_find(oldopt, k->name);
+		if(!origk)
+			add_key(xfrd, k);
+		else if(!key_options_equal(k, origk))
+			add_key(xfrd, k);
+	}
+}
+
+/** find zone given the implicit pattern */
+static const dname_type*
+parse_implicit_name(xfrd_state_t* xfrd,const char* pname)
+{
+	if(strncmp(pname, PATTERN_IMPLICIT_MARKER,
+		strlen(PATTERN_IMPLICIT_MARKER)) != 0)
+		return NULL;
+	return dname_parse(xfrd->region, pname +
+		strlen(PATTERN_IMPLICIT_MARKER));
+}
+
+/** remove cfgzone and add task so that reload does too */
+static void
+remove_cfgzone(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, const char* pname)
+{
+	/* dname and find the zone for the implicit pattern */
+	zone_options_t* zopt = NULL;
+	const dname_type* dname = parse_implicit_name(xfrd, pname);
+	if(!dname) {
+		/* should have a parseable name, but it did not */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* find the zone entry for the implicit pattern */
+	zopt = zone_options_find(xfrd->nsd->options, dname);
+	if(!zopt) {
+		/* this should not happen; implicit pattern has zone entry */
+		region_recycle(xfrd->region, (void*)dname,
+			dname_total_size(dname));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* create deletion task */
+	task_new_del_zone(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+		xfrd->last_task, dname);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+	/* delete it in xfrd */
+	if(zone_is_slave(zopt)) {
+		xfrd_del_slave_zone(xfrd, dname);
+	}
+	xfrd_del_notify(xfrd, dname);
+
+	/* delete from zoneoptions */
+	zone_options_delete(xfrd->nsd->options, zopt);
+
+	/* recycle parsed dname */
+	region_recycle(xfrd->region, (void*)dname, dname_total_size(dname));
+}
+
+/** add cfgzone and add task so that reload does too */
+static void
+add_cfgzone(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, const char* pname)
+{
+	/* add to our zonelist */
+	zone_options_t* zopt = zone_options_create(xfrd->nsd->options->region);
+	if(!zopt)
+		return;
+	zopt->part_of_config = 1;
+	zopt->name = region_strdup(xfrd->nsd->options->region, 
+		pname + strlen(PATTERN_IMPLICIT_MARKER));
+	zopt->pattern = pattern_options_find(xfrd->nsd->options, pname);
+	if(!zopt->name || !zopt->pattern)
+		return;
+	if(!nsd_options_insert_zone(xfrd->nsd->options, zopt)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "bad domain name or duplicate zone '%s' "
+			"pattern %s", zopt->name, pname);
+	}
+
+	/* make addzone task and schedule reload */
+	task_new_add_zone(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+		xfrd->last_task, zopt->name, pname);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+	/* add to xfrd - notify (for master and slaves) */
+	init_notify_send(xfrd->notify_zones, xfrd->region, zopt);
+	/* add to xfrd - slave */
+	if(zone_is_slave(zopt)) {
+		xfrd_init_slave_zone(xfrd, zopt);
+	}
+}
+
+/** remove pattern and add task so that reload does too */
+static void
+remove_pat(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, const char* name)
+{
+	/* add task before deletion, because name-string could be deleted */
+	task_new_del_pattern(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+		xfrd->last_task, name);
+	pattern_options_remove(xfrd->nsd->options, name);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+}
+
+/** add pattern and add task so that reload does too */
+static void
+add_pat(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, pattern_options_t* p)
+{
+	pattern_options_add_modify(xfrd->nsd->options, p);
+	task_new_add_pattern(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+		xfrd->last_task, p);
+	xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+}
+
+/** interrupt zones that are using changed or removed patterns */
+static void
+repat_interrupt_zones(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, nsd_options_t* newopt)
+{
+	/* if masterlist changed:
+	 *   interrupt slave zone (UDP or TCP) transfers.
+	 *   slave zones reset master to start of list.
+	 */
+	xfrd_zone_t* xz;
+	struct notify_zone_t* nz;
+	RBTREE_FOR(xz, xfrd_zone_t*, xfrd->zones) {
+		pattern_options_t* oldp = xz->zone_options->pattern;
+		pattern_options_t* newp = pattern_options_find(newopt,
+			oldp->pname);
+		if(!newp || !acl_list_equal(oldp->request_xfr,
+			newp->request_xfr)) {
+			/* interrupt transfer */
+			if(xz->tcp_conn != -1) {
+				xfrd_tcp_release(xfrd->tcp_set, xz);
+				xfrd_set_refresh_now(xz);
+			} else if(xz->zone_handler.ev_fd != -1) {
+				xfrd_udp_release(xz);
+				xfrd_set_refresh_now(xz);
+			}
+			xz->master = 0;
+			xz->master_num = 0;
+			xz->next_master = -1;
+			xz->round_num = 0; /* fresh set of retries */
+		}
+	}
+	/* if notify list changed:
+	 *   interrupt notify that is busy.
+	 *   reset notify to start of list.  (clear all other reset_notify)
+	 */
+	RBTREE_FOR(nz, struct notify_zone_t*, xfrd->notify_zones) {
+		pattern_options_t* oldp = nz->options->pattern;
+		pattern_options_t* newp = pattern_options_find(newopt,
+			oldp->pname);
+		if(!newp || !acl_list_equal(oldp->notify, newp->notify)) {
+			/* interrupt notify */
+			if(nz->notify_send_enable) {
+				notify_disable(nz);
+				/* set to restart the notify after the
+				 * pattern has been changed. */
+				nz->notify_restart = 2;
+			} else {
+				nz->notify_restart = 1;
+			}
+		} else {
+			nz->notify_restart = 0;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/** for notify, after the pattern changes, restart the affected notifies */
+static void
+repat_interrupt_notify_start(xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
+{
+	struct notify_zone_t* nz;
+	RBTREE_FOR(nz, struct notify_zone_t*, xfrd->notify_zones) {
+		if(nz->notify_restart) {
+			if(nz->notify_current)
+				nz->notify_current = nz->options->pattern->notify;
+			if(nz->notify_restart == 2) {
+				if(nz->notify_restart)
+					xfrd_notify_start(nz);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/** check if patterns have changed */
+static void
+repat_patterns(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, nsd_options_t* newopt)
+{
+	/* zones that use changed patterns must have:
+	 * - their AXFR/IXFR interrupted: try again, acl may have changed.
+	 *   if the old master/key still exists, OK, fix master-numptrs and
+	 *   keep going.  Otherwise, stop xfer and reset TSIG.
+	 * - send NOTIFY reset to start of NOTIFY list (and TSIG reset).
+	 */
+	nsd_options_t* oldopt = xfrd->nsd->options;
+	pattern_options_t* p;
+	int search_zones = 0;
+
+	repat_interrupt_zones(xfrd, newopt);
+	/* find deleted patterns */
+	p = (pattern_options_t*)rbtree_first(oldopt->patterns);
+	while((rbnode_t*)p != RBTREE_NULL) {
+		pattern_options_t* next = (pattern_options_t*)rbtree_next(
+			(rbnode_t*)p);
+		if(!pattern_options_find(newopt, p->pname)) {
+			if(p->implicit) {
+				/* first remove its zone */
+				VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO, "zone removed from config: %s", p->pname + strlen(PATTERN_IMPLICIT_MARKER)));
+				remove_cfgzone(xfrd, p->pname);
+			}
+			remove_pat(xfrd, p->pname);
+		}
+		p = next;
+	}
+	/* find added or changed patterns */
+	RBTREE_FOR(p, pattern_options_t*, newopt->patterns) {
+		pattern_options_t* origp = pattern_options_find(oldopt,
+			p->pname);
+		if(!origp) {
+			/* no zones can use it, no zone_interrupt needed */
+			add_pat(xfrd, p);
+			if(p->implicit) {
+				VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO, "zone added to config: %s", p->pname + strlen(PATTERN_IMPLICIT_MARKER)));
+				add_cfgzone(xfrd, p->pname);
+			}
+		} else if(!pattern_options_equal(p, origp)) {
+			uint8_t newstate = 0;
+			if (p->request_xfr && !origp->request_xfr) {
+				newstate = REPAT_SLAVE;
+			} else if (!p->request_xfr && origp->request_xfr) {
+				newstate = REPAT_MASTER;
+			}
+			add_pat(xfrd, p);
+			if (p->implicit && newstate) {
+				const dname_type* dname =
+					parse_implicit_name(xfrd, p->pname);
+				if (dname) {
+					if (newstate == REPAT_SLAVE) {
+						zone_options_t* zopt =
+							zone_options_find(
+							oldopt, dname);
+						if (zopt) {
+							xfrd_init_slave_zone(
+								xfrd, zopt);
+						}
+					} else if (newstate == REPAT_MASTER) {
+						xfrd_del_slave_zone(xfrd,
+							dname);
+					}
+					region_recycle(xfrd->region,
+						(void*)dname,
+						dname_total_size(dname));
+				}
+			} else if(!p->implicit && newstate) {
+				/* search all zones with this pattern */
+				search_zones = 1;
+				origp->xfrd_flags = newstate;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (search_zones) {
+		zone_options_t* zone_opt;
+		/* search in oldopt because 1) it contains zonelist zones,
+		 * and 2) you need oldopt(existing) to call xfrd_init */
+		RBTREE_FOR(zone_opt, zone_options_t*, oldopt->zone_options) {
+			pattern_options_t* oldp = zone_opt->pattern;
+			if (!oldp->implicit) {
+				if (oldp->xfrd_flags == REPAT_SLAVE) {
+					/* xfrd needs stable reference so get
+					 * it from the oldopt(modified) tree */
+					xfrd_init_slave_zone(xfrd, zone_opt);
+				} else if (oldp->xfrd_flags == REPAT_MASTER) {
+					xfrd_del_slave_zone(xfrd,
+						(const dname_type*)
+						zone_opt->node.key);
+				}
+				oldp->xfrd_flags = 0;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	repat_interrupt_notify_start(xfrd);
+}
+
+/** true if options are different that can be set via repat. */
+static int
+repat_options_changed(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, nsd_options_t* newopt)
+{
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+	if(xfrd->nsd->options->rrl_ratelimit != newopt->rrl_ratelimit)
+		return 1;
+	if(xfrd->nsd->options->rrl_whitelist_ratelimit != newopt->rrl_whitelist_ratelimit)
+		return 1;
+	if(xfrd->nsd->options->rrl_slip != newopt->rrl_slip)
+		return 1;
+#else
+	(void)xfrd; (void)newopt;
+#endif
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** check if global options have changed */
+static void
+repat_options(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, nsd_options_t* newopt)
+{
+	if(repat_options_changed(xfrd, newopt)) {
+		/* update our options */
+#ifdef RATELIMIT
+		xfrd->nsd->options->rrl_ratelimit = newopt->rrl_ratelimit;
+		xfrd->nsd->options->rrl_whitelist_ratelimit = newopt->rrl_whitelist_ratelimit;
+		xfrd->nsd->options->rrl_slip = newopt->rrl_slip;
+#endif
+		task_new_opt_change(xfrd->nsd->task[xfrd->nsd->mytask],
+			xfrd->last_task, newopt);
+		xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd);
+	}
+}
+
+/** print errors over ssl, gets pointer-to-pointer to ssl, so it can set
+ * the pointer to NULL on failure and stop printing */
+static void
+print_ssl_cfg_err(void* arg, const char* str)
+{
+	SSL** ssl = (SSL**)arg;
+	if(!*ssl) return;
+	if(!ssl_printf(*ssl, "%s", str))
+		*ssl = NULL; /* failed, stop printing */
+}
+
+/** do the repattern command: reread config file and apply keys, patterns */
+static void
+do_repattern(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
+{
+	region_type* region = region_create(xalloc, free);
+	nsd_options_t* opt;
+	const char* cfgfile = xfrd->nsd->options->configfile;
+
+	/* check chroot and configfile, if possible to reread */
+	if(xfrd->nsd->chrootdir) {
+		size_t l = strlen(xfrd->nsd->chrootdir);
+		while(l>0 && xfrd->nsd->chrootdir[l-1] == '/')
+			--l;
+		if(strncmp(xfrd->nsd->chrootdir, cfgfile, l) != 0) {
+			ssl_printf(ssl, "error %s is not relative to %s: "
+				"chroot prevents reread of config\n",
+				cfgfile, xfrd->nsd->chrootdir);
+			region_destroy(region);
+			return;
+		}
+		cfgfile += l;
+	}
+
+	ssl_printf(ssl, "reconfig start, read %s\n", cfgfile);
+	opt = nsd_options_create(region);
+	if(!parse_options_file(opt, cfgfile, &print_ssl_cfg_err, &ssl)) {
+		/* error already printed */
+		region_destroy(region);
+		return;
+	}
+	/* check for differences in TSIG keys and patterns, and apply,
+	 * first the keys, so that pattern->keyptr can be set right. */
+	repat_keys(xfrd, opt);
+	repat_patterns(xfrd, opt);
+	repat_options(xfrd, opt);
+	send_ok(ssl);
+	region_destroy(region);
+}
+
+/** do the serverpid command: printout pid of server process */
+static void
+do_serverpid(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
+{
+	(void)ssl_printf(ssl, "%u\n", (unsigned)xfrd->reload_pid);
+}
+
+/** check for name with end-of-string, space or tab after it */
+static int
+cmdcmp(char* p, const char* cmd, size_t len)
+{
+	return strncmp(p,cmd,len)==0 && (p[len]==0||p[len]==' '||p[len]=='\t');
+}
+
+/** execute a remote control command */
+static void
+execute_cmd(struct daemon_remote* rc, SSL* ssl, char* cmd, struct rc_state* rs)
+{
+	char* p = skipwhite(cmd);
+	/* compare command */
+	if(cmdcmp(p, "stop", 4)) {
+		do_stop(ssl, rc->xfrd);
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "reload", 6)) {
+		do_reload(ssl, rc->xfrd, skipwhite(p+6));
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "write", 5)) {
+		do_write(ssl, rc->xfrd, skipwhite(p+5));
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "status", 6)) {
+		do_status(ssl, rc->xfrd);
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "stats_noreset", 13)) {
+		do_stats(rc, 1, rs);
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "stats", 5)) {
+		do_stats(rc, 0, rs);
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "log_reopen", 10)) {
+		do_log_reopen(ssl, rc->xfrd);
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "addzone", 7)) {
+		do_addzone(ssl, rc->xfrd, skipwhite(p+7));
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "delzone", 7)) {
+		do_delzone(ssl, rc->xfrd, skipwhite(p+7));
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "notify", 6)) {
+		do_notify(ssl, rc->xfrd, skipwhite(p+6));
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "transfer", 8)) {
+		do_transfer(ssl, rc->xfrd, skipwhite(p+8));
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "force_transfer", 14)) {
+		do_force_transfer(ssl, rc->xfrd, skipwhite(p+14));
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "zonestatus", 10)) {
+		do_zonestatus(ssl, rc->xfrd, skipwhite(p+10));
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "verbosity", 9)) {
+		do_verbosity(ssl, skipwhite(p+9));
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "repattern", 9)) {
+		do_repattern(ssl, rc->xfrd);
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "reconfig", 8)) {
+		do_repattern(ssl, rc->xfrd);
+	} else if(cmdcmp(p, "serverpid", 9)) {
+		do_serverpid(ssl, rc->xfrd);
+	} else {
+		(void)ssl_printf(ssl, "error unknown command '%s'\n", p);
+	}
+}
+
+/** handle remote control request */
+static void
+handle_req(struct daemon_remote* rc, struct rc_state* s, SSL* ssl)
+{
+	int r;
+	char pre[10];
+	char magic[8];
+	char buf[1024];
+	if (fcntl(s->c.ev_fd, F_SETFL, 0) == -1) { /* set blocking */
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "cannot fcntl rc: %s", strerror(errno));
+	}
+
+	/* try to read magic UBCT[version]_space_ string */
+	ERR_clear_error();
+	if((r=SSL_read(ssl, magic, (int)sizeof(magic)-1)) <= 0) {
+		if(SSL_get_error(ssl, r) == SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN)
+			return;
+		log_crypto_err("could not SSL_read");
+		return;
+	}
+	magic[7] = 0;
+	if( r != 7 || strncmp(magic, "NSDCT", 5) != 0) {
+		VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "control connection has bad header"));
+		/* probably wrong tool connected, ignore it completely */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* read the command line */
+	if(!ssl_read_line(ssl, buf, sizeof(buf))) {
+		return;
+	}
+	snprintf(pre, sizeof(pre), "NSDCT%d ", NSD_CONTROL_VERSION);
+	if(strcmp(magic, pre) != 0) {
+		VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "control connection had bad "
+			"version %s, cmd: %s", magic, buf));
+		ssl_printf(ssl, "error version mismatch\n");
+		return;
+	}
+	VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "control cmd: %s", buf));
+
+	/* figure out what to do */
+	execute_cmd(rc, ssl, buf, s);
+}
+
+static void
+remote_control_callback(int fd, short event, void* arg)
+{
+	struct rc_state* s = (struct rc_state*)arg;
+	struct daemon_remote* rc = s->rc;
+	int r;
+	if( (event&EV_TIMEOUT) ) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "remote control timed out");
+		clean_point(rc, s);
+		return;
+	}
+	/* (continue to) setup the SSL connection */
+	ERR_clear_error();
+	r = SSL_do_handshake(s->ssl);
+	if(r != 1) {
+		int r2 = SSL_get_error(s->ssl, r);
+		if(r2 == SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
+			if(s->shake_state == rc_hs_read) {
+				/* try again later */
+				return;
+			}
+			s->shake_state = rc_hs_read;
+			event_del(&s->c);
+			event_set(&s->c, fd, EV_PERSIST|EV_TIMEOUT|EV_READ,
+				remote_control_callback, s);
+			if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &s->c) != 0)
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "remote_accept: cannot set event_base");
+			if(event_add(&s->c, &s->tval) != 0)
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "remote_accept: cannot add event");
+			return;
+		} else if(r2 == SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE) {
+			if(s->shake_state == rc_hs_write) {
+				/* try again later */
+				return;
+			}
+			s->shake_state = rc_hs_write;
+			event_del(&s->c);
+			event_set(&s->c, fd, EV_PERSIST|EV_TIMEOUT|EV_WRITE,
+				remote_control_callback, s);
+			if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &s->c) != 0)
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "remote_accept: cannot set event_base");
+			if(event_add(&s->c, &s->tval) != 0)
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "remote_accept: cannot add event");
+			return;
+		} else {
+			if(r == 0)
+				log_msg(LOG_ERR, "remote control connection closed prematurely");
+			log_crypto_err("remote control failed ssl");
+			clean_point(rc, s);
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	s->shake_state = rc_none;
+
+	/* once handshake has completed, check authentication */
+	if(SSL_get_verify_result(s->ssl) == X509_V_OK) {
+		X509* x = SSL_get_peer_certificate(s->ssl);
+		if(!x) {
+			VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "remote control connection "
+				"provided no client certificate"));
+			clean_point(rc, s);
+			return;
+		}
+		VERBOSITY(3, (LOG_INFO, "remote control connection authenticated"));
+		X509_free(x);
+	} else {
+		VERBOSITY(2, (LOG_INFO, "remote control connection failed to "
+			"authenticate with client certificate"));
+		clean_point(rc, s);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* if OK start to actually handle the request */
+	handle_req(rc, s, s->ssl);
+
+	if(!s->in_stats_list) {
+		VERBOSITY(3, (LOG_INFO, "remote control operation completed"));
+		clean_point(rc, s);
+	}
+}
+
+#ifdef BIND8_STATS
+static const char*
+opcode2str(int o)
+{
+	switch(o) {
+		case OPCODE_QUERY: return "QUERY";
+		case OPCODE_IQUERY: return "IQUERY";
+		case OPCODE_STATUS: return "STATUS";
+		case OPCODE_NOTIFY: return "NOTIFY";
+		case OPCODE_UPDATE: return "UPDATE";
+		default: return "OTHER";
+	}
+}
+
+/** print long number */
+static int
+print_longnum(SSL* ssl, char* desc, uint64_t x)
+{
+	if(x > (uint64_t)1024*1024*1024) {
+		/* more than a Gb */
+		size_t front = (size_t)(x / (uint64_t)1000000);
+		size_t back = (size_t)(x % (uint64_t)1000000);
+		return ssl_printf(ssl, "%s%u%6.6u\n", desc, 
+			(unsigned)front, (unsigned)back);
+	} else {
+		return ssl_printf(ssl, "%s%u\n", desc, (unsigned)x);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+print_stats(SSL* ssl, xfrd_state_t* xfrd, struct timeval* now)
+{
+	const char* rcstr[] = {"NOERROR", "FORMERR", "SERVFAIL", "NXDOMAIN",
+	    "NOTIMP", "REFUSED", "YXDOMAIN", "YXRRSET", "NXRRSET", "NOTAUTH",
+	    "NOTZONE", "RCODE11", "RCODE12", "RCODE13", "RCODE14", "RCODE15",
+	    "BADVERS"
+	};
+	size_t i;
+	stc_t total = 0;
+	struct timeval elapsed, uptime;
+
+	/* per CPU and total */
+	for(i=0; i<xfrd->nsd->child_count; i++) {
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "server%d.queries=%u\n", (int)i,
+			(unsigned)xfrd->nsd->children[i].query_count))
+			return;
+		total += xfrd->nsd->children[i].query_count;
+	}
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.queries=%u\n", (unsigned)total))
+		return;
+
+	/* time elapsed and uptime (in seconds) */
+	timeval_subtract(&uptime, now, &xfrd->nsd->rc->boot_time);
+	timeval_subtract(&elapsed, now, &xfrd->nsd->rc->stats_time);
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "time.boot=%u.%6.6u\n",
+		(unsigned)uptime.tv_sec, (unsigned)uptime.tv_usec))
+		return;
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "time.elapsed=%u.%6.6u\n",
+		(unsigned)elapsed.tv_sec, (unsigned)elapsed.tv_usec))
+		return;
+
+	/* mem info, database on disksize */
+	if(!print_longnum(ssl, "size.db.disk=", xfrd->nsd->st.db_disk))
+		return;
+	if(!print_longnum(ssl, "size.db.mem=", xfrd->nsd->st.db_mem))
+		return;
+	if(!print_longnum(ssl, "size.xfrd.mem=", region_get_mem(xfrd->region)))
+		return;
+	if(!print_longnum(ssl, "size.config.disk=", 
+		xfrd->nsd->options->zonelist_off))
+		return;
+	if(!print_longnum(ssl, "size.config.mem=", region_get_mem(
+		xfrd->nsd->options->region)))
+		return;
+
+	for(i=0; i<= 255; i++) {
+		if(inhibit_zero && xfrd->nsd->st.qtype[i] == 0 &&
+			strncmp(rrtype_to_string(i), "TYPE", 4) == 0)
+			continue;
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.type.%s=%u\n", 
+			rrtype_to_string(i), (unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.qtype[i]))
+			return;
+	}
+
+	/* opcode */
+	for(i=0; i<6; i++) {
+		if(inhibit_zero && xfrd->nsd->st.opcode[i] == 0 &&
+			i != OPCODE_QUERY)
+			continue;
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.opcode.%s=%u\n", opcode2str(i),
+			(unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.opcode[i]))
+			return;
+	}
+
+	/* qclass */
+	for(i=0; i<4; i++) {
+		if(inhibit_zero && xfrd->nsd->st.qclass[i] == 0 &&
+			i != CLASS_IN)
+			continue;
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.class.%s=%u\n", rrclass_to_string(i),
+			(unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.qclass[i]))
+			return;
+	}
+
+	/* rcode */
+	for(i=0; i<17; i++) {
+		if(inhibit_zero && xfrd->nsd->st.rcode[i] == 0 &&
+			i > RCODE_YXDOMAIN) /* NSD does not use larger */
+			continue;
+		if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.rcode.%s=%u\n", rcstr[i],
+			(unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.rcode[i]))
+			return;
+	}
+
+	/* edns */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.edns=%u\n", (unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.edns))
+		return;
+
+	/* ednserr */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.ednserr=%u\n",
+		(unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.ednserr))
+		return;
+
+	/* qudp */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.udp=%u\n", (unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.qudp))
+		return;
+	/* qudp6 */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.udp6=%u\n", (unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.qudp6))
+		return;
+	/* ctcp */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.tcp=%u\n", (unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.ctcp))
+		return;
+	/* ctcp6 */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.tcp6=%u\n", (unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.ctcp6))
+		return;
+
+	/* nona */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.answer_wo_aa=%u\n",
+		(unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.nona))
+		return;
+
+	/* rxerr */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.rxerr=%u\n", (unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.rxerr))
+		return;
+
+	/* txerr */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.txerr=%u\n", (unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.txerr))
+		return;
+
+	/* number of requested-axfr, number of times axfr served to clients */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.raxfr=%u\n", (unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.raxfr))
+		return;
+
+	/* truncated */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.truncated=%u\n",
+		(unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.truncated))
+		return;
+
+	/* dropped */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "num.dropped=%u\n",
+		(unsigned)xfrd->nsd->st.dropped))
+		return;
+
+	/* zone statistics */
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "zone.master=%u\n",
+		(unsigned)(xfrd->notify_zones->count - xfrd->zones->count)))
+		return;
+	if(!ssl_printf(ssl, "zone.slave=%u\n", (unsigned)xfrd->zones->count))
+		return;
+}
+
+static void
+clear_stats(xfrd_state_t* xfrd)
+{
+	size_t i;
+	uint64_t dbd = xfrd->nsd->st.db_disk;
+	uint64_t dbm = xfrd->nsd->st.db_mem;
+	for(i=0; i<xfrd->nsd->child_count; i++) {
+		xfrd->nsd->children[i].query_count = 0;
+	}
+	memset(&xfrd->nsd->st, 0, sizeof(struct nsdst));
+	xfrd->nsd->st.db_disk = dbd;
+	xfrd->nsd->st.db_mem = dbm;
+}
+
+void
+daemon_remote_process_stats(struct daemon_remote* rc)
+{
+	struct rc_state* s;
+	struct timeval now;
+	if(!rc) return;
+	if(gettimeofday(&now, NULL) == -1)
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "gettimeofday: %s", strerror(errno));
+	/* pop one and give it stats */
+	while((s = rc->stats_list)) {
+		assert(s->in_stats_list);
+		print_stats(s->ssl, rc->xfrd, &now);
+		if(s->in_stats_list == 1) {
+			clear_stats(rc->xfrd);
+			rc->stats_time = now;
+		}
+		VERBOSITY(3, (LOG_INFO, "remote control stats printed"));
+		rc->stats_list = s->next;
+		s->in_stats_list = 0;
+		clean_point(rc, s);
+	}
+}
+#endif /* BIND8_STATS */
+
+#endif /* HAVE_SSL */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/remote.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/remote.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4317e1fec65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/remote.h
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/*
+ * remote.h - remote control for the NSD daemon.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This software is open source.
+ * 
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 
+ * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 
+ * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 
+ * Neither the name of the NLNET LABS nor the names of its contributors may
+ * be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+ * specific prior written permission.
+ * 
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+ * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+ * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+ * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+ * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * \file
+ *
+ * This file contains the remote control functionality for the daemon.
+ * The remote control can be performed using either the commandline
+ * nsd-control tool, or a SSLv3/TLS capable web browser. 
+ * The channel is secured using SSLv3 or TLSv1, and certificates.
+ * Both the server and the client(control tool) have their own keys.
+ */
+
+#ifndef DAEMON_REMOTE_H
+#define DAEMON_REMOTE_H
+struct xfrd_state;
+struct nsd_options;
+
+/* private, defined in remote.c to keep ssl.h out of this header */
+struct daemon_remote;
+struct rc_state;
+
+/* the remote control needs less backlog than the tcp53 service */
+#define TCP_BACKLOG_REMOTE 16 /* listen() tcp backlog */
+
+/**
+ * Create new remote control state for the daemon.
+ * Also setups the control port.
+ * @param cfg: config file with key file settings.
+ * @return new state, or NULL on failure.
+ */
+struct daemon_remote* daemon_remote_create(struct nsd_options* cfg);
+
+/**
+ * remote control state to delete.
+ * @param rc: state to delete.
+ */
+void daemon_remote_delete(struct daemon_remote* rc);
+
+/**
+ * Close remote control ports.  Clears up busy connections.
+ * Does not delete the rc itself, or the ssl context (with its keys).
+ * @param rc: state to close.
+ */
+void daemon_remote_close(struct daemon_remote* rc);
+
+/**
+ * Open and create listening ports for remote control.
+ * @param rc: rc state that contains list of accept port sockets.
+ * @param cfg: config options.
+ * @return false on failure.
+ */
+int daemon_remote_open_ports(struct daemon_remote* rc,
+	struct nsd_options* cfg);
+
+/**
+ * Setup comm points for accepting remote control connections.
+ * @param rc: state
+ * @param xfrd: the process that hosts the control connection.
+ *	The rc is attached to its event base.
+ */
+void daemon_remote_attach(struct daemon_remote* rc, struct xfrd_state* xfrd);
+
+/**
+ * Process statistic results and send them
+ * @param rc: state.
+ */
+void daemon_remote_process_stats(struct daemon_remote* rc);
+
+#endif /* DAEMON_REMOTE_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/rrl.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/rrl.h
index 48dbb53b8cb..1ffd841664b 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/rrl.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/rrl.h
@@ -72,5 +72,7 @@ enum rrl_type rrlstr2type(const char* s);
 /** for unit test, update rrl bucket; return rate */
 uint32_t rrl_update(query_type* query, uint32_t hash, uint64_t source,
 	uint16_t flags, int32_t now, uint32_t lm);
+/** set the rate limit counters, pass variables in qps */
+void rrl_set_limit(size_t lm, size_t wlm, size_t sm);
 
 #endif /* RRL_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig-openssl.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig-openssl.c
index 797f7fbf2ab..6795e750f1f 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig-openssl.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig-openssl.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * tsig-openssl.h -- Interface to OpenSSL for TSIG support.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig-openssl.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig-openssl.h
index 263c715b113..859c280c4c0 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig-openssl.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig-openssl.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * tsig-openssl.h -- Interface to OpenSSL for TSIG support.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig.c
index cf2872b563e..1844e98d9e1 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
- * tsig.h -- TSIG definitions (RFC 2845).
+ * tsig.c -- TSIG implementation (RFC 2845).
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -16,16 +16,18 @@
 #include "tsig-openssl.h"
 #include "dns.h"
 #include "packet.h"
+#include "query.h"
+#include "rbtree.h"
 
 static region_type *tsig_region;
 
 struct tsig_key_table
 {
-	struct tsig_key_table *next;
+	rbnode_t node; /* by dname */
 	tsig_key_type *key;
 };
 typedef struct tsig_key_table tsig_key_table_type;
-static tsig_key_table_type *tsig_key_table;
+static rbtree_t *tsig_key_table;
 
 struct tsig_algorithm_table
 {
@@ -83,11 +85,17 @@ tsig_digest_variables(tsig_record_type *tsig, int tsig_timers_only)
 	}
 }
 
+static int
+tree_dname_compare(const void* a, const void* b)
+{
+	return dname_compare((const dname_type*)a, (const dname_type*)b);
+}
+
 int
 tsig_init(region_type *region)
 {
 	tsig_region = region;
-	tsig_key_table = NULL;
+	tsig_key_table = rbtree_create(region, &tree_dname_compare);
 	tsig_algorithm_table = NULL;
 
 #if defined(HAVE_SSL)
@@ -99,11 +107,31 @@ tsig_init(region_type *region)
 void
 tsig_add_key(tsig_key_type *key)
 {
-	tsig_key_table_type *entry = (tsig_key_table_type *) region_alloc(
+	tsig_key_table_type *entry = (tsig_key_table_type *) region_alloc_zero(
 		tsig_region, sizeof(tsig_key_table_type));
 	entry->key = key;
-	entry->next = tsig_key_table;
-	tsig_key_table = entry;
+	entry->node.key = entry->key->name;
+	(void)rbtree_insert(tsig_key_table, &entry->node);
+}
+
+void
+tsig_del_key(tsig_key_type *key)
+{
+	tsig_key_table_type *entry;
+	if(!key) return;
+	entry = (tsig_key_table_type*)rbtree_delete(tsig_key_table, key->name);
+	if(!entry) return;
+	region_recycle(tsig_region, entry, sizeof(tsig_key_table_type));
+}
+
+tsig_key_type*
+tsig_find_key(const dname_type* name)
+{
+	tsig_key_table_type* entry;
+	entry = (tsig_key_table_type*)rbtree_search(tsig_key_table, name);
+	if(entry)
+		return entry->key;
+	return NULL;
 }
 
 void
@@ -222,11 +250,21 @@ tsig_create_record_custom(tsig_record_type *tsig, region_type *region,
 		large_object_size, initial_cleanup_size, 0);
 	tsig->context_region = region_create_custom(xalloc, free, chunk_size,
 		large_object_size, initial_cleanup_size, 0);
-	region_add_cleanup(region, tsig_cleanup, tsig);
+	if(region)
+		region_add_cleanup(region, tsig_cleanup, tsig);
 	tsig_init_record(tsig, NULL, NULL);
 }
 
 void
+tsig_delete_record(tsig_record_type* tsig, region_type* region)
+{
+	if(region)
+		region_remove_cleanup(region, tsig_cleanup, tsig);
+	region_destroy(tsig->rr_region);
+	region_destroy(tsig->context_region);
+}
+
+void
 tsig_init_record(tsig_record_type *tsig,
 		 tsig_algorithm_type *algorithm,
 		 tsig_key_type *key)
@@ -246,7 +284,6 @@ tsig_init_record(tsig_record_type *tsig,
 int
 tsig_from_query(tsig_record_type *tsig)
 {
-	tsig_key_table_type *key_entry;
 	tsig_key_type *key = NULL;
 	tsig_algorithm_table_type *algorithm_entry;
 	tsig_algorithm_type *algorithm = NULL;
@@ -257,16 +294,7 @@ tsig_from_query(tsig_record_type *tsig)
 	assert(!tsig->algorithm);
 	assert(!tsig->key);
 
-	/* XXX: TODO: slow linear check for keyname */
-	for (key_entry = tsig_key_table;
-	     key_entry;
-	     key_entry = key_entry->next)
-	{
-		if (dname_compare(tsig->key_name, key_entry->key->name) == 0) {
-			key = key_entry->key;
-			break;
-		}
-	}
+	key = (tsig_key_type*)tsig_find_key(tsig->key_name);
 
 	for (algorithm_entry = tsig_algorithm_table;
 	     algorithm_entry;
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig.h
index f09a07e5aba..71cad7740c7 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/tsig.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * tsig.h -- TSIG definitions (RFC 2845).
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ struct tsig_key
 {
 	const dname_type *name;
 	size_t            size;
-	const uint8_t    *data;
+	uint8_t		 *data;
 };
 
 struct tsig_record
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ int tsig_init(region_type *region);
  * Add the specified key to the TSIG key table.
  */
 void tsig_add_key(tsig_key_type *key);
+void tsig_del_key(tsig_key_type *key);
 
 /*
  * Add the specified algorithm to the TSIG algorithm table.
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ void tsig_create_record(tsig_record_type* tsig,
 /*
  * Like tsig_create_record, with custom region settings.
  * The size params are used to customise the rr_region and context_region.
+ * If region is NULL, no cleanup is attached to it.
  */
 void tsig_create_record_custom(tsig_record_type* tsig,
 			region_type* region,
@@ -180,6 +182,12 @@ void tsig_create_record_custom(tsig_record_type* tsig,
 			size_t initial_cleanup_size);
 
 /*
+ * Destroy tsig record internals (the main ptr is user alloced).
+ * if region is nonNULL, removes cleanup.
+ */
+void tsig_delete_record(tsig_record_type* tsig, region_type* region);
+
+/*
  * Call this before starting to analyze or signing a sequence of
  * packets.
  *
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/udb.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/udb.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6c0ffe7d0c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/udb.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2018 @@
+/* udb.c - u(micro) data base.
+ * By W.C.A. Wijngaards
+ * Copyright 2010, NLnet Labs.
+ * BSD, see LICENSE.
+ */
+#include "config.h"
+#include "udb.h"
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include "lookup3.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+/* mmap and friends */
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+/* for systems without, portable definition, failed-1 and async is a flag */
+#ifndef MAP_FAILED
+#define MAP_FAILED ((void*)-1)
+#endif
+#ifndef MS_SYNC
+#define MS_SYNC 0
+#endif
+
+/** move and fixup xl segment */
+static void move_xl_segment(void* base, udb_base* udb, udb_void xl,
+	udb_void n, uint64_t sz, uint64_t startseg);
+/** attempt to compact the data and move free space to the end */
+static int udb_alloc_compact(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc);
+
+/** convert pointer to the data part to a pointer to the base of the chunk */
+static udb_void
+chunk_from_dataptr(udb_void data)
+{
+	/* we use that sizeof(udb_chunk_d) != sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d) and
+	 * that xl_chunk_d is aligned on x**1024 boundaries. */
+	udb_void xl = data - sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d);
+	if( (xl & (UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) == 0)
+		return xl;
+	return data - sizeof(udb_chunk_d);
+}
+
+udb_void chunk_from_dataptr_ext(udb_void data) {
+	return chunk_from_dataptr(data);
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/** read last octet from a chunk */
+static uint8_t
+chunk_get_last(void* base, udb_void chunk, int exp)
+{
+	return *((uint8_t*)UDB_REL(base, chunk+(1<<exp)-1));
+}
+#endif
+
+/** write last octet of a chunk */
+static void
+chunk_set_last(void* base, udb_void chunk, int exp, uint8_t value)
+{
+	*((uint8_t*)UDB_REL(base, chunk+(1<<exp)-1)) = value;
+}
+
+/** create udb_base from a file descriptor (must be at start of file) */
+udb_base*
+udb_base_create_fd(const char* fname, int fd, udb_walk_relptr_func walkfunc,
+	void* arg)
+{
+	uint64_t m;
+	udb_glob_d g;
+	ssize_t r;
+	udb_base* udb = (udb_base*)xalloc_zero(sizeof(*udb));
+	if(!udb) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory");
+		close(fd);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	udb->fname = strdup(fname);
+	if(!udb->fname) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory");
+		free(udb);
+		close(fd);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	udb->walkfunc = walkfunc;
+	udb->walkarg = arg;
+	udb->fd = fd;
+	udb->ram_size = 1024;
+	udb->ram_mask = (int)udb->ram_size - 1;
+	udb->ram_hash = (udb_ptr**)xalloc_zero(sizeof(udb_ptr*)*udb->ram_size);
+	if(!udb->ram_hash) {
+		free(udb->fname);
+		free(udb);
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory");
+		close(fd);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* read magic */
+	if((r=read(fd, &m, sizeof(m))) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+		goto fail;
+	} else if(r != (ssize_t)sizeof(m)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: file too short", fname);
+		goto fail;
+	}
+	/* TODO : what if bigendian and littleendian file, see magic */
+	if(m != UDB_MAGIC) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: wrong type of file", fname);
+		goto fail;
+	}
+	/* read header */
+	if((r=read(fd, &g, sizeof(g))) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: %s\n", fname, strerror(errno));
+		goto fail;
+	} else if(r != (ssize_t)sizeof(g)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: file too short", fname);
+		goto fail;
+	}
+	if(g.version != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: unknown file version %d", fname,
+			(int)g.version);
+		goto fail;
+	}
+	if(g.hsize < UDB_HEADER_SIZE) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: header size too small %d", fname,
+			(int)g.hsize);
+		goto fail;
+	}
+	if(g.hsize > UDB_HEADER_SIZE) {
+		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "%s: header size too large %d", fname,
+			(int)g.hsize);
+		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "attempting to continue...");
+	}
+	if(g.clean_close != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "%s: not cleanly closed %d", fname,
+			(int)g.clean_close);
+		log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "attempting to continue...");
+	}
+	/* TODO check if too large (>4g on 32bit); mmap-usage would fail */
+	
+	/* mmap it */
+	if(g.fsize < UDB_HEADER_SIZE || g.fsize < g.hsize) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: file too short", fname);
+		goto fail;
+	}
+	udb->base_size = (size_t)g.fsize;
+	/* note the size_t casts must be there for portability, on some
+	 * systems the layout of memory is otherwise broken. */
+	udb->base = mmap(NULL, (size_t)udb->base_size,
+		(int)PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, (int)MAP_SHARED,
+		(int)udb->fd, (off_t)0);
+	if(udb->base == MAP_FAILED) {
+		udb->base = NULL;
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "mmap(size %u) error: %s",
+			(unsigned)udb->base_size, strerror(errno));
+	fail:
+		close(fd);
+		free(udb->fname);
+		free(udb->ram_hash);
+		free(udb);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* init completion */
+	udb->glob_data = (udb_glob_d*)(udb->base+sizeof(uint64_t));
+	r = 0;
+	if(udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc != udb_dirty_clean)
+		r = 1;
+	udb->alloc = udb_alloc_create(udb, (udb_alloc_d*)(
+		(void*)udb->glob_data+sizeof(*udb->glob_data)));
+	if(!udb->alloc) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "out of memory");
+		udb_base_free(udb);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	if(r) {
+		/* and compact now, or resume compacting */
+		udb_alloc_compact(udb, udb->alloc);
+		udb_base_sync(udb, 1);
+	}
+
+	return udb;
+}
+
+udb_base* udb_base_create_read(const char* fname, udb_walk_relptr_func walkfunc,
+	void* arg)
+{
+	int fd = open(fname, O_RDWR);
+	if(fd == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	return udb_base_create_fd(fname, fd, walkfunc, arg);
+}
+
+/** init new udb_global structure */
+static void udb_glob_init_new(udb_glob_d* g)
+{
+	memset(g, 0, sizeof(*g));
+	g->hsize = UDB_HEADER_SIZE;
+	g->fsize = UDB_HEADER_SIZE;
+}
+
+/** write data to file and check result */
+static int
+write_fdata(const char* fname, int fd, void* data, size_t len)
+{
+	ssize_t w;
+	if((w=write(fd, data, len)) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+		close(fd);
+		return 0;
+	} else if(w != (ssize_t)len) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: short write (disk full?)", fname);
+		close(fd);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+udb_base* udb_base_create_new(const char* fname, udb_walk_relptr_func walkfunc,
+	void* arg)
+{
+	uint64_t m;
+	udb_glob_d g;
+	udb_alloc_d a;
+	uint64_t endsize = UDB_HEADER_SIZE;
+	uint64_t endexp = 0;
+	int fd = open(fname, O_CREAT|O_RDWR, 0600);
+	if(fd == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	m = UDB_MAGIC;
+	udb_glob_init_new(&g);
+	udb_alloc_init_new(&a);
+
+	/* write new data to file (closes fd on error) */
+	if(!write_fdata(fname, fd, &m, sizeof(m)))
+		return NULL;
+	if(!write_fdata(fname, fd, &g, sizeof(g)))
+		return NULL;
+	if(!write_fdata(fname, fd, &a, sizeof(a)))
+		return NULL;
+	if(!write_fdata(fname, fd, &endsize, sizeof(endsize)))
+		return NULL;
+	if(!write_fdata(fname, fd, &endexp, sizeof(endexp)))
+		return NULL;
+	/* rewind to start */
+	if(lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_SET) == (off_t)-1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: lseek %s", fname, strerror(errno));
+		close(fd);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	return udb_base_create_fd(fname, fd, walkfunc, arg);
+}
+
+/** shrink the udb base if it has unused space at the end */
+static void
+udb_base_shrink(udb_base* udb, uint64_t nsize)
+{
+	udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_fsize;
+	udb->glob_data->fsize = nsize;
+	/* sync, does not *seem* to be required on Linux, but it is
+	   certainly required on OpenBSD.  Otherwise changed data is lost. */
+	msync(udb->base, udb->base_size, MS_ASYNC);
+	if(ftruncate(udb->fd, (off_t)nsize) != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "%s: ftruncate(%u) %s", udb->fname,
+			(unsigned)nsize, strerror(errno));
+	}
+	udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+}
+
+void udb_base_close(udb_base* udb)
+{
+	if(!udb)
+		return;
+	if(udb->fd != -1 && udb->base && udb->alloc) {
+		uint64_t nsize = udb->alloc->disk->nextgrow;
+		if(nsize < udb->base_size)
+			udb_base_shrink(udb, nsize);
+	}
+	if(udb->fd != -1) {
+		close(udb->fd);
+		udb->fd = -1;
+	}
+	if(udb->base) {
+		if(munmap(udb->base, udb->base_size) == -1) {
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "munmap: %s", strerror(errno));
+		}
+		udb->base = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+void udb_base_free(udb_base* udb)
+{
+	if(!udb)
+		return;
+	udb_base_close(udb);
+	udb_alloc_delete(udb->alloc);
+	free(udb->ram_hash);
+	free(udb->fname);
+	free(udb);
+}
+
+void udb_base_free_keep_mmap(udb_base* udb)
+{
+	if(!udb) return;
+	if(udb->fd != -1) {
+		close(udb->fd);
+		udb->fd = -1;
+	}
+	udb->base = NULL;
+	udb_alloc_delete(udb->alloc);
+	free(udb->ram_hash);
+	free(udb->fname);
+	free(udb);
+}
+
+void udb_base_sync(udb_base* udb, int wait)
+{
+	if(msync(udb->base, udb->base_size, wait?MS_SYNC:MS_ASYNC) != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "msync(%s) error %s",
+			udb->fname, strerror(errno));
+	}
+}
+
+/** hash a chunk pointer */
+static uint32_t
+chunk_hash_ptr(udb_void p)
+{
+	/* put p into an array of uint32 */
+	uint32_t h[sizeof(p)/sizeof(uint32_t)];
+	memcpy(&h, &p, sizeof(h));
+	return hashword(h, sizeof(p)/sizeof(uint32_t), 0x8763);
+}
+
+/** check that the given pointer is on the bucket for the given offset */
+int udb_ptr_is_on_bucket(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* ptr, udb_void to)
+{
+	uint32_t i = chunk_hash_ptr(to) & udb->ram_mask;
+	udb_ptr* p;
+	assert((size_t)i < udb->ram_size);
+	for(p = udb->ram_hash[i]; p; p=p->next) {
+		if(p == ptr)
+			return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** grow the ram array */
+static void
+grow_ram_hash(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr** newhash)
+{
+	size_t i;
+	size_t osize= udb->ram_size;
+	udb_ptr* p, *np;
+	udb_ptr** oldhash = udb->ram_hash;
+	udb->ram_size *= 2;
+	udb->ram_mask <<= 1;
+	udb->ram_mask |= 1;
+	udb->ram_hash = newhash;
+	/* have to link in every element in the old list into the new list*/
+	for(i=0; i<osize; i++) {
+		p = oldhash[i];
+		while(p) {
+			np = p->next;
+			/* link into newhash */
+			p->prev=NULL;
+			p->next=newhash[chunk_hash_ptr(p->data)&udb->ram_mask];
+			if(p->next) p->next->prev = p;
+			/* go to next element of oldhash */
+			p = np;
+		}
+	}
+	free(oldhash);
+}
+
+void udb_base_link_ptr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* ptr)
+{
+	uint32_t i = chunk_hash_ptr(ptr->data) & udb->ram_mask;
+	assert((size_t)i < udb->ram_size);
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	assert(udb_valid_dataptr(udb, ptr->data)); /* must be to whole chunk*/
+#endif
+	udb->ram_num++;
+	if(udb->ram_num == udb->ram_size && udb->ram_size<(size_t)0xefffffff) {
+		/* grow the array, if allocation succeeds */
+		udb_ptr** newram = (udb_ptr**)xalloc_zero(sizeof(udb_ptr*)*
+			udb->ram_size*2);
+		if(newram) {
+			grow_ram_hash(udb, newram);
+		}
+	}
+	ptr->prev = NULL;
+	ptr->next = udb->ram_hash[i];
+	udb->ram_hash[i] = ptr;
+	if(ptr->next)
+		ptr->next->prev = ptr;
+}
+
+void udb_base_unlink_ptr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* ptr)
+{
+	assert(ptr->data);
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	assert(udb_valid_dataptr(udb, ptr->data)); /* ptr must be inited */
+	assert(udb_ptr_is_on_bucket(udb, ptr, ptr->data));
+#endif
+	udb->ram_num--;
+	if(ptr->next)
+		ptr->next->prev = ptr->prev;
+	if(ptr->prev)
+		ptr->prev->next = ptr->next;
+	else	{
+		uint32_t i = chunk_hash_ptr(ptr->data) & udb->ram_mask;
+		assert((size_t)i < udb->ram_size);
+		udb->ram_hash[i] = ptr->next;
+	}
+}
+
+/** change a set of ram ptrs to a new value */
+static void
+udb_base_ram_ptr_edit(udb_base* udb, udb_void old, udb_void newd)
+{
+	uint32_t io = chunk_hash_ptr(old) & udb->ram_mask;
+	udb_ptr* p, *np;
+	/* edit them and move them into the new position */
+	p = udb->ram_hash[io];
+	while(p) {
+		np = p->next;
+		if(p->data == old) {
+			udb_base_unlink_ptr(udb, p);
+			p->data = newd;
+			udb_base_link_ptr(udb, p);
+		}
+		p = np;
+	}
+}
+
+udb_rel_ptr* udb_base_get_userdata(udb_base* udb)
+{
+	return &udb->glob_data->user_global;
+}
+
+void udb_base_set_userdata(udb_base* udb, udb_void user)
+{
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	if(user) { assert(udb_valid_dataptr(udb, user)); }
+#endif
+	udb_rel_ptr_set(udb->base, &udb->glob_data->user_global, user);
+}
+
+void udb_base_set_userflags(udb_base* udb, uint8_t v)
+{
+	udb->glob_data->userflags = v;
+}
+
+uint8_t udb_base_get_userflags(udb_base* udb)
+{
+	return udb->glob_data->userflags;
+}
+
+/** re-mmap the udb to specified size */
+static void*
+udb_base_remap(udb_base* udb, udb_alloc* alloc, uint64_t nsize)
+{
+	void* nb;
+	/* for use with valgrind, do not use mremap, but the other version */
+#ifdef MREMAP_MAYMOVE
+	nb = mremap(udb->base, udb->base_size, nsize, MREMAP_MAYMOVE);
+	if(nb == MAP_FAILED) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "mremap(%s, size %u) error %s",
+			udb->fname, (unsigned)nsize, strerror(errno));
+		return 0;
+	}
+#else /* !HAVE MREMAP */
+	/* use munmap-mmap to simulate mremap */
+	if(munmap(udb->base, udb->base_size) != 0) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "munmap(%s) error %s",
+			udb->fname, strerror(errno));
+	}
+	/* provide hint for new location */
+	/* note the size_t casts must be there for portability, on some
+	 * systems the layout of memory is otherwise broken. */
+	nb = mmap(udb->base, (size_t)nsize, (int)PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
+		(int)MAP_SHARED, (int)udb->fd, (off_t)0);
+	/* retry the mmap without basept in case of ENOMEM (FreeBSD8),
+	 * the kernel can then try to mmap it at a different location
+	 * where more memory is available */
+	if(nb == MAP_FAILED && errno == ENOMEM) {
+		nb = mmap(NULL, (size_t)nsize, (int)PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
+			(int)MAP_SHARED, (int)udb->fd, (off_t)0);
+	}
+	if(nb == MAP_FAILED) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "mmap(%s, size %u) error %s",
+			udb->fname, (unsigned)nsize, strerror(errno));
+		udb->base = NULL;
+		return 0;
+	}
+#endif /* HAVE MREMAP */
+	if(nb != udb->base) {
+		/* fix up realpointers in udb and alloc */
+		/* but mremap may have been nice and not move the base */
+		udb->base = nb;
+		udb->glob_data = (udb_glob_d*)(nb+sizeof(uint64_t));
+		/* use passed alloc pointer because the udb->alloc may not
+		 * be initialized yet */
+		alloc->disk = (udb_alloc_d*)((void*)udb->glob_data
+			+sizeof(*udb->glob_data));
+	}
+	udb->base_size = nsize;
+	return nb;
+}
+
+void
+udb_base_remap_process(udb_base* udb)
+{
+	/* assume that fsize is still accessible */
+	udb_base_remap(udb, udb->alloc, udb->glob_data->fsize);
+}
+
+/** grow file to specified size and re-mmap, return new base */
+static void*
+udb_base_grow_and_remap(udb_base* udb, uint64_t nsize)
+{
+	/* grow file by writing a single zero at that spot, the
+	 * rest is filled in with zeroes. */
+	uint8_t z = 0;
+	ssize_t w;
+
+	assert(nsize > 0);
+	udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_fsize;
+#ifdef HAVE_PWRITE
+	if((w=pwrite(udb->fd, &z, sizeof(z), (off_t)(nsize-1))) == -1) {
+#else
+	if(lseek(udb->fd, (off_t)(nsize-1), SEEK_SET) == -1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "fseek %s: %s", udb->fname, strerror(errno));
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if((w=write(udb->fd, &z, sizeof(z))) == -1) {
+#endif
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "grow(%s, size %u) error %s",
+			udb->fname, (unsigned)nsize, strerror(errno));
+		return 0;
+	} else if(w != (ssize_t)sizeof(z)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "grow(%s, size %u) failed (disk full?)",
+			udb->fname, (unsigned)nsize);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	udb->glob_data->fsize = nsize;
+	udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+	return udb_base_remap(udb, udb->alloc, nsize);
+}
+
+int udb_exp_size(uint64_t a)
+{
+	/* find enclosing value such that 2**x >= a */
+	int x = 0;
+	uint64_t i = a;
+	assert(a != 0);
+
+	i --;
+	/* could optimise this with uint8* access, depends on endianness */
+	/* first whole bytes */
+	while( (i&(~(uint64_t)0xff)) ) {
+		i >>= 8;
+		x += 8;
+	}
+	/* now details */
+	while(i) {
+		i >>= 1;
+		x ++;
+	}
+	assert( ((uint64_t)1<<x) >= a);
+	assert( x==0 || ((uint64_t)1<<(x-1)) < a);
+	return x;
+}
+
+int udb_exp_offset(uint64_t o)
+{
+	/* this means measuring the number of 0 bits on the right */
+	/* so, if exp zero bits then (o&(2**x-1))==0 */
+	int x = 0;
+	uint64_t i = o;
+	assert(o != 0);
+	/* first whole bytes */
+	while( (i&(uint64_t)0xff) == 0) {
+		i >>= 8;
+		x += 8;
+	}
+	/* now details */
+	while( (i&(uint64_t)0x1) == 0) {
+		i >>= 1;
+		x ++;
+	}
+	assert( o % ((uint64_t)1<<x) == 0);
+	assert( o % ((uint64_t)1<<(x+1)) != 0);
+	return x;
+}
+
+void udb_alloc_init_new(udb_alloc_d* a)
+{
+	assert(UDB_HEADER_SIZE % UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINSIZE == 0);
+	memset(a, 0, sizeof(*a));
+	/* set new allocations after header, as if allocated in a sequence
+	 * of minsize allocations */
+	a->nextgrow = UDB_HEADER_SIZE;
+}
+
+/** fsck the file size, false if failed and file is useless */
+static int
+fsck_fsize(udb_base* udb, udb_alloc* alloc)
+{
+	off_t realsize;
+	log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "udb-fsck %s: file size wrong", udb->fname);
+	realsize = lseek(udb->fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_END);
+	if(realsize == (off_t)-1) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "lseek(%s): %s", udb->fname, strerror(errno));
+		return 0;
+	}
+	udb->glob_data->fsize = (uint64_t)realsize;
+	if(!udb_base_remap(udb, alloc, (uint64_t)realsize))
+		return 0;
+	udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+	log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "udb-fsck %s: file size fixed (sync)", udb->fname);
+	udb_base_sync(udb, 1);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** regenerate freelist add a new free chunk, return next todo */
+static udb_void
+regen_free(void* base, udb_void c, int exp, udb_alloc_d* regen)
+{
+	udb_free_chunk_d* cp = UDB_FREE_CHUNK(c);
+	uint64_t esz = (uint64_t)1<<exp;
+	if(exp < UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP || exp > UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	cp->type = udb_chunk_type_free;
+	cp->flags = 0;
+	chunk_set_last(base, c, exp, (uint8_t)exp);
+	cp->prev = 0;
+	cp->next = regen->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP];
+	if(cp->next)
+		UDB_FREE_CHUNK(cp->next)->prev = c;
+	regen->stat_free += esz;
+	return c + esz;
+}
+
+/** regenerate xl chunk, return next todo */
+static udb_void
+regen_xl(void* base, udb_void c, udb_alloc_d* regen)
+{
+	udb_xl_chunk_d* cp = UDB_XL_CHUNK(c);
+	uint64_t xlsz = cp->size;
+	if( (xlsz&(UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) != 0) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if( (c&(UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) != 0) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	/* fixup end-size and end-expmarker */
+	regen->stat_alloc += xlsz;
+	return c + xlsz;
+}
+
+/** regenerate data chunk, return next todo */
+static udb_void
+regen_data(void* base, udb_void c, int exp, udb_alloc_d* regen)
+{
+	uint64_t esz = (uint64_t)1<<exp;
+	if(exp < UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP || exp > UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	chunk_set_last(base, c, exp, (uint8_t)exp);
+	regen->stat_alloc += esz;
+	return c + esz;
+}
+
+/** regenerate a relptr structure inside a data segment */
+static void
+regen_relptr_func(void* base, udb_rel_ptr* rp, void* arg)
+{
+	udb_void* a = (udb_void*)arg;
+	/* ignore 0 pointers */
+	if(!rp->data)
+		return;
+
+	/* edit relptrs that point to oldmoved to point to newmoved. */
+	if(rp->data == a[0])
+		rp->data = a[1];
+
+	/* regenerate relptr lists, add this item to the relptr list for
+	 * the data that it points to */
+	udb_rel_ptr_link(base, rp, rp->data);
+}
+
+/** regenerate the relptrs store in this data segment */
+static void
+regen_its_ptrs(void* base, udb_base* udb, udb_chunk_d* atp,
+	void* data, uint64_t dsz, udb_void rb_old, udb_void rb_new)
+{
+	udb_void arg[2];
+	arg[0] = rb_old; arg[1] = rb_new;
+	/* walk through the structs here and put them on their respective
+	 * relptr lists */
+	(*udb->walkfunc)(base, udb->walkarg, atp->type, data, dsz, 
+		&regen_relptr_func, arg);
+
+}
+
+/** regenerate relptrlists in the file */
+static void
+regen_ptrlist(void* base, udb_base* udb, udb_alloc* alloc,
+	udb_void rb_old, udb_void rb_new)
+{
+	udb_void at = alloc->udb->glob_data->hsize;
+	/* clear all ptrlist start pointers in the file. */
+	while(at < alloc->disk->nextgrow) {
+		int exp = (int)UDB_CHUNK(at)->exp;
+		udb_chunk_type tp = (udb_chunk_type)UDB_CHUNK(at)->type;
+		if(exp == UDB_EXP_XL) {
+			UDB_XL_CHUNK(at)->ptrlist = 0;
+			at += UDB_XL_CHUNK(at)->size;
+		} else if(tp == udb_chunk_type_free) {
+			at += (uint64_t)1<<exp;
+		} else { /* data chunk */
+			UDB_CHUNK(at)->ptrlist = 0;
+			at += (uint64_t)1<<exp;
+		}
+	}
+	/* walk through all relptr structs and put on the right list. */
+	at = alloc->udb->glob_data->hsize;
+	while(at < alloc->disk->nextgrow) {
+		udb_chunk_d* atp = UDB_CHUNK(at);
+		int exp = (int)atp->exp;
+		udb_chunk_type tp = (udb_chunk_type)atp->type;
+		uint64_t sz = ((exp == UDB_EXP_XL)?UDB_XL_CHUNK(at)->size:
+			(uint64_t)1<<exp);
+		if(exp == UDB_EXP_XL) {
+			assert(at != rb_old); /* should have been freed */
+			regen_its_ptrs(base, udb, atp,
+				((void*)atp)+sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d),
+				sz-sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d) - sizeof(uint64_t)*2,
+				rb_old, rb_new);
+			at += sz;
+		} else if(tp == udb_chunk_type_free) {
+			at += sz;
+		} else { /* data chunk */
+			assert(at != rb_old); /* should have been freed */
+			regen_its_ptrs(base, udb, atp,
+				((void*)atp)+sizeof(udb_chunk_d),
+				sz-sizeof(udb_chunk_d)-1, rb_old, rb_new);
+			at += sz;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+
+/** mark free elements from ex XL chunk space and later fixups pick that up */
+static void
+rb_mark_free_segs(void* base, udb_void s, uint64_t m)
+{
+	udb_void q = s + m - UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE;
+	/* because of header and alignment we know s >= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE*/
+	assert(s >= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE);
+	while(q >= s) {
+		UDB_CHUNK(q)->exp = UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX;
+		UDB_CHUNK(q)->type = udb_chunk_type_free;
+		q -= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE;
+	}
+}
+
+
+/** fsck rollback or rollforward XL move results */
+static int
+fsck_rb_xl(void* base, udb_base* udb, udb_void rb_old, udb_void rb_new,
+	uint64_t rb_size, uint64_t rb_seg)
+{
+
+	if(rb_old <= rb_new)
+		return 0; /* XL move one way */
+	if( (rb_size&(UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) != 0)
+		return 0; /* not aligned */
+	if( (rb_old&(UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) != 0)
+		return 0; /* not aligned */
+	if( (rb_new&(UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) != 0)
+		return 0; /* not aligned */
+	if(rb_new + rb_size <= rb_old) {
+		/* not overlapping: resume copy */
+		memcpy(UDB_CHUNK(rb_new), UDB_CHUNK(rb_old), rb_size);
+		/* and free up old piece(s) */
+		rb_mark_free_segs(base, rb_old, rb_size);
+	} else {
+		/* overlapping, see what segment we stopped at
+		 * and continue there. */
+		move_xl_segment(base, udb, rb_old, rb_new, rb_size, rb_seg);
+		/* free up old piece(s); from the end of the moved segment,
+		 * until the end of the old segment */
+		rb_mark_free_segs(base, rb_new+rb_size, (rb_old+rb_size)-
+			(rb_new+rb_size));
+	}
+	/* do not call fix_ptrs, regenptrs does the job */
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** fsck rollback or rollforward move results */
+static int
+fsck_rb(void* base, udb_void rb_old, udb_void rb_new, uint64_t rb_size,
+	udb_void* make_free)
+{
+	if( (rb_size&(rb_size-1)) != 0)
+		return 0; /* not powerof2 */
+	if( (rb_old&(rb_size-1)) != 0)
+		return 0; /* not aligned */
+	if( (rb_new&(rb_size-1)) != 0)
+		return 0; /* not aligned */
+	/* resume copy */
+	memcpy(UDB_CHUNK(rb_new), UDB_CHUNK(rb_old), rb_size);
+	/* do not call fix_ptrs, regenptrs does the job */
+	/* make sure udb_old is freed */
+	*make_free = rb_old;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** fsck the file and salvage, false if failed and file is useless */
+static int
+fsck_file(udb_base* udb, udb_alloc* alloc, int moved)
+{
+	void* base = udb->base;
+	udb_alloc_d regen;
+	udb_void at = udb->glob_data->hsize;
+	udb_void rb_old = udb->glob_data->rb_old;
+	udb_void rb_new = udb->glob_data->rb_new;
+	udb_void rb_seg = udb->glob_data->rb_seg;
+	udb_void make_free = 0;
+	uint64_t rb_size = udb->glob_data->rb_size;
+	log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "udb-fsck %s: salvaging", udb->fname);
+	/* walk through the file, use the exp values to see what can be
+	 * salvaged */
+	if(moved && rb_old && rb_new && rb_size) {
+		if(rb_old+rb_size <= alloc->disk->nextgrow
+			&& rb_new+rb_size <= alloc->disk->nextgrow) {
+			/* we can use the move information to fix up the
+			 * duplicate element (or partially moved element) */
+			if(rb_size > 1024*1024) {
+				/* XL chunk */
+				if(!fsck_rb_xl(base, udb, rb_old, rb_new,
+					rb_size, rb_seg))
+					return 0;
+			} else {
+				if(!fsck_rb(base, rb_old, rb_new, rb_size,
+					&make_free))
+					return 0;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/* rebuild freelists */
+	/* recalculate stats in alloc (except 'stat_data') */
+	/* possibly new end 'nextgrow' value */
+	memset(&regen, 0, sizeof(regen));
+	regen.nextgrow = alloc->disk->nextgrow;
+	while(at < regen.nextgrow) {
+		/* figure out this chunk */
+		int exp = (int)UDB_CHUNK(at)->exp;
+		udb_chunk_type tp = (udb_chunk_type)UDB_CHUNK(at)->type;
+		/* consistency check possible here with end-exp */
+		if(tp == udb_chunk_type_free || at == make_free) {
+			at = regen_free(base, at, exp, &regen);
+			if(!at) return 0;
+		} else if(exp == UDB_EXP_XL) {
+			/* allocated data of XL size */
+			at = regen_xl(base, at, &regen);
+			if(!at) return 0;
+		} else if(exp >= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP
+			&& exp <= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX) {
+			/* allocated data */
+			at = regen_data(base, at, exp, &regen);
+			if(!at) return 0;
+		} else {
+			/* garbage; this must be EOF then */
+			regen.nextgrow = at;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	*alloc->disk = regen;
+
+	/* rebuild relptr lists */
+	regen_ptrlist(base, udb, alloc, rb_old, rb_new);
+
+	log_msg(LOG_WARNING, "udb-fsck %s: salvaged successfully (sync)",
+		udb->fname);
+	udb->glob_data->rb_old = 0;
+	udb->glob_data->rb_new = 0;
+	udb->glob_data->rb_size = 0;
+	udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+	udb_base_sync(udb, 1);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+
+udb_alloc* udb_alloc_create(udb_base* udb, udb_alloc_d* disk)
+{
+	udb_alloc* alloc = (udb_alloc*)xalloc_zero(sizeof(*alloc));
+	if(!alloc)
+		return NULL;
+	alloc->udb = udb;
+	alloc->disk = disk;
+	/* see if committed but uncompleted actions need to be done */
+	/* preserves the alloc state */
+	if(udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc != udb_dirty_clean) {
+		if(udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc == udb_dirty_fsize) {
+			if(fsck_fsize(udb, alloc))
+				return alloc;
+		} else if(udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc == udb_dirty_fl) {
+			if(fsck_file(udb, alloc, 0))
+				return alloc;
+		} else if(udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc == udb_dirty_compact) {
+			if(fsck_file(udb, alloc, 1))
+				return alloc;
+		}
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "error: file allocation dirty (%d)",
+			(int)udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc);
+		free(alloc);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	return alloc;
+}
+
+void udb_alloc_delete(udb_alloc* alloc)
+{
+	if(!alloc) return;
+	free(alloc);
+}
+
+/** unlink this element from its freelist */
+static void
+udb_alloc_unlink_fl(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void chunk, int exp)
+{
+	udb_free_chunk_d* fp = UDB_FREE_CHUNK(chunk);
+	assert(chunk);
+	/* chunk is a free chunk */
+	assert(fp->exp == (uint8_t)exp);
+	assert(fp->type == udb_chunk_type_free);
+	assert(chunk_get_last(base, chunk, exp) == (uint8_t)exp);
+	/* and thus freelist not empty */
+	assert(alloc->disk->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP]);
+	/* unlink */
+	if(fp->prev)
+		UDB_FREE_CHUNK(fp->prev)->next = fp->next;
+	else	alloc->disk->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP] = fp->next;
+	if(fp->next)
+		UDB_FREE_CHUNK(fp->next)->prev = fp->prev;
+}
+
+/** pop first element off freelist, list may not be empty */
+static udb_void
+udb_alloc_pop_fl(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, int exp)
+{
+	udb_void f = alloc->disk->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP];
+	udb_free_chunk_d* fp = UDB_FREE_CHUNK(f);
+	assert(f);
+	assert(fp->exp == (uint8_t)exp);
+	assert(fp->type == udb_chunk_type_free);
+	assert(chunk_get_last(base, f, exp) == (uint8_t)exp);
+	alloc->disk->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP] = fp->next;
+	if(fp->next) {
+		UDB_FREE_CHUNK(fp->next)->prev = 0;
+	}
+	return f;
+}
+
+/** push new element onto freelist */
+static void
+udb_alloc_push_fl(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void f, int exp)
+{
+	udb_free_chunk_d* fp = UDB_FREE_CHUNK(f);
+	assert(f);
+	fp->exp = (uint8_t)exp;
+	fp->type = udb_chunk_type_free;
+	fp->flags = 0;
+	fp->prev = 0;
+	fp->next = alloc->disk->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP];
+	if(fp->next)
+		UDB_FREE_CHUNK(fp->next)->prev = f;
+	chunk_set_last(base, f, exp, (uint8_t)exp);
+	alloc->disk->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP] = f;
+}
+
+/** push new element onto freelist - do not initialize the elt */
+static void
+udb_alloc_push_fl_noinit(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void f, int exp)
+{
+	udb_free_chunk_d* fp = UDB_FREE_CHUNK(f);
+	assert(f);
+	assert(fp->exp == (uint8_t)exp);
+	assert(fp->type == udb_chunk_type_free);
+	assert(chunk_get_last(base, f, exp) == (uint8_t)exp);
+	fp->prev = 0;
+	fp->next = alloc->disk->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP];
+	if(fp->next)
+		UDB_FREE_CHUNK(fp->next)->prev = f;
+	alloc->disk->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP] = f;
+}
+
+/** add free chunks at end until specified alignment occurs */
+static void
+grow_align(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, uint64_t esz)
+{
+	while( (alloc->disk->nextgrow & (esz-1)) != 0) {
+		/* the nextgrow is not a whole multiple of esz. */
+		/* grow a free chunk of max allowed size */
+		int fexp = udb_exp_offset(alloc->disk->nextgrow);
+		uint64_t fsz = (uint64_t)1<<fexp;
+		udb_void f = alloc->disk->nextgrow;
+		udb_void fn = alloc->disk->nextgrow+fsz;
+		assert(fn <= alloc->udb->base_size);
+		alloc->disk->stat_free += fsz;
+		udb_alloc_push_fl(base, alloc, f, fexp);
+		/* now increase nextgrow to commit that free chunk */
+		alloc->disk->nextgrow = fn;
+	}
+}
+
+/** append chunks at end of memory space to get size exp, return dataptr */
+static udb_void
+grow_chunks(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, size_t sz, int exp)
+{
+	uint64_t esz = (uint64_t)1<<exp;
+	udb_void ret;
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_fl;
+	grow_align(base, alloc, esz);
+	/* free chunks are grown, grow the one we want to use */
+	ret = alloc->disk->nextgrow;
+	/* take a new alloced chunk into use */
+	UDB_CHUNK(ret)->exp = (uint8_t)exp;
+	UDB_CHUNK(ret)->flags = 0;
+	UDB_CHUNK(ret)->ptrlist = 0;
+	UDB_CHUNK(ret)->type = udb_chunk_type_data;
+	/* store last octet */
+	chunk_set_last(base, ret, exp, (uint8_t)exp);
+	/* update stats */
+	alloc->disk->stat_alloc += esz;
+	alloc->disk->stat_data += sz;
+	/* now increase nextgrow to commit this newly allocated chunk */
+	alloc->disk->nextgrow += esz;
+	assert(alloc->disk->nextgrow <= alloc->udb->base_size);
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+	return ret + sizeof(udb_chunk_d); /* ptr to data */
+}
+
+/** calculate how much space is necessary to grow for this exp */
+static uint64_t
+grow_end_calc(udb_alloc* alloc, int exp)
+{
+	uint64_t sz = (uint64_t)1<<exp;
+	uint64_t ng = alloc->disk->nextgrow;
+	uint64_t res;
+	/* if nextgrow is 2**expness, no extra growth needed, only size */
+	if( (ng & (sz-1)) == 0) {
+		/* sz-1 is like 0xfff, and checks if ng is whole 2**exp */
+		return ng+sz; /* must grow exactly 2**exp */
+	}
+	/* grow until 2**expness and then we need 2**exp as well */
+	/* so, round ng down to whole sz (basically  ng-ng%sz, or ng/sz*sz)
+	 * and then add the sz twice (go up to whole sz, and to allocate) */
+	res = (ng & ~(sz-1)) + 2*sz;
+	return res;
+}
+
+/** see if we need to grow more than specified to enable sustained growth */
+static uint64_t
+grow_extra_check(udb_alloc* alloc, uint64_t ge)
+{
+	const uint64_t mb = 1024*1024;
+	uint64_t bsz = alloc->udb->base_size;
+	if(bsz <= mb) {
+		/* below 1 Mb, double sizes for exponential growth */
+		/* takes about 15 times to grow to 1Mb */
+		if(ge < bsz*2)
+			return bsz*2;
+	} else {
+		uint64_t gnow = ge - bsz;
+		/* above 1Mb, grow at least 1 Mb, or 12.5% of current size,
+		 * in whole megabytes rounded up. */
+		uint64_t want = ((bsz / 8) & ~(mb-1)) + mb;
+		if(gnow < want)
+			return bsz + want;
+	}
+	return ge;
+}
+
+/** see if free space is enogh to warrant shrink (while file is open) */
+static int
+enough_free(udb_alloc* alloc)
+{
+	if(alloc->udb->base_size <= 2*1024*1024) {
+		/* below 1 Mb, grown by double size, (so up to 2 mb),
+		 * do not shrink unless we can 1/3 in size */
+		if(((size_t)alloc->disk->nextgrow)*3 <= alloc->udb->base_size)
+			return 1;
+	} else {
+		/* grown 12.5%, shrink 25% if possible, at least one mb */
+		/* between 1mb and 4mb size, it shrinks by 1mb if possible */
+		uint64_t space = alloc->udb->base_size - alloc->disk->nextgrow;
+		if(space >= 1024*1024 && (space*4 >= alloc->udb->base_size
+			|| alloc->udb->base_size < 4*1024*1024))
+			return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** grow space for a chunk of 2**exp and return dataptr */
+static udb_void
+udb_alloc_grow_space(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, size_t sz, int exp)
+{
+	/* commit the grow action
+	 * - the file grow only changes filesize, but not the nextgrow.
+	 * - taking space after nextgrow into use (as free space),
+	 *   is like free-ing a chunk (one at a time).
+	 * - and the last chunk taken into use is like alloc.
+	 */
+	/* predict how much free space is needed for this */
+	uint64_t grow_end = grow_end_calc(alloc, exp);
+	assert(alloc->udb->base_size >= alloc->disk->nextgrow);
+	if(grow_end <= alloc->udb->base_size) {
+		/* we can do this with the available space */
+		return grow_chunks(base, alloc, sz, exp);
+	}
+	/* we have to grow the file, re-mmap */
+	/* see if we need to grow a little more, to avoid endless grow
+	 * efforts on adding data */
+	grow_end = grow_extra_check(alloc, grow_end);
+	if(!(base=udb_base_grow_and_remap(alloc->udb, grow_end))) {
+		return 0; /* mmap or write failed (disk or mem full) */
+	}
+	/* we have enough space now */
+	assert(grow_end <= alloc->udb->base_size);
+	assert(alloc->udb->glob_data->fsize == alloc->udb->base_size);
+	return grow_chunks(base, alloc, sz, exp);
+}
+
+/** take XL allocation into use at end of file, return dataptr */
+static udb_void
+grow_xl(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, uint64_t xlsz, uint64_t sz)
+{
+	udb_void ret;
+	udb_xl_chunk_d* p;
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_fl;
+
+	/* align growth to whole mbs */
+	grow_align(base, alloc, UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE);
+
+	/* grow XL segment */
+	ret = alloc->disk->nextgrow;
+	p = UDB_XL_CHUNK(ret);
+	p->exp = UDB_EXP_XL;
+	p->size = xlsz;
+	p->flags = 0;
+	p->ptrlist = 0;
+	p->type = udb_chunk_type_data;
+
+	/* also put size and marker at end for compaction */
+	*((uint64_t*)(UDB_REL(base, ret+xlsz-sizeof(uint64_t)*2))) = xlsz;
+	*((uint8_t*)(UDB_REL(base, ret+xlsz-1))) = UDB_EXP_XL;
+
+	/* stats */
+	alloc->disk->stat_data += sz;
+	alloc->disk->stat_alloc += xlsz;
+	/* now increase the nextgrow to commit this xl chunk */
+	alloc->disk->nextgrow += xlsz;
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+	return ret + sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d); /* data ptr */
+}
+
+/** make space for XL allocation */
+static udb_void
+udb_alloc_xl_space(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, size_t sz)
+{
+	/* allocate whole mbs of space, at end of space */
+	uint64_t asz = sz + sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d) + sizeof(uint64_t)*2;
+	uint64_t need=(asz+UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)&(~(UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1));
+	uint64_t grow_end = grow_end_calc(alloc, UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX) + need;
+	assert(need >= asz);
+	if(grow_end <= alloc->udb->base_size) {
+		/* can do this in available space */
+		return grow_xl(base, alloc, need, sz);
+	}
+	/* have to grow file and re-mmap */
+	grow_end = grow_extra_check(alloc, grow_end);
+	if(!(base=udb_base_grow_and_remap(alloc->udb, grow_end))) {
+		return 0; /* mmap or write failed (disk or mem full) */
+	}
+	/* we have enough space now */
+	assert(grow_end <= alloc->udb->base_size);
+	assert(alloc->udb->glob_data->fsize == alloc->udb->base_size);
+	return grow_xl(base, alloc, need, sz);
+}
+
+/** divide big(2**e2) into pieces so 2**exp fits */
+static udb_void
+udb_alloc_subdivide(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void big, int e2,
+	int exp)
+{
+	int e = e2;
+	uint64_t sz = (uint64_t)1<<e2;
+	assert(big && e2 > exp);
+	/* so the returned piece to use is the first piece,
+	 * offload the later half until it fits */
+	do {
+		sz >>= 1; /* divide size of big by two */
+		e--;      /* that means its exp is one smaller */
+		udb_alloc_push_fl(base, alloc, big+sz, e);
+	} while(e != exp);
+	/* exit loop when last pushed is same size as what we want */
+	return big;
+}
+
+/** returns the exponent size of the chunk needed for data sz */
+static int
+udb_alloc_exp_needed(size_t sz)
+{
+	uint64_t asz = sz + sizeof(udb_chunk_d) + 1;
+	if(asz > UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE) {
+		return UDB_EXP_XL;
+	} else if(asz <= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINSIZE) {
+		return UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP;
+	}
+	return udb_exp_size(asz);
+}
+
+udb_void udb_alloc_space(udb_alloc* alloc, size_t sz)
+{
+	void* base = alloc->udb->base;
+	/* calculate actual allocation size */
+	int e2, exp = udb_alloc_exp_needed(sz);
+	if(exp == UDB_EXP_XL)
+		return udb_alloc_xl_space(base, alloc, sz);
+	/* see if there is a free chunk of that size exactly */
+	if(alloc->disk->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP]) {
+		/* snip from freelist, udb_chunk_d */
+		udb_void ret;
+		alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_fl;
+		ret = udb_alloc_pop_fl(base, alloc, exp);
+		/* use it - size octets already OK */
+		UDB_CHUNK(ret)->flags = 0;
+		UDB_CHUNK(ret)->ptrlist = 0;
+		UDB_CHUNK(ret)->type = udb_chunk_type_data;
+		/* update stats */
+		alloc->disk->stat_data += sz;
+		alloc->disk->stat_alloc += (1<<exp);
+		assert(alloc->disk->stat_free >= (1u<<exp));
+		alloc->disk->stat_free -= (1<<exp);
+		alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+		return ret + sizeof(udb_chunk_d); /* ptr to data */
+	}
+	/* see if we can subdivide a larger chunk */
+	for(e2 = exp+1; e2 < UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX; e2++)
+		if(alloc->disk->free[e2-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP]) {
+			udb_void big, ret; /* udb_chunk_d */
+			alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_fl;
+			big = udb_alloc_pop_fl(base, alloc, e2);
+			/* push other parts onto freelists (needs inited) */
+			ret = udb_alloc_subdivide(base, alloc, big, e2, exp);
+			/* use final part (needs inited) */
+			UDB_CHUNK(ret)->exp = (uint8_t)exp;
+			/* if stop here; the new exp makes smaller free chunk*/
+			UDB_CHUNK(ret)->flags = 0;
+			UDB_CHUNK(ret)->ptrlist = 0;
+			/* set type to commit data chunk */
+			UDB_CHUNK(ret)->type = udb_chunk_type_data;
+			/* store last octet */
+			chunk_set_last(base, ret, exp, (uint8_t)exp);
+			/* update stats */
+			alloc->disk->stat_data += sz;
+			alloc->disk->stat_alloc += (1<<exp);
+			assert(alloc->disk->stat_free >= (1u<<exp));
+			alloc->disk->stat_free -= (1<<exp);
+			alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+			return ret + sizeof(udb_chunk_d); /* ptr to data */
+		}
+	/* we need to grow an extra chunk */
+	return udb_alloc_grow_space(base, alloc, sz, exp);
+}
+
+/** see if there is free space to allocate a chunk into */
+static int
+have_free_for(udb_alloc* alloc, int exp)
+{
+	int e2;
+	if(alloc->disk->free[exp-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP])
+		return exp;
+	for(e2 = exp+1; e2 < UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX; e2++)
+		if(alloc->disk->free[e2-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP]) {
+			return e2;
+		}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** fix relptr prev and next for moved relptr structures */
+static void
+chunk_fix_ptr_each(void* base, udb_rel_ptr* rp, void* arg)
+{
+	udb_void* data = (udb_void*)arg;
+	udb_void r;
+	if(!rp->data)
+		return;
+	r = UDB_SYSTOREL(base, rp);
+	if(rp->next)
+		UDB_REL_PTR(rp->next)->prev = r;
+	if(rp->prev)
+		UDB_REL_PTR(rp->prev)->next = r;
+	else	{
+		/* if this is a pointer to its own chunk, fix it up;
+		 * the data ptr gets set by relptr_edit later. */
+		if(rp->data == data[0])
+			UDB_CHUNK(data[1])->ptrlist = r;
+		else	UDB_CHUNK(chunk_from_dataptr(rp->data))->ptrlist = r;
+	}
+}
+
+/** fix pointers from and to a moved chunk */
+static void
+chunk_fix_ptrs(void* base, udb_base* udb, udb_chunk_d* cp, udb_void data,
+	uint64_t dsz, udb_void olddata)
+{
+	udb_void d[2];
+	d[0] = olddata;
+	d[1] = data;
+	(*udb->walkfunc)(base, udb->walkarg, cp->type, UDB_REL(base, data),
+		dsz, &chunk_fix_ptr_each, d);
+	udb_rel_ptr_edit(base, cp->ptrlist, data);
+	udb_base_ram_ptr_edit(udb, olddata, data);
+}
+
+/** move an allocated chunk to use a free chunk */
+static void
+move_chunk(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void f, int exp, uint64_t esz,
+	int e2)
+{
+	udb_void res = udb_alloc_pop_fl(base, alloc, e2);
+	udb_chunk_d* rp;
+	udb_chunk_d* fp;
+	if(exp != e2) {
+		/* it is bigger, subdivide it */
+		res = udb_alloc_subdivide(base, alloc, res, e2, exp);
+	}
+	assert(res != f);
+	/* setup rollback information */
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->rb_old = f;
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->rb_new = res;
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->rb_size = esz;
+	/* take the res, exp into use */
+	rp = UDB_CHUNK(res);
+	fp = UDB_CHUNK(f);
+	/* copy over the data */
+	memcpy(rp, fp, esz);
+	/* adjust rel ptrs */
+	chunk_fix_ptrs(base, alloc->udb, rp, res+sizeof(udb_chunk_d),
+		esz-sizeof(udb_chunk_d)-1, f+sizeof(udb_chunk_d));
+
+	/* do not freeup the fp; caller does that */
+}
+
+/** unlink several free elements to overwrite with xl chunk */
+static void
+free_xl_space(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void s, uint64_t m)
+{
+	udb_void q = s + m - UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE;
+	/* because of header and alignment we know s >= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE*/
+	assert(s >= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE);
+	while(q >= s) {
+		assert(UDB_CHUNK(q)->exp == UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX);
+		assert(UDB_CHUNK(q)->type == udb_chunk_type_free);
+		udb_alloc_unlink_fl(base, alloc, q, UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX);
+		q -= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE;
+	}
+}
+
+/** move an XL chunk, and keep track of segments for rollback */
+static void
+move_xl_segment(void* base, udb_base* udb, udb_void xl, udb_void n,
+	uint64_t sz, uint64_t startseg)
+{
+	udb_xl_chunk_d* xlp = UDB_XL_CHUNK(xl);
+	udb_xl_chunk_d* np = UDB_XL_CHUNK(n);
+	uint64_t amount = xl - n;
+	assert(n < xl); /* move to compact */
+
+	/* setup move rollback */
+	udb->glob_data->rb_old = xl;
+	udb->glob_data->rb_new = n;
+	udb->glob_data->rb_size = sz;
+
+	/* is it overlapping? */
+	if(sz <= amount) {
+		memcpy(np, xlp, sz);
+	} else {
+		/* move and commit per 1M segment to avoid data loss */
+		uint64_t seg, maxseg = amount/UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE;
+		for(seg = startseg; seg<maxseg; seg++) {
+			udb->glob_data->rb_seg = seg;
+			memcpy(np+seg*UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE,
+				xlp+seg*UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE,
+				UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE);
+		}
+
+	}
+}
+
+/** move list of XL chunks to the front by the shift amount */
+static void
+move_xl_list(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void xl_start, uint64_t xl_sz,
+	uint64_t amount)
+{
+	udb_void xl = xl_start;
+	assert( (xl_start&(UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) == 0 ); /* aligned */
+	assert( (amount&(UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) == 0 ); /* multiples */
+	assert( (xl_sz&(UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) == 0 ); /* multiples */
+	while(xl < xl_start+xl_sz) {
+		udb_xl_chunk_d* xlp = UDB_XL_CHUNK(xl);
+		udb_void n = xl-amount;
+		uint64_t sz = xlp->size;
+		assert(xlp->exp == UDB_EXP_XL);
+		move_xl_segment(base, alloc->udb, xl, n, sz, 0);
+		chunk_fix_ptrs(base, alloc->udb, UDB_CHUNK(n),
+			n+sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d),
+			sz-sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d)-sizeof(uint64_t)*2,
+			xl+sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d));
+	}
+	alloc->disk->stat_free -= amount;
+	alloc->disk->nextgrow -= amount;
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->rb_old = 0;
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->rb_new = 0;
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->rb_size = 0;
+}
+
+/** see if free chunk can coagulate with another chunk, return other chunk */
+static udb_void
+coagulate_possible(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void f, int exp,
+	uint64_t esz)
+{
+	udb_void other = f^esz;
+	if(exp == UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX)
+		return 0; /* no further merges */
+	if(other >= alloc->udb->base_size)
+		return 0; /* not allocated */
+	if(other >= alloc->disk->nextgrow)
+		return 0; /* not in use */
+	if(other < alloc->udb->glob_data->hsize)
+		return 0; /* cannot merge with header */
+		/* the header is also protected by the special exp marker */
+	/* see if the other chunk is a free chunk */
+
+	/* check closest marker to avoid large memory churn */
+	/* and also it makes XL allocations and header special markers work */
+	if(f > other) {
+		assert(f > 1); /* this is certain because of header */
+		if(*((uint8_t*)UDB_REL(base, f-1)) == (uint8_t)exp) {
+			/* can do it if the other part is a free chunk */
+			assert(UDB_FREE_CHUNK(other)->exp == (uint8_t)exp);
+			if(UDB_CHUNK(other)->type == udb_chunk_type_free)
+				return other;
+		}
+	} else {
+		if(UDB_CHUNK(other)->exp == (uint8_t)exp) {
+			/* can do it if the other part is a free chunk */
+			assert(chunk_get_last(base, other, exp)==(uint8_t)exp);
+			if(UDB_CHUNK(other)->type == udb_chunk_type_free)
+				return other;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** coagulate and then add new free segment, return final free segment */
+static udb_void
+coagulate_and_push(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void last, int exp,
+	uint64_t esz)
+{
+	/* new free chunk here, attempt coagulate */
+	udb_void other;
+	while( (other=coagulate_possible(base, alloc, last, exp, esz)) ) {
+		/* unlink that other chunk */
+		udb_alloc_unlink_fl(base, alloc, other, exp);
+		/* merge up */
+		if(other < last)
+			last = other;
+		exp++;
+		esz <<= 1;
+	}
+	/* free the final segment */
+	udb_alloc_push_fl(base, alloc, last, exp);
+	return last;
+}
+
+/** attempt to compact the data and move free space to the end */
+static int
+udb_alloc_compact(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc)
+{
+	udb_void last;
+	int exp, e2;
+	uint64_t esz;
+	uint64_t at = alloc->disk->nextgrow;
+	udb_void xl_start = 0;
+	uint64_t xl_sz = 0;
+	while(at > alloc->udb->glob_data->hsize) {
+		/* grab last entry */
+		exp = (int)*((uint8_t*)UDB_REL(base, at-1));
+		if(exp == UDB_EXP_XL) {
+			/* for XL chunks:
+			 * - inspect the size of the XLchunklist at end
+			 * - attempt to compact in front of of XLchunklist
+			 */
+			uint64_t xlsz = *((uint64_t*)UDB_REL(base,
+				at-sizeof(uint64_t)*2));
+			udb_void xl = at-xlsz;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+			udb_xl_chunk_d* xlp = UDB_XL_CHUNK(xl);
+			assert(xlp->exp == UDB_EXP_XL);
+			assert(xlp->type != udb_chunk_type_free);
+#endif
+			/* got thesegment add to the xl chunk list */
+			if(xl_start != 0 && xl+xlsz != xl_start) {
+				/* nonadjoining XL part, but they are aligned,
+				 * so the space in between is whole Mbs,
+				 * shift the later part(s) and continue */
+				uint64_t m = xl_start - (xl+xlsz);
+				assert(xl_start > xl+xlsz);
+				alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_compact;
+				free_xl_space(base, alloc, xl+xlsz, m);
+				move_xl_list(base, alloc, xl_start, xl_sz, m);
+				alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+			}
+			xl_start = xl;
+			xl_sz += xlsz;
+			at = xl;
+			continue;
+			/* end of XL if */
+		} else if(exp < UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP
+			|| exp > UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX)
+			break; /* special chunk or garbage */
+		esz = (uint64_t)1<<exp;
+		last = at - esz;
+		assert(UDB_CHUNK(last)->exp == (uint8_t)exp);
+		if(UDB_CHUNK(last)->type == udb_chunk_type_free) {
+			/* if xlstart continue looking to move stuff, but do
+			 * not unlink this free segment */
+			if(!xl_start) {
+				/* it is a free chunk, remove it */
+				alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_fl;
+				udb_alloc_unlink_fl(base, alloc, last, exp);
+				alloc->disk->stat_free -= esz;
+				alloc->disk->nextgrow = last;
+				alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+				/* and continue at this point */
+			}
+			at = last;
+		} else if( (e2=have_free_for(alloc, exp)) ) {
+			/* last entry can be allocated in free chunks
+			 * move it to its new position, adjust rel_ptrs */
+			alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_compact;
+			move_chunk(base, alloc, last, exp, esz, e2);
+			if(xl_start) {
+				last = coagulate_and_push(base, alloc,
+					last, exp, esz);
+			} else {
+				/* shorten usage */
+				alloc->disk->stat_free -= esz;
+				alloc->disk->nextgrow = last;
+			}
+			alloc->udb->glob_data->rb_old = 0;
+			alloc->udb->glob_data->rb_new = 0;
+			alloc->udb->glob_data->rb_size = 0;
+			alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+			/* and continue in front of it */
+			at = last;
+		} else {
+			/* cannot compact this block, stop compacting */
+			break;
+		}
+		/* if that worked, repeat it */
+	}
+	/* if we passed xl chunks, see if XL-chunklist can move */
+	if(xl_start) {
+		/* calculate free space in front of the XLchunklist. */
+		/* has to be whole mbs of free space */
+		/* if so, we can move the XL chunks.  Move them all back
+		 * by the new free space. */
+		/* this compacts very well, but the XL chunks can be moved
+		 * multiple times; worst case for every mb freed a huge sized
+		 * xlchunklist gets moved. */
+		/* free space must be, since aligned and coagulated, in
+		 * chunks of a whole MB */
+		udb_void at = xl_start;
+		uint64_t m = 0;
+		while(*((uint8_t*)UDB_REL(base, at-1))==UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX){
+			udb_void chunk = at - UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE;
+			if(UDB_CHUNK(chunk)->type != udb_chunk_type_free)
+				break;
+			assert(UDB_CHUNK(chunk)->exp==UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX);
+			m += UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE;
+			at = chunk;
+		}
+		if(m != 0) {
+			assert(at+m == xl_start);
+			alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_compact;
+			free_xl_space(base, alloc, at, m);
+			move_xl_list(base, alloc, xl_start, xl_sz, m);
+			alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* if enough free, shrink the file; re-mmap */
+	if(enough_free(alloc)) {
+		uint64_t nsize = alloc->disk->nextgrow;
+		udb_base_shrink(alloc->udb, nsize);
+		if(!udb_base_remap(alloc->udb, alloc, nsize))
+			return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+/** check that rptrs are really zero before free */
+void udb_check_rptr_zero(void* base, udb_rel_ptr* p, void* arg)
+{
+	(void)base;
+	(void)arg;
+	assert(p->data == 0);
+}
+#endif /* UDB_CHECK */
+
+/** free XL chunk as multiples of CHUNK_SIZE free segments */
+static void
+udb_free_xl(void* base, udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void f, udb_xl_chunk_d* fp,
+	size_t sz)
+{
+	uint64_t xlsz = fp->size;
+	uint64_t c;
+	/* lightweight check for buffer overflow in xl data */
+	assert(*((uint64_t*)(UDB_REL(base, f+xlsz-sizeof(uint64_t)*2)))==xlsz);
+	assert(*((uint8_t*)(UDB_REL(base, f+xlsz-1))) == UDB_EXP_XL);
+	assert( (xlsz & (UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) == 0 ); /* whole mbs */
+	assert( (f & (UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE-1)) == 0 ); /* aligned */
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	/* check that relptrs in this chunk have been zeroed */
+	(*alloc->udb->walkfunc)(base, alloc->udb->walkarg, fp->type,
+		UDB_REL(base, f+sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d)), xlsz,
+		&udb_check_rptr_zero, NULL);
+#endif
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_fl;
+	/* update stats */
+	alloc->disk->stat_data -= sz;
+	alloc->disk->stat_alloc -= xlsz;
+	alloc->disk->stat_free += xlsz;
+	/* walk in reverse, so the front blocks go first on the list */
+	c = f + xlsz - UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE;
+	/* because of header and alignment we know f >= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE*/
+	assert(f >= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE);
+	while(c >= f) {
+		/* free a block of CHUNK_SIZE (1 Mb) */
+		udb_alloc_push_fl(base, alloc, c, UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX);
+		c -= UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE;
+	}
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+}
+
+int udb_alloc_free(udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void r, size_t sz)
+{
+	void* base;
+	/* lookup chunk ptr */
+	udb_void f;
+	udb_chunk_d* fp;
+	uint64_t esz;
+	int exp;
+	udb_void other;
+	int coagulated = 0;
+	if(!r)
+		return 1; /* free(NULL) does nothing */
+
+	/* lookup size of chunk */
+	base = alloc->udb->base;
+	/* fails for XL blocks */
+	f = chunk_from_dataptr(r);
+	fp = UDB_CHUNK(f);
+	assert(fp->type != udb_chunk_type_free);
+
+	/* see if it has a ptrlist, if so: trouble, the list is not properly
+	 * cleaned up. (although you can imagine a wholesale delete where
+	 * it does not matter) */
+	assert(fp->ptrlist == 0);
+
+	/* set ptrlist to 0 to stop relptr from using it, robustness. */
+	fp->ptrlist = 0;
+
+	if(fp->exp == UDB_EXP_XL) {
+		udb_free_xl(base, alloc, f, (udb_xl_chunk_d*)fp, sz);
+		/* compact */
+		return udb_alloc_compact(base, alloc);
+	}
+	/* it is a regular chunk of 2**exp size */
+	exp = (int)fp->exp;
+	esz = (uint64_t)1<<exp;
+	/* light check for e.g. buffer overflow of the data */
+	assert(sz < esz);
+	assert(chunk_get_last(base, f, exp) == (uint8_t)exp);
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	/* check that relptrs in this chunk have been zeroed */
+	(*alloc->udb->walkfunc)(base, alloc->udb->walkarg, fp->type,
+		UDB_REL(base, r), esz, &udb_check_rptr_zero, NULL);
+#endif
+
+	/* update the stats */
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_fl;
+	alloc->disk->stat_data -= sz;
+	alloc->disk->stat_free += esz;
+	alloc->disk->stat_alloc -= esz;
+
+	/* if it can be merged with other free chunks, do so */
+	while( (other=coagulate_possible(base, alloc, f, exp, esz)) ) {
+		coagulated = 1;
+		/* unlink that other chunk and expand it (it has same size) */
+		udb_alloc_unlink_fl(base, alloc, other, exp);
+		/* merge up */
+		if(other < f)
+			f = other;
+		exp++;
+		esz <<= 1;
+	}
+	if(coagulated) {
+		/* put big free chunk into freelist, and init it */
+		udb_alloc_push_fl(base, alloc, f, exp);
+	} else {
+		/* we do not need to touch the last-exp-byte, which may save
+		 * a reference to that page of memory */
+		fp->type = udb_chunk_type_free;
+		fp->flags = 0;
+		udb_alloc_push_fl_noinit(base, alloc, f, exp);
+	}
+	alloc->udb->glob_data->dirty_alloc = udb_dirty_clean;
+	/* compact */
+	return udb_alloc_compact(base, alloc);
+}
+
+udb_void udb_alloc_init(udb_alloc* alloc, void* d, size_t sz)
+{
+	/* could be faster maybe, if grown? */
+	udb_void r = udb_alloc_space(alloc, sz);
+	if(!r) return r;
+	memcpy(UDB_REL(alloc->udb->base, r), d, sz);
+	return r;
+}
+
+udb_void udb_alloc_realloc(udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void r, size_t osz, size_t sz)
+{
+	void* base = alloc->udb->base;
+	udb_void c, n, newd;
+	udb_chunk_d* cp, *np;
+	uint64_t avail;
+	uint8_t cp_type;
+	/* emulate some posix realloc stuff */
+	if(r == 0)
+		return udb_alloc_space(alloc, sz);
+	if(sz == 0) {
+		if(!udb_alloc_free(alloc, r, osz))
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "udb_alloc_realloc: free failed");
+		return 0;
+	}
+	c = chunk_from_dataptr(r);
+	cp = UDB_CHUNK(c);
+	cp_type = cp->type;
+	if(cp->exp == UDB_EXP_XL) {
+		avail = UDB_XL_CHUNK(c)->size - sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d)
+			- sizeof(uint64_t)*2;
+	} else {
+		avail = ((uint64_t)1<<cp->exp) - sizeof(udb_chunk_d) - 1;
+	}
+	if(sz <= avail)
+		return r;
+	/* reallocate it, and copy */
+	newd = udb_alloc_space(alloc, sz);
+	if(!newd) return 0;
+	/* re-base after alloc, since re-mmap may have happened */
+	base = alloc->udb->base;
+	cp = NULL; /* may be invalid now, robustness */
+	n = chunk_from_dataptr(newd);
+	np = UDB_CHUNK(n);
+	np->type = cp_type;
+	memcpy(UDB_REL(base, newd), UDB_REL(base, r), osz);
+	/* fixup ptrs */
+	chunk_fix_ptrs(base, alloc->udb, np, newd, osz, r);
+
+	if(!udb_alloc_free(alloc, r, osz))
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "udb_alloc_realloc: free failed");
+	return newd;
+}
+
+int udb_alloc_grow(udb_alloc* alloc, size_t sz, size_t num)
+{
+	const uint64_t mb = 1024*1024;
+	int exp = udb_alloc_exp_needed(sz);
+	uint64_t esz;
+	uint64_t want;
+	if(exp == UDB_EXP_XL)
+		esz = (sz&(mb-1))+mb;
+	else	esz = (uint64_t)1<<exp;
+	/* we need grow_end_calc to take into account alignment */
+	want = grow_end_calc(alloc, exp) + esz*(num-1);
+	assert(want >= alloc->udb->base_size);
+	if(!udb_base_grow_and_remap(alloc->udb, want)) {
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "failed to grow the specified amount");
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+void udb_alloc_set_type(udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void r, udb_chunk_type tp)
+{
+	void* base = alloc->udb->base;
+	udb_void f = chunk_from_dataptr(r);
+	udb_chunk_d* fp = UDB_CHUNK(f);
+	/* not the 'free' type, that must be set by allocation routines */
+	assert(fp->type != udb_chunk_type_free);
+	assert(tp != udb_chunk_type_free);
+	fp->type = tp;
+}
+
+int udb_valid_offset(udb_base* udb, udb_void to, size_t destsize)
+{
+	/* pointers are not valid before the header-size or after the
+	 * used-region of the mmap */
+	return ( (to+destsize) <= udb->base_size &&
+		to >= (udb->glob_data->hsize-2*sizeof(udb_rel_ptr)) &&
+		(to+destsize) <= udb->alloc->disk->nextgrow);
+}
+
+int udb_valid_dataptr(udb_base* udb, udb_void to)
+{
+	void* base = udb->base;
+	udb_void ch;
+	int exp;
+	uint64_t esz;
+	/* our data chunks are aligned and at least 8 bytes */
+	if(!udb_valid_offset(udb, to, sizeof(uint64_t)))
+		return 0;
+	/* get the chunk pointer */
+	ch = chunk_from_dataptr(to);
+	if(!udb_valid_offset(udb, ch, sizeof(udb_chunk_d)))
+		return 0;
+	/* check its size */
+	exp = UDB_CHUNK(ch)->exp;
+	if(exp == UDB_EXP_XL) {
+		/* check XL chunk */
+		uint64_t xlsz;
+		if(!udb_valid_offset(udb, ch, sizeof(udb_xl_chunk_d)))
+			return 0;
+		xlsz = UDB_XL_CHUNK(ch)->size;
+		if(!udb_valid_offset(udb, ch+xlsz-1, 1))
+			return 0;
+		if(*((uint8_t*)UDB_REL(base, ch+xlsz-1)) != UDB_EXP_XL)
+			return 0;
+		if(*((uint64_t*)UDB_REL(base, ch+xlsz-sizeof(uint64_t)*2))
+			!= xlsz)
+			return 0;
+		return 1;
+	}
+	/* check if regular chunk has matching end byte */
+	if(exp < UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP || exp > UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX)
+		return 0; /* cannot be a valid chunk */
+	esz = 1<<exp;
+	if(!udb_valid_offset(udb, ch+esz-1, 1))
+		return 0;
+	if(*((uint8_t*)UDB_REL(base, ch+esz-1)) != exp)
+		return 0;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int udb_valid_rptr(udb_base* udb, udb_void rptr, udb_void to)
+{
+	void* base = udb->base;
+	udb_void p;
+	if(!udb_valid_offset(udb, rptr, sizeof(udb_rel_ptr)))
+		return 0;
+	if(!udb_valid_dataptr(udb, to))
+		return 0;
+	p = UDB_CHUNK(chunk_from_dataptr(to))->ptrlist;
+	while(p) {
+		if(!udb_valid_offset(udb, p, sizeof(udb_rel_ptr)))
+			return 0;
+		if(p == rptr)
+			return 1;
+		p = UDB_REL_PTR(p)->next;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void udb_rel_ptr_init(udb_rel_ptr* ptr)
+{
+	memset(ptr, 0, sizeof(*ptr));
+}
+
+void udb_rel_ptr_unlink(void* base, udb_rel_ptr* ptr)
+{
+	if(!ptr->data)
+		return;
+	if(ptr->prev) {
+		UDB_REL_PTR(ptr->prev)->next = ptr->next;
+	} else {
+		UDB_CHUNK(chunk_from_dataptr(ptr->data))->ptrlist = ptr->next;
+	}
+	if(ptr->next) {
+		UDB_REL_PTR(ptr->next)->prev = ptr->prev;
+	}
+}
+
+void udb_rel_ptr_link(void* base, udb_rel_ptr* ptr, udb_void to)
+{
+	udb_chunk_d* chunk = UDB_CHUNK(chunk_from_dataptr(to));
+	ptr->prev = 0;
+	ptr->next = chunk->ptrlist;
+	if(ptr->next)
+		UDB_REL_PTR(ptr->next)->prev = UDB_SYSTOREL(base, ptr);
+	chunk->ptrlist = UDB_SYSTOREL(base, ptr);
+	ptr->data = to;
+}
+
+void udb_rel_ptr_set(void* base, udb_rel_ptr* ptr, udb_void to)
+{
+	assert(to == 0 || to > 64);
+	udb_rel_ptr_unlink(base, ptr);
+	if(to)
+		udb_rel_ptr_link(base, ptr, to);
+	else	ptr->data = to;
+}
+
+void udb_rel_ptr_edit(void* base, udb_void list, udb_void to)
+{
+	udb_void p = list;
+	while(p) {
+		UDB_REL_PTR(p)->data = to;
+		p = UDB_REL_PTR(p)->next;
+	}
+}
+
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+/** check that all pointers are validly chained */
+static void
+udb_check_ptrs_valid(udb_base* udb)
+{
+	size_t i;
+	udb_ptr* p, *prev;
+	for(i=0; i<udb->ram_size; i++) {
+		prev = NULL;
+		for(p=udb->ram_hash[i]; p; p=p->next) {
+			assert(p->prev == prev);
+			assert((size_t)(chunk_hash_ptr(p->data)&udb->ram_mask)
+				== i);
+			assert(p->base == &udb->base);
+			prev = p;
+		}
+	}
+}
+#endif /* UDB_CHECK */
+
+void udb_ptr_init(udb_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb)
+{
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	udb_check_ptrs_valid(udb); /* previous ptrs have been unlinked */
+#endif
+	memset(ptr, 0, sizeof(*ptr));
+	ptr->base = &udb->base;
+}
+
+void udb_ptr_set(udb_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb, udb_void newval)
+{
+	assert(newval == 0 || newval > 64);
+	if(ptr->data)
+		udb_base_unlink_ptr(udb, ptr);
+	ptr->data = newval;
+	if(newval)
+		udb_base_link_ptr(udb, ptr);
+}
+
+int udb_ptr_alloc_space(udb_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb, udb_chunk_type type,
+	size_t sz)
+{
+	udb_void r;
+	r = udb_alloc_space(udb->alloc, sz);
+	if(!r) return 0;
+	udb_alloc_set_type(udb->alloc, r, type);
+	udb_ptr_init(ptr, udb);
+	udb_ptr_set(ptr, udb, r);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+void udb_ptr_free_space(udb_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb, size_t sz)
+{
+	if(ptr->data) {
+		udb_void d = ptr->data;
+		udb_ptr_set(ptr, udb, 0);
+		udb_alloc_free(udb->alloc, d, sz);
+	}
+}
+
+udb_chunk_type udb_ptr_get_type(udb_ptr* ptr)
+{
+	udb_void f;
+	if(!ptr || ptr->data == 0) return udb_chunk_type_internal; /* something bad*/
+	f = chunk_from_dataptr(ptr->data);
+	return ((udb_chunk_d*)UDB_REL(*ptr->base, f))->type;
+}
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/udb.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/udb.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..de7985275c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/udb.h
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+/* udb.h - u(micro) data base, stores data and index information in mmap file.
+ * By W.C.A. Wijngaards
+ * Copyright 2010, NLnet Labs.
+ * BSD, see LICENSE.
+ */
+#ifndef UDB_H
+#define UDB_H
+#include <assert.h>
+
+/**
+ * The micro data base UDB.
+ *
+ * File data.udb is mmapped and used to lookup and edit.
+ * it contains a header with space-allocation-info, and a reference to the
+ * base information, an object that is the entry point for the file.
+ * Then it contains a lot of data and index objects.
+ *
+ * The space allocator is 'buddy system', 1megareas, larger get own area.
+ * So worst case is 2xdata filesize (+header).  Growth semi-linear.
+ * Chunks have size and type (for recovery).  Call to reserve space.
+ * Call to 'realloc-in-place', if space permits.
+ *
+ * Usually you want a record-type and its indexes (sorted) to be stored in
+ * the file.  This is a table (named by string).  The record is opaque
+ * data.
+ *
+ * To be able to use pointers in the mmapped file, there is conversion of
+ * relative-pointers(to file base) to system-pointers.
+ *
+ * If an item is moved its internal pointers need to be recalculated.
+ * Thus a recordtype (that has internal pointers) must provide a routine.
+ * Structures that are 'on-disk', are denoted with _d. Except rel_ptr which
+ * is also on-disk.
+ *
+ * About 64-bit trouble.  The pointer-size which which the application is
+ * compiled determines the file layout, because this makes it perform well
+ * in a mmap.  It could in theory be converted if you really wanted to.
+ * Nonpointer data is best stored as a fixed bitsize (uint8, 16, 32, 64).
+ */
+typedef struct udb_base udb_base;
+typedef struct udb_alloc udb_alloc;
+
+/** perform extra checks (when --enable-checking is used) */
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define UDB_CHECK 1
+#endif
+
+/** pointers are stored like this */
+typedef uint64_t udb_void;
+
+/** convert relptr to usable pointer */
+#define UDB_REL(base, relptr) ((base) + (relptr))
+/** from system pointer to relative pointer */
+#define UDB_SYSTOREL(base, ptr) ((udb_void)((void*)(ptr) - (base)))
+
+/** MAX 2**x exponent of alloced chunks, for 1Mbytes.  The smallest
+ * chunk is 16bytes (8preamble+8data), so 0-3 is unused. */
+#define UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX 20
+/** size of areas that are subdivided */
+#define UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_SIZE ((uint64_t)1<<UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX)
+/** the minimum alloc in exp, 2**x.  32bytes because of chunk_free_d size (8aligned) */
+#define UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP 5
+/** size of minimum alloc */
+#define UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINSIZE ((uint64_t)1<<UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP)
+/** exp size used to mark the header (cannot be reallocated) */
+#define UDB_EXP_HEADER 0
+/** exp size used to mark XL(extralarge) allocations (in whole mbs) */
+#define UDB_EXP_XL 1
+
+typedef struct udb_ptr udb_ptr;
+/**
+ * This structure is there for when you want to have a pointer into
+ * the mmap-ed file.  It is kept track of.  Set it to NULL to unlink it.
+ * For pointers to the mmap-ed file from within the mmap-ed file, use the
+ * rel_pre construct below.
+ */
+struct udb_ptr {
+	/** the data segment it points to (relative file offset) */
+	uint64_t data;
+	/** pointer to the base pointer (for convenience) */
+	void** base;
+	/** prev in udb_ptr list for this data segment */
+	udb_ptr* prev;
+	/** next in udb_ptr list for this data segment */
+	udb_ptr* next;
+};
+
+typedef struct udb_rel_ptr udb_rel_ptr;
+/**
+ * A relative pointer that keeps track of the list of pointers,
+ * so that it can be reallocated.
+ */
+struct udb_rel_ptr {
+	/** the relative pointer to the data itself (subtract chunk_d size
+	 * to get the chunk_d type, this is for usage speed in dereferencing
+	 * to the userdata). */
+	udb_void data;
+	/** udb_rel_ptr* prev in relptr list */
+	udb_void prev;
+	/** udb_rel_ptr* next in relptr list */
+	udb_void next;
+};
+
+/** 
+ * This is the routine that is called for every relptr
+ * @param base: the baseptr for REL.
+ * @param p: the relptr, a real pointer to it.
+ * @param arg: user argument.
+ */
+typedef void udb_walk_relptr_cb(void*, udb_rel_ptr*, void*);
+
+/** 
+ * This routine calls the callback for every relptr in a datablock
+ * params in order:
+ * base: the baseptr for REL macro.
+ * warg: the walkfunc user argument.
+ * t: the type of the chunk.
+ * d: pointer to the data part of the chunk (real pointer).
+ * s: max size of the data part.
+ * cb: the callback to call for every element.
+ * arg: user argument to pass to the callback.
+ */
+typedef void udb_walk_relptr_func(void*, void*, uint8_t, void*, uint64_t,
+	udb_walk_relptr_cb*, void*);
+
+/** What sort of salvage should be performed by alloc */
+enum udb_dirty_alloc {
+	udb_dirty_clean = 0, /* all clean */
+	udb_dirty_fl,        /* allocs, freelists are messed up */
+	udb_dirty_fsize,     /* file size and fsize are messed up */
+	udb_dirty_compact    /* allocs, freelists and relptrs are messed up */
+};
+
+typedef struct udb_glob_d udb_glob_d;
+/**
+ * The UDB global data for a file.  This structure is mmapped.
+ * Make sure it has no structure-padding problems.
+ */
+struct udb_glob_d {
+	/** size of header in the file (offset to the first alloced chunk) */
+	uint64_t hsize;
+	/** version number of this file */
+	uint8_t version;
+	/** was the file not cleanly closed, 0 is ok */
+	uint8_t clean_close;
+	/** an allocation operation was in progress, file needs to be salvaged
+	 * type enum udb_dirty_alloc */
+	uint8_t dirty_alloc;
+	/** user flags */
+	uint8_t userflags;
+	/** padding to 8-bytes alignment */
+	uint8_t pad1[4];
+	/** size to mmap */
+	uint64_t fsize;
+	/** chunk move rollback info: oldchunk (0 is nothing).
+	 * volatile because these values prevent dataloss, they need to be
+	 * written immediately. */
+	volatile udb_void rb_old;
+	/** chunk move rollback info: newchunk (0 is nothing) */
+	volatile udb_void rb_new;
+	/** size of move rollback chunks */
+	volatile uint64_t rb_size;
+	/** segment of move rollback, for an XL chunk that overlaps. */
+	volatile uint64_t rb_seg;
+	/** linked list for content-listing, 0 if empty */
+	udb_rel_ptr content_list;
+	/** user global data pointer */
+	udb_rel_ptr user_global;
+};
+
+/**
+ * The UDB database file.  Contains all the data
+ */
+struct udb_base {
+	/** name of the file, alloced */
+	char* fname;
+
+	/** mmap base pointer (or NULL) */
+	void* base;
+	/** size of mmap */
+	size_t base_size;
+	/** fd of mmap (if -1, closed). */
+	int fd;
+
+	/** space allocator that is used for this base */
+	udb_alloc* alloc;
+	/** real pointer to the global data in the file */
+	udb_glob_d* glob_data;
+
+	/** store all linked udb_ptrs in this table, by hash(offset).
+	 * then a linked list of ptrs (all that match the hash).
+	 * this avoids buckets, and thus memory allocation. */
+	udb_ptr** ram_hash;
+	/** size of the current udb_ptr hashtable array */
+	size_t ram_size;
+	/** mask for the curren udb_ptr hashtable lookups */
+	int ram_mask;
+	/** number of ptrs in ram, used to decide when to grow */
+	size_t ram_num;
+	/** for relocation, this walks through all relptrs in chunk */
+	udb_walk_relptr_func* walkfunc;
+	/** user data for walkfunc */
+	void* walkarg;
+};
+
+typedef enum udb_chunk_type udb_chunk_type;
+/** chunk type enum, setting these types help recovery and debug */
+enum udb_chunk_type {
+	udb_chunk_type_free = 0,
+	udb_chunk_type_data, /* alloced data */
+	udb_chunk_type_index,
+	udb_chunk_type_radtree,
+	udb_chunk_type_radnode,
+	udb_chunk_type_radarray,
+	udb_chunk_type_zone,
+	udb_chunk_type_domain,
+	udb_chunk_type_rrset,
+	udb_chunk_type_rr,
+	udb_chunk_type_task,
+	udb_chunk_type_internal
+};
+
+typedef struct udb_chunk_d udb_chunk_d;
+/**
+ * UDB chunk info (prepended for every allocated chunk).
+ * The chunks are in doublelinkedlists per size.
+ * At the end of the chunk another exp uint8 is stored (to walk backwards).
+ * 17 bytes overhead, datasize for 32byte chunk is 15.
+ */
+struct udb_chunk_d {
+	/** the size of this chunk (i.e. 2**x) */
+	uint8_t exp;
+	/** type for this chunk (enum chunktype; free, data or index) */
+	uint8_t type;
+	/** flags for this chunk */
+	uint8_t flags;
+	/** padding onto 8-alignment */
+	uint8_t pad[5];
+	/** udb_rel_ptr* first in list of rel-ptrs that point back here 
+	 * In the free chunk this is the previous pointer. */
+	udb_void ptrlist;
+	/* user data space starts here, 64-bit aligned */
+	uint8_t data[0];
+	/* last octet: exp of chunk */
+};
+
+typedef struct udb_free_chunk_d udb_free_chunk_d;
+/**
+ * A free chunk.  Same start as the udb_chunk_d. minsize is 32 bytes.
+ */
+struct udb_free_chunk_d {
+	/** the size of this chunk (i.e. 2**x) */
+	uint8_t exp;
+	/** type for this chunk (enum chunktype; free, data or index) */
+	uint8_t type;
+	/** flags for this chunk */
+	uint8_t flags;
+	/** padding onto 8-alignment */
+	uint8_t pad[5];
+	/** udb_chunk_d* prev of free list for this size */
+	udb_void prev;
+	/** udb_chunk_d* next of free list for this size */
+	udb_void next;
+	/* empty stuff */
+	/* last octet: exp of chunk */
+};
+
+typedef struct udb_xl_chunk_d udb_xl_chunk_d;
+/**
+ * an Extra Large (XL) chunk.  Same start as the udb_chunk_d.  Allocated in whole
+ * MAX_CHUNK_SIZE parts, whole megabytes.  overhead is 5x8=40 bytes.
+ */
+struct udb_xl_chunk_d {
+	/** the size of this chunk (i.e. 2**x): special XL value */
+	uint8_t exp;
+	/** type for this chunk (enum chunktype; free, data or index) */
+	uint8_t type;
+	/** flags for this chunk */
+	uint8_t flags;
+	/** padding onto 8-alignment */
+	uint8_t pad[5];
+	/** udb_rel_ptr* first in list of rel-ptrs that point back here 
+	 * In the free chunk this is the previous pointer. */
+	udb_void ptrlist;
+	/** size of this chunk in bytes */
+	uint64_t size;
+	/** data of the XL chunk */
+	uint8_t data[0];
+	/* uint64_t endsize: before last octet the size again. */
+	/* uint8_t pad[7]: padding to make last octet last. */
+	/* last octet: exp of chunk: special XL value */
+};
+
+typedef struct udb_alloc_d udb_alloc_d;
+/**
+ * UDB alloc info on disk.
+ */
+struct udb_alloc_d {
+	/** stats: number of data bytes allocated, sum of sizes passed to alloc */
+	uint64_t stat_data;
+	/** stats: number of bytes in free chunks, sum of their 2**x size */
+	uint64_t stat_free;
+	/** stats: number of bytes in alloced chunks, sum of their 2**x size */
+	uint64_t stat_alloc;
+	/** offset to create next chunk at. can be before file-end, or be 
+	 * fsize, volatile because it is used as a 'commit', and thus we want
+	 * this to be written to memory (and thus disk) immediately. */
+	volatile uint64_t nextgrow;
+	/** fixed size array the points to the 2**x size chunks in the file,
+	 * This is the start of the doublelinked list, ptr to udb_free_chunk_d.
+	 * array starts at UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP entry as [0]. */
+	udb_void free[UDB_ALLOC_CHUNKS_MAX-UDB_ALLOC_CHUNK_MINEXP+1];
+};
+
+/**
+ * The UDB space allocator.  Assigns space in the file.
+ */
+struct udb_alloc {
+	/** the base this is part of */
+	udb_base* udb;
+	/** real pointer to space allocation info on disk; fixedsize struct */
+	udb_alloc_d* disk;
+};
+
+/** 
+ * file header length, the file start with
+ * 64bit: magic number to identify file (and prevent stupid mistakes)
+ * globdata: global data. Fixed size segment. (starts with size uint64)
+ * allocdata: alloc global data. Fixed size segment.
+ * size and 0 byte: end marker for reverse search.
+ */
+#define UDB_HEADER_SIZE (sizeof(uint64_t)+sizeof(udb_glob_d)+ \
+	sizeof(udb_alloc_d)+sizeof(uint64_t)*2)
+/** magic string that starts an UDB file, uint64_t, note first byte=0, to mark
+ * header start as a chunk. */
+#define UDB_MAGIC (((uint64_t)'u'<<48)|((uint64_t)'d'<<40)|((uint64_t)'b' \
+	<<32)|((uint64_t)'v'<<24)|((uint64_t)'0'<<16)|((uint64_t)'a'<<8))
+
+/* UDB BASE */
+/**
+ * Create udb base structure and attempt to read the file.
+ * @param fname: file name.
+ * @param walkfunc: function to walk through relptrs in chunk.
+ * @param arg: user argument to pass to walkfunc
+ * @return base structure or NULL on failure.
+ */
+udb_base* udb_base_create_read(const char* fname, udb_walk_relptr_func walkfunc,
+	void* arg);
+
+/**
+ * Create udb base structure and create a new file.
+ * @param fname: file name.
+ * @param walkfunc: function to walk through relptrs in chunk.
+ * @param arg: user argument to pass to walkfunc
+ * @return base structure or NULL on failure.
+ */
+udb_base* udb_base_create_new(const char* fname, udb_walk_relptr_func walkfunc,
+	void* arg);
+
+/**
+ * Create udb from (O_RDWR) fd.
+ * @param fname: file name.
+ * @param fd: file descriptor.
+ * @param walkfunc: function to walk through relptrs in chunk.
+ * @param arg: user argument to pass to walkfunc
+ * @return base structure or NULL on failure.
+ */
+udb_base* udb_base_create_fd(const char* fname, int fd,
+	udb_walk_relptr_func walkfunc, void* arg);
+
+/**
+ * Properly close the UDB base file.  Separate from delete so the
+ * most important bits (write to disk, sockets) can be done first.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ */
+void udb_base_close(udb_base* udb);
+
+/**
+ * Free the data structure (and close if not already) the udb.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ */
+void udb_base_free(udb_base* udb);
+
+/**
+ * Free the udb, but keep mmap mapped for others.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ */
+void udb_base_free_keep_mmap(udb_base* udb);
+
+/**
+ * Sync the mmap.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param wait: if true, the call blocks until synced.
+ */
+void udb_base_sync(udb_base* udb, int wait);
+
+/**
+ * The mmap size is updated to reflect changes by another process.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ */
+void udb_base_remap_process(udb_base* udb);
+
+/**
+ * get the user data (relative) pointer.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @return the userdata relative pointer, 0 means nothing.
+ */
+udb_rel_ptr* udb_base_get_userdata(udb_base* udb);
+
+/**
+ * Set the user data (relative) pointer.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param user: user data. offset-pointer (or 0).
+ */
+void udb_base_set_userdata(udb_base* udb, udb_void user);
+
+/** 
+ * Set the user flags (to any value, uint8). 
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param v: new value.
+ */
+void udb_base_set_userflags(udb_base* udb, uint8_t v);
+
+/** 
+ * Get the user flags. 
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param v: new value.
+ */
+uint8_t udb_base_get_userflags(udb_base* udb);
+
+/**
+ * Not for users of udb_base, but for udb_ptr.
+ * Link in a new ptr that references a data segment.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param ptr: to link in.
+ */
+void udb_base_link_ptr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* ptr);
+
+/**
+ * Not for users of udb_base, but for udb_ptr.
+ * Unlink a ptr that references a data segment.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param ptr: to unlink.
+ */
+void udb_base_unlink_ptr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* ptr);
+
+/* UDB ALLOC */
+/**
+ * Utility for alloc, find 2**x size that is bigger than the given size.
+ * Does not work for amount==0.
+ * @param amount: amount of memory.
+ * @return x; the exponent where 2**x >= amount.
+ */
+int udb_exp_size(uint64_t amount);
+
+/**
+ * Utility for alloc, what is the size that the current offset supports
+ * as a maximum 2**x chunk.
+ * Does not work for offset = 0 (result is infinite).
+ * @param offset: the offset into the memory region.
+ * @return maximum exponent where 2**x is fits the offset, thus
+ * 	offset % (2**x) == 0 and x cannot be larger.
+ */
+int udb_exp_offset(uint64_t offset);
+
+/**
+ * Convert pointer to the data part to a pointer to the base of the chunk.
+ * @param data: data part.
+ * @return pointer to the base of the chunk.
+ */
+udb_void chunk_from_dataptr_ext(udb_void data);
+
+/**
+ * Create empty UDB allocate structure to write to disk to initialize file.
+ * @param a: allocation structure to initialize.  system pointer.
+ */
+void udb_alloc_init_new(udb_alloc_d* a);
+
+/**
+ * Create new udb allocator, with specific data on disk
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param disk: disk data.
+ * @return udb allocator or NULL on (malloc) failure.
+ */
+udb_alloc* udb_alloc_create(udb_base* udb, udb_alloc_d* disk);
+
+/**
+ * Free the udb allocator from memory.
+ * @param alloc: the udb space allocator.
+ */
+void udb_alloc_delete(udb_alloc* alloc);
+
+/**
+ * Allocate space on the disk.
+ * This may involve closing and reopening the mmap.
+ * @param alloc: the udb space allocator.
+ * @param sz: size you want to use.
+ * @return relative pointer (or 0 on alloc failure).
+ */
+udb_void udb_alloc_space(udb_alloc* alloc, size_t sz);
+
+/**
+ * Allocate space on disk, give already the data you want there.
+ * This may involve closing and reopening the mmap.
+ * @param alloc: the udb space allocator.
+ * @param d: data you want there (system pointer).
+ * @param sz: size you want to use.
+ * @return relative pointer (or 0 on alloc failure).
+ */
+udb_void udb_alloc_init(udb_alloc* alloc, void* d, size_t sz);
+
+/**
+ * free allocated space.  It may shrink the file.
+ * This may involve closing and reopening the mmap.
+ * @param alloc: the udb space allocator.
+ * @param r: relative pointer to data you want to free.
+ * @param sz: the size of the data you stop using.
+ * @return false if the free failed, it failed the close and mmap.
+ */
+int udb_alloc_free(udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void r, size_t sz);
+
+/**
+ * realloc an existing allocated space.  It may grow the file.
+ * This may involve closing and reopening the mmap.
+ * It could also use the existing space where it is now.
+ * @param alloc: the udb space allocator.
+ * @param r: relative pointer to data you want to realloc.
+ *	if 0 then this is alloc_space(), and osz is ignored.
+ * @param osz: the old size of the data.
+ * @param sz: the size of the data you want to get.
+ *	if this is 0 then a free() is done, but please do it directly,
+ *	as you then get a returnvalue (file errors).
+ * @return relative pointer (0 on alloc failure, same if not moved).
+ */
+udb_void udb_alloc_realloc(udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void r, size_t osz,
+	size_t sz);
+
+/**
+ * Prepare for a lot of new entries.  Grow space for that.
+ * This can involve closing and reopening the mmap.
+ * This space (if large) is going to be released on next free() or close().
+ * @param alloc: the udb space allocator.
+ * @param sz: size of the entries.
+ * @param num: number of entries.
+ * @return false on failure to grow or re-mmap.
+ */
+int udb_alloc_grow(udb_alloc* alloc, size_t sz, size_t num);
+
+/**
+ * Set the alloc type for a newly alloced piece of data
+ * @param alloc: the udb space allocator.
+ * @param r: relativeptr to the data.
+ * @param tp: the type of that block.
+ */
+void udb_alloc_set_type(udb_alloc* alloc, udb_void r, udb_chunk_type tp);
+
+/**
+ * See if a pointer could be valid (it points within valid space),
+ * for the given type side.  For debug checks.
+ * @param udb: the udb
+ * @param to: the ptr (offset).
+ * @param destsize: the size_of of the destination of the pointer.
+ * @return true if it points to a valid region.
+ */
+int udb_valid_offset(udb_base* udb, udb_void to, size_t destsize);
+
+/**
+ * See if a pointer is valid (it points to a chunk).  For debug checks.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param to: the ptr (offset).
+ * @return true if it points to the start of a chunks data region.
+ */
+int udb_valid_dataptr(udb_base* udb, udb_void to);
+
+/**
+ * See if a pointer is on the relptrlist for dataptr.  For debug checks.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param rptr: the rel_ptr (offset).
+ * @param to: dataptr of the chunk on which ptrlist the rptr is searched.
+ * @return true if rptr is valid and on the ptrlist.
+ */
+int udb_valid_rptr(udb_base* udb, udb_void rptr, udb_void to);
+
+/*** UDB_REL_PTR ***/
+/** 
+ * Init a new UDB rel ptr at NULL.
+ * @param ptr: sysptr, becomes inited.
+ */
+void udb_rel_ptr_init(udb_rel_ptr* ptr);
+
+/** 
+ * Unlink a UDB rel ptr.
+ * @param base: the udb base
+ * @param ptr: sysptr, unlinked
+ */
+void udb_rel_ptr_unlink(void* base, udb_rel_ptr* ptr);
+
+/**
+ * Link a UDB rel ptr to a new chunk
+ * @param base: the udb base
+ * @param ptr: sysptr, linked to new value.
+ * @param to: the data to point to (relative ptr).
+ */
+void udb_rel_ptr_link(void* base, udb_rel_ptr* ptr, udb_void to);
+
+/**
+ * Change rel ptr to a new value (point to another record)
+ * @param base: the udb base
+ * @param ptr: sysptr, points to new value.
+ * @param to: the data to point to (relative ptr).
+ */
+void udb_rel_ptr_set(void* base, udb_rel_ptr* ptr, udb_void to);
+
+/**
+ * A chunk has moved and now edit all the relptrs in list to fix them up
+ * @param base: the udb base
+ * @param list: start of the ptr list
+ * @param to: where the chunk has moved to relptr to its userdata.
+ */
+void udb_rel_ptr_edit(void* base, udb_void list, udb_void to);
+
+/**
+ * Get system pointer.  Assumes there is a variable named 'base'
+ * that points to the udb base.
+ * @param ptr: the relative pointer (a sysptr to it).
+ * @return void* to the data.
+ */
+#define UDB_SYSPTR(ptr) UDB_REL(base, (ptr)->data)
+
+/** get sys ptr for char* string */
+#define UDB_CHAR(ptr) ((char*)UDB_REL(base, ptr))
+/** get sys ptr for udb_rel_ptr */
+#define UDB_REL_PTR(ptr) ((udb_rel_ptr*)UDB_REL(base, ptr))
+/** get sys ptr for udb_glob_d */
+#define UDB_GLOB(ptr) ((udb_glob_d*)UDB_REL(base, ptr))
+/** get sys ptr for udb_chunk_d */
+#define UDB_CHUNK(ptr) ((udb_chunk_d*)UDB_REL(base, ptr))
+/** get sys ptr for udb_free_chunk_d */
+#define UDB_FREE_CHUNK(ptr) ((udb_free_chunk_d*)UDB_REL(base, ptr))
+/** get sys ptr for udb_xl_chunk_d */
+#define UDB_XL_CHUNK(ptr) ((udb_xl_chunk_d*)UDB_REL(base, ptr))
+
+/* udb_ptr */
+/**
+ * Initialize an udb ptr.  Set to NULL.  (and thus not linked can be deleted).
+ * You MUST set it to 0 before you stop using the ptr.
+ * @param ptr: the ptr to initialise (caller has allocated it).
+ * @param udb: the udb base to link it to.
+ */
+void udb_ptr_init(udb_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb);
+
+/**
+ * Set udp ptr to a new value.  If set to NULL you can delete it.
+ * @param ptr: the ptr.
+ * @param udb: the udb base to link up with that data segment's administration.
+ * @param newval: new value to point to (udb_void relative file offset to data).
+ */
+void udb_ptr_set(udb_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb, udb_void newval);
+
+/** dereference udb_ptr */
+#define UDB_PTR(ptr) (UDB_REL(*((ptr)->base), (ptr)->data))
+
+/**
+ * Ease of use udb ptr, allocate space and return ptr to it
+ * You MUST udb_ptr_set it to 0 before you stop using the ptr.
+ * @param base: udb base to use.
+ * @param ptr: ptr is overwritten, can be uninitialised.
+ * @param type: type of the allocation.
+ * 	You need a special type if the block contains udb_rel_ptr's.
+ * 	You can use udb_type_data for plain data.
+ * @param sz: amount to allocate.
+ * @return 0 on alloc failure.
+ */
+int udb_ptr_alloc_space(udb_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb, udb_chunk_type type,
+	size_t sz);
+
+/**
+ * Ease of use udb ptr, free space and set ptr to NULL (to it can be deleted).
+ * The space is freed on disk.
+ * @param ptr: the ptr.
+ * @param udb: udb base.
+ * @param sz: the size of the data you stop using.
+ */
+void udb_ptr_free_space(udb_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb, size_t sz);
+
+/**
+ * Get pointer to the data of the ptr.  or use a macro to cast UDB_PTR to
+ * the type of your structure(.._d)
+ */
+static inline uint8_t* udb_ptr_data(udb_ptr* ptr) {
+	return (uint8_t*)UDB_PTR(ptr);
+}
+
+/**
+ * See if udb ptr is null
+ */
+static inline int udb_ptr_is_null(udb_ptr* ptr) {
+	return (ptr->data == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the type of a udb_ptr chunk.
+ * @param ptr: udb pointer
+ * @return type of chunk */
+udb_chunk_type udb_ptr_get_type(udb_ptr* ptr);
+
+/** Ease of use, create new pointer to destination relptr
+ * You MUST udb_ptr_set it to 0 before you stop using the ptr. */
+static inline void udb_ptr_new(udb_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb, udb_rel_ptr* d) {
+	udb_ptr_init(ptr, udb);
+	udb_ptr_set(ptr, udb, d->data);
+}
+
+/** Ease of use.  Stop using this ptr */
+static inline void udb_ptr_unlink(udb_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb) {
+	if(ptr->data)
+		udb_base_unlink_ptr(udb, ptr);
+}
+
+/* Ease of use.  Assign rptr from rptr */
+static inline void udb_rptr_set_rptr(udb_rel_ptr* dest, udb_base* udb,
+	udb_rel_ptr* p) {
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	if(dest->data) { assert(udb_valid_rptr(udb,
+		UDB_SYSTOREL(udb->base, dest), dest->data)); }
+	if(p->data) { assert(udb_valid_rptr(udb,
+		UDB_SYSTOREL(udb->base, p), p->data)); }
+#endif
+	udb_rel_ptr_set(udb->base, dest, p->data);
+}
+
+/* Ease of use.  Assign rptr from ptr */
+static inline void udb_rptr_set_ptr(udb_rel_ptr* dest, udb_base* udb,
+	udb_ptr* p) {
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	if(dest->data) { assert(udb_valid_rptr(udb,
+		UDB_SYSTOREL(udb->base, dest), dest->data)); }
+	if(p->data) { assert(udb_valid_dataptr(udb, p->data)); }
+#endif
+	udb_rel_ptr_set(udb->base, dest, p->data);
+}
+
+/* Ease of use.  Assign ptr from rptr */
+static inline void udb_ptr_set_rptr(udb_ptr* dest, udb_base* udb,
+	udb_rel_ptr* p) {
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	if(p->data) { assert(udb_valid_rptr(udb,
+		UDB_SYSTOREL(udb->base, p), p->data)); }
+#endif
+	udb_ptr_set(dest, udb, p->data);
+}
+
+/* Ease of use.  Assign ptr from ptr */
+static inline void udb_ptr_set_ptr(udb_ptr* dest, udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* p) {
+	udb_ptr_set(dest, udb, p->data);
+}
+
+/* Ease of use, zero rptr.  You use this to zero an existing pointer.
+ * A new rptr should be rel_ptr_init-ed before it is taken into use. */
+static inline void udb_rptr_zero(udb_rel_ptr* dest, udb_base* udb) {
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	if(dest->data) { assert(udb_valid_rptr(udb,
+		UDB_SYSTOREL(udb->base, dest), dest->data)); }
+#endif
+	udb_rel_ptr_set(udb->base, dest, 0);
+}
+
+/* Ease of use, zero ptr */
+static inline void udb_ptr_zero(udb_ptr* dest, udb_base* udb) {
+	udb_ptr_set(dest, udb, 0);
+}
+
+/** ease of use, delete memory pointed at by relptr */
+static inline void udb_rel_ptr_free_space(udb_rel_ptr* ptr, udb_base* udb,
+	size_t sz) {
+	udb_void d = ptr->data;
+#ifdef UDB_CHECK
+	if(d) { assert(udb_valid_rptr(udb, UDB_SYSTOREL(udb->base, ptr), d)); }
+#endif
+	udb_rel_ptr_set(udb->base, ptr, 0);
+	udb_alloc_free(udb->alloc, d, sz);
+}
+
+#endif /* UDB_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/udbradtree.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/udbradtree.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d9be6b9c255
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/udbradtree.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1463 @@
+/*
+ * udbradtree -- radix tree for binary strings for in udb file.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, NLnet Labs.  See LICENSE for license.
+ */
+#include "config.h"
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include "udbradtree.h"
+#include "radtree.h"
+#define RADARRAY(ptr) ((struct udb_radarray_d*)UDB_PTR(ptr))
+
+/** see if radarray can be reduced (by a factor of two) */
+static int udb_radarray_reduce_if_needed(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n);
+
+int udb_radix_tree_create(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* ptr)
+{
+	if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(ptr, udb, udb_chunk_type_radtree,
+		sizeof(struct udb_radtree_d)))
+		return 0;
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&RADTREE(ptr)->root);
+	RADTREE(ptr)->count = 0;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** size of radarray */
+static size_t size_of_radarray(struct udb_radarray_d* a)
+{
+	return sizeof(struct udb_radarray_d)+((size_t)a->capacity)*(
+		sizeof(struct udb_radsel_d)+(size_t)a->str_cap);
+}
+
+/** size in bytes of data in the array lookup structure */
+static size_t size_of_lookup(udb_ptr* node)
+{
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(node) == udb_chunk_type_radnode);
+	return size_of_radarray((struct udb_radarray_d*)UDB_REL(*node->base,
+		RADNODE(node)->lookup.data));
+}
+
+/** external variant, size in bytes of data in the array lookup structure */
+size_t size_of_lookup_ext(udb_ptr* lookup)
+{
+	return size_of_lookup(lookup);
+}
+
+/** size needed for a lookup array like this */
+static size_t size_of_lookup_needed(uint16_t capacity, udb_radstrlen_t str_cap)
+{
+	return sizeof(struct udb_radarray_d)+ ((size_t)capacity)*(
+		sizeof(struct udb_radsel_d)+(size_t)str_cap);
+}
+
+/** get the lookup array for a node */
+static struct udb_radarray_d* lookup(udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(n) == udb_chunk_type_radnode);
+	return (struct udb_radarray_d*)UDB_REL(*n->base,
+		RADNODE(n)->lookup.data);
+}
+
+/** get a length in the lookup array */
+static udb_radstrlen_t lookup_len(udb_ptr* n, unsigned i)
+{
+	return lookup(n)->array[i].len;
+}
+
+/** get a string in the lookup array */
+static uint8_t* lookup_string(udb_ptr* n, unsigned i)
+{
+	return ((uint8_t*)&(lookup(n)->array[lookup(n)->capacity]))+
+		i*lookup(n)->str_cap;
+}
+
+/** get a node in the lookup array */
+static struct udb_radnode_d* lookup_node(udb_ptr* n, unsigned i)
+{
+	return (struct udb_radnode_d*)UDB_REL(*n->base,
+		lookup(n)->array[i].node.data);
+}
+
+/** zero the relptrs in radarray */
+static void udb_radarray_zero_ptrs(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+	for(i=0; i<lookup(n)->len; i++) {
+		udb_rptr_zero(&lookup(n)->array[i].node, udb);
+	}
+}
+
+/** delete a radnode */
+static void udb_radnode_delete(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	if(udb_ptr_is_null(n))
+		return;
+	if(RADNODE(n)->lookup.data) {
+		udb_radarray_zero_ptrs(udb, n);
+		udb_rel_ptr_free_space(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb,
+			size_of_lookup(n));
+	}
+	udb_rptr_zero(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&RADNODE(n)->parent, udb);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&RADNODE(n)->elem, udb);
+	udb_ptr_free_space(n, udb, sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d));
+}
+
+/** delete radnodes in postorder recursion, n is ptr to node */
+static void udb_radnode_del_postorder(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+	udb_ptr sub;
+	if(udb_ptr_is_null(n))
+		return;
+	/* clear subnodes */
+	udb_ptr_init(&sub, udb);
+	for(i=0; i<lookup(n)->len; i++) {
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&sub, udb, &lookup(n)->array[i].node);
+		udb_rptr_zero(&lookup(n)->array[i].node, udb);
+		udb_radnode_del_postorder(udb, &sub);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&sub, udb);
+	/* clear lookup */
+	udb_rel_ptr_free_space(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb, size_of_lookup(n));
+	udb_rptr_zero(&RADNODE(n)->parent, udb);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&RADNODE(n)->elem, udb);
+	udb_ptr_free_space(n, udb, sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d));
+}
+
+void udb_radix_tree_clear(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt)
+{
+	udb_ptr root;
+	udb_ptr_new(&root, udb, &RADTREE(rt)->root);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&RADTREE(rt)->root, udb);
+	/* free the root node (and its descendants, if any) */
+	udb_radnode_del_postorder(udb, &root);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&root, udb);
+
+	RADTREE(rt)->count = 0;
+}
+
+void udb_radix_tree_delete(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt)
+{
+	if(rt->data == 0) return;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(rt) == udb_chunk_type_radtree);
+	udb_radix_tree_clear(udb, rt);
+	udb_ptr_free_space(rt, udb, sizeof(struct udb_radtree_d));
+}
+
+/** 
+ * Find a prefix of the key, in whole-nodes.
+ * Finds the longest prefix that corresponds to a whole radnode entry.
+ * There may be a slightly longer prefix in one of the array elements.
+ * @param result: the longest prefix, the entry itself if *respos==len,
+ *      otherwise an array entry, residx.  Output.
+ * @param respos: pos in string where next unmatched byte is, if == len an
+ *      exact match has been found.  If == 0 then a "" match was found.
+ * @return false if no prefix found, not even the root "" prefix.
+ */
+static int udb_radix_find_prefix_node(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, uint8_t* k,
+	udb_radstrlen_t len, udb_ptr* result, udb_radstrlen_t* respos)
+{
+	udb_radstrlen_t pos = 0;
+	uint8_t byte;
+	udb_ptr n;
+	udb_ptr_new(&n, udb, &RADTREE(rt)->root);
+
+	*respos = 0;
+	udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, &n);
+	if(udb_ptr_is_null(&n)) {
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	while(!udb_ptr_is_null(&n)) {
+		if(pos == len) {
+			break;
+		}
+		byte = k[pos];
+		if(byte < RADNODE(&n)->offset) {
+			break;
+		}
+		byte -= RADNODE(&n)->offset;
+		if(byte >= lookup(&n)->len) {
+			break;
+		}
+		pos++;
+		if(lookup(&n)->array[byte].len != 0) {
+			/* must match additional string */
+			if(pos+lookup(&n)->array[byte].len > len) {
+				break;
+			}
+			if(memcmp(&k[pos], lookup_string(&n, byte),
+				lookup(&n)->array[byte].len) != 0) {
+				break;
+			}
+			pos += lookup(&n)->array[byte].len;
+		}
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&n, udb, &lookup(&n)->array[byte].node);
+		if(udb_ptr_is_null(&n)) {
+			break;
+		}
+		*respos = pos;
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, &n);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** grow the radnode stringcapacity, copy existing elements */
+static int udb_radnode_str_grow(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n, udb_radstrlen_t want)
+{
+	unsigned ns = ((unsigned)lookup(n)->str_cap)*2;
+	unsigned i;
+	udb_ptr a;
+	if(want > ns)
+		ns = want;
+	if(ns > 65535) ns = 65535; /* MAX of udb_radstrlen_t range */
+	/* if this fails, the tree is still usable */
+	if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(&a, udb, udb_chunk_type_radarray,
+		size_of_lookup_needed(lookup(n)->capacity, ns)))
+		return 0;
+	/* make sure to zero the newly allocated relptrs to init them */
+	memcpy(RADARRAY(&a), lookup(n), sizeof(struct udb_radarray_d));
+	RADARRAY(&a)->str_cap = ns;
+	for(i = 0; i < lookup(n)->len; i++) {
+		udb_rel_ptr_init(&RADARRAY(&a)->array[i].node);
+		udb_rptr_set_rptr(&RADARRAY(&a)->array[i].node, udb,
+			&lookup(n)->array[i].node);
+		RADARRAY(&a)->array[i].len = lookup_len(n, i);
+		memmove(((uint8_t*)(&RADARRAY(&a)->array[
+			lookup(n)->capacity]))+i*ns,
+			lookup_string(n, i), lookup(n)->str_cap);
+	}
+	udb_radarray_zero_ptrs(udb, n);
+	udb_rel_ptr_free_space(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb, size_of_lookup(n));
+	udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb, &a);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&a, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** grow the radnode array, copy existing elements to start of new array */
+static int udb_radnode_array_grow(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n, size_t want)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+	unsigned ns = ((unsigned)lookup(n)->capacity)*2;
+	udb_ptr a;
+	assert(want <= 256); /* cannot be more, range of uint8 */
+	if(want > ns)
+		ns = want;
+	if(ns > 256) ns = 256;
+	/* if this fails, the tree is still usable */
+	if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(&a, udb, udb_chunk_type_radarray,
+		size_of_lookup_needed(ns, lookup(n)->str_cap)))
+		return 0;
+	/* zero the newly allocated rel ptrs to init them */
+	memset(UDB_PTR(&a), 0, size_of_lookup_needed(ns, lookup(n)->str_cap));
+	assert(lookup(n)->len <= lookup(n)->capacity);
+	assert(lookup(n)->capacity < ns);
+	memcpy(RADARRAY(&a), lookup(n), sizeof(struct udb_radarray_d));
+	RADARRAY(&a)->capacity = ns;
+	for(i=0; i<lookup(n)->len; i++) {
+		udb_rptr_set_rptr(&RADARRAY(&a)->array[i].node, udb,
+			&lookup(n)->array[i].node);
+		RADARRAY(&a)->array[i].len = lookup_len(n, i);
+	}
+	memmove(&RADARRAY(&a)->array[ns], lookup_string(n, 0),
+		lookup(n)->len * lookup(n)->str_cap);
+	udb_radarray_zero_ptrs(udb, n);
+	udb_rel_ptr_free_space(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb, size_of_lookup(n));
+	udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb, &a);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&a, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** make empty array in radnode */
+static int udb_radnode_array_create(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	/* is there an array? */
+	if(RADNODE(n)->lookup.data == 0) {
+		/* create array */
+		udb_ptr a;
+		uint16_t cap = 0;
+		udb_radstrlen_t len = 0;
+		if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(&a, udb, udb_chunk_type_radarray,
+			size_of_lookup_needed(cap, len)))
+			return 0;
+		memset(UDB_PTR(&a), 0, size_of_lookup_needed(cap, len));
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb, &a);
+		RADARRAY(&a)->len = cap;
+		RADARRAY(&a)->capacity = cap;
+		RADARRAY(&a)->str_cap = len;
+		RADNODE(n)->offset = 0;
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&a, udb);
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** make space in radnode for another byte, or longer strings */
+static int udb_radnode_array_space(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n, uint8_t byte,
+	udb_radstrlen_t len)
+{
+	/* is there an array? */
+	if(RADNODE(n)->lookup.data == 0) {
+		/* create array */
+		udb_ptr a;
+		uint16_t cap = 1;
+		if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(&a, udb, udb_chunk_type_radarray,
+			size_of_lookup_needed(cap, len)))
+			return 0;
+		/* this memset inits the relptr that is allocated */
+		memset(UDB_PTR(&a), 0, size_of_lookup_needed(cap, len));
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb, &a);
+		RADARRAY(&a)->len = cap;
+		RADARRAY(&a)->capacity = cap;
+		RADARRAY(&a)->str_cap = len;
+		RADNODE(n)->offset = byte;
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&a, udb);
+		return 1;
+	}
+	if(lookup(n)->capacity == 0) {
+		if(!udb_radnode_array_grow(udb, n, 1))
+			return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* make space for this stringsize */
+	if(lookup(n)->str_cap < len) {
+		/* must resize for stringsize */
+		if(!udb_radnode_str_grow(udb, n, len))
+			return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* other cases */
+	/* is the array unused? */
+	if(lookup(n)->len == 0 && lookup(n)->capacity != 0) {
+		lookup(n)->len = 1;
+		RADNODE(n)->offset = byte;
+		memset(&lookup(n)->array[0], 0, sizeof(struct udb_radsel_d));
+	/* is it below the offset? */
+	} else if(byte < RADNODE(n)->offset) {
+		/* is capacity enough? */
+		int i;
+		unsigned need = RADNODE(n)->offset-byte;
+		if(lookup(n)->len+need > lookup(n)->capacity) {
+			/* grow array */
+			if(!udb_radnode_array_grow(udb, n, lookup(n)->len+need))
+				return 0;
+		}
+		/* take a piece of capacity into use, init the relptrs */
+		for(i = lookup(n)->len; i< (int)(lookup(n)->len + need); i++) {
+			udb_rel_ptr_init(&lookup(n)->array[i].node);
+		}
+		/* reshuffle items to end */
+		for(i = lookup(n)->len-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+			udb_rptr_set_rptr(&lookup(n)->array[need+i].node,
+				udb, &lookup(n)->array[i].node);
+			lookup(n)->array[need+i].len = lookup_len(n, i);
+			/* fixup pidx */
+			if(lookup(n)->array[i+need].node.data)
+				lookup_node(n, i+need)->pidx = i+need;
+		}
+		memmove(lookup_string(n, need), lookup_string(n, 0),
+			lookup(n)->len*lookup(n)->str_cap);
+		/* zero the first */
+		for(i = 0; i < (int)need; i++) {
+			udb_rptr_zero(&lookup(n)->array[i].node, udb);
+			lookup(n)->array[i].len = 0;
+		}
+		lookup(n)->len += need;
+		RADNODE(n)->offset = byte;
+	/* is it above the max? */
+	} else if(byte - RADNODE(n)->offset >= lookup(n)->len) {
+		/* is capacity enough? */
+		int i;
+		unsigned need = (byte-RADNODE(n)->offset) - lookup(n)->len + 1;
+		/* grow array */
+		if(lookup(n)->len + need > lookup(n)->capacity) {
+			if(!udb_radnode_array_grow(udb, n, lookup(n)->len+need))
+				return 0;
+		}
+		/* take new entries into use, init relptrs */
+		for(i = lookup(n)->len; i< (int)(lookup(n)->len + need); i++) {
+			udb_rel_ptr_init(&lookup(n)->array[i].node);
+			lookup(n)->array[i].len = 0;
+		}
+		/* grow length */
+		lookup(n)->len += need;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** make space for string size */
+static int udb_radnode_str_space(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n, udb_radstrlen_t len)
+{
+	if(RADNODE(n)->lookup.data == 0) {
+		return udb_radnode_array_space(udb, n, 0, len);
+	}
+	if(lookup(n)->str_cap < len) {
+		/* must resize for stringsize */
+		if(!udb_radnode_str_grow(udb, n, len))
+			return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** copy remainder from prefixes for a split:
+ * plen: len prefix, l: longer bstring, llen: length of l. */
+static void udb_radsel_prefix_remainder(udb_radstrlen_t plen, 
+	uint8_t* l, udb_radstrlen_t llen,
+	uint8_t* s, udb_radstrlen_t* slen)
+{
+	*slen = llen - plen;
+	/* assert(*slen <= lookup(n)->str_cap); */
+	memmove(s, l+plen, llen-plen);
+}
+
+/** create a prefix in the array strs */
+static void udb_radsel_str_create(uint8_t* s, udb_radstrlen_t* slen,
+	uint8_t* k, udb_radstrlen_t pos, udb_radstrlen_t len)
+{
+	*slen = len-pos;
+	/* assert(*slen <= lookup(n)->str_cap); */
+	memmove(s, k+pos, len-pos);
+}
+
+static udb_radstrlen_t
+udb_bstr_common(uint8_t* x, udb_radstrlen_t xlen,
+	uint8_t* y, udb_radstrlen_t ylen)
+{
+	assert(sizeof(radstrlen_t) == sizeof(udb_radstrlen_t));
+	return bstr_common_ext(x, xlen, y, ylen);
+}
+
+static int
+udb_bstr_is_prefix(uint8_t* p, udb_radstrlen_t plen,
+	uint8_t* x, udb_radstrlen_t xlen)
+{
+	assert(sizeof(radstrlen_t) == sizeof(udb_radstrlen_t));
+	return bstr_is_prefix_ext(p, plen, x, xlen);
+}
+
+/** grow array space for byte N after a string, (but if string shorter) */
+static int
+udb_radnode_array_space_strremain(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n,
+	uint8_t* str, udb_radstrlen_t len, udb_radstrlen_t pos)
+{
+	assert(pos < len);
+	/* shift by one char because it goes in lookup array */
+	return udb_radnode_array_space(udb, n, str[pos], len-(pos+1));
+}
+
+
+/** radsel create a split when two nodes have shared prefix.
+ * @param udb: udb
+ * @param n: node with the radsel that gets changed, it contains a node.
+ * @param idx: the index of the radsel that gets changed.
+ * @param k: key byte string
+ * @param pos: position where the string enters the radsel (e.g. r.str)
+ * @param len: length of k.
+ * @param add: additional node for the string k.
+ *      removed by called on failure.
+ * @return false on alloc failure, no changes made.
+ */
+static int udb_radsel_split(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n, uint8_t idx, uint8_t* k,
+	udb_radstrlen_t pos, udb_radstrlen_t len, udb_ptr* add)
+{
+	uint8_t* addstr = k+pos;
+	udb_radstrlen_t addlen = len-pos;
+	if(udb_bstr_is_prefix(addstr, addlen, lookup_string(n, idx),
+		lookup_len(n, idx))) {
+		udb_radstrlen_t split_len = 0;
+		/* 'add' is a prefix of r.node */
+		/* also for empty addstr */
+		/* set it up so that the 'add' node has r.node as child */
+		/* so, r.node gets moved below the 'add' node, but we do
+		 * this so that the r.node stays the same pointer for its
+		 * key name */
+		assert(addlen != lookup_len(n, idx));
+		assert(addlen < lookup_len(n, idx));
+		/* make space for new string sizes */
+		if(!udb_radnode_str_space(udb, n, addlen))
+			return 0;
+		if(lookup_len(n, idx) - addlen > 1)
+			/* shift one because a char is in the lookup array */
+			split_len = lookup_len(n, idx) - (addlen+1);
+		if(!udb_radnode_array_space(udb, add,
+			lookup_string(n, idx)[addlen], split_len))
+			return 0;
+		/* alloc succeeded, now link it in */
+		udb_rptr_set_rptr(&RADNODE(add)->parent, udb,
+			&lookup_node(n, idx)->parent);
+		RADNODE(add)->pidx = lookup_node(n, idx)->pidx;
+		udb_rptr_set_rptr(&lookup(add)->array[0].node, udb,
+			&lookup(n)->array[idx].node);
+		if(lookup_len(n, idx) - addlen > 1) {
+			udb_radsel_prefix_remainder(addlen+1,
+				lookup_string(n, idx), lookup_len(n, idx),
+				lookup_string(add, 0),
+				&lookup(add)->array[0].len);
+		} else {
+			lookup(add)->array[0].len = 0;
+		}
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&lookup_node(n, idx)->parent, udb, add);
+		lookup_node(n, idx)->pidx = 0;
+
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&lookup(n)->array[idx].node, udb, add);
+		memmove(lookup_string(n, idx), addstr, addlen);
+		lookup(n)->array[idx].len = addlen;
+		/* n's string may have become shorter */
+		if(!udb_radarray_reduce_if_needed(udb, n)) {
+			/* ignore this, our tree has become inefficient */
+		}
+	} else if(udb_bstr_is_prefix(lookup_string(n, idx), lookup_len(n, idx),
+		addstr, addlen)) {
+		udb_radstrlen_t split_len = 0;
+		udb_ptr rnode;
+		/* r.node is a prefix of 'add' */
+		/* set it up so that the 'r.node' has 'add' as child */
+		/* and basically, r.node is already completely fine,
+		 * we only need to create a node as its child */
+		assert(addlen != lookup_len(n, idx));
+		assert(lookup_len(n, idx) < addlen);
+		udb_ptr_new(&rnode, udb, &lookup(n)->array[idx].node);
+		/* make space for string length */
+		if(addlen-lookup_len(n, idx) > 1) {
+			/* shift one because a character goes into array */
+			split_len = addlen - (lookup_len(n, idx)+1);
+		}
+		if(!udb_radnode_array_space(udb, &rnode,
+			addstr[lookup_len(n, idx)], split_len)) {
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&rnode, udb);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		/* alloc succeeded, now link it in */
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(add)->parent, udb, &rnode);
+		RADNODE(add)->pidx = addstr[lookup_len(n, idx)] -
+			RADNODE(&rnode)->offset;
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&lookup(&rnode)->array[ RADNODE(add)->pidx ]
+			.node, udb, add);
+		if(addlen-lookup_len(n, idx) > 1) {
+			udb_radsel_prefix_remainder(lookup_len(n, idx)+1,
+				addstr, addlen,
+				lookup_string(&rnode, RADNODE(add)->pidx),
+				&lookup(&rnode)->array[ RADNODE(add)->pidx]
+				.len);
+		} else {
+			lookup(&rnode)->array[ RADNODE(add)->pidx].len = 0;
+		}
+		/* rnode's string has become shorter */
+		if(!udb_radarray_reduce_if_needed(udb, &rnode)) {
+			/* ignore this, our tree has become inefficient */
+		}
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&rnode, udb);
+	} else {
+		/* okay we need to create a new node that chooses between 
+		 * the nodes 'add' and r.node
+		 * We do this so that r.node stays the same pointer for its
+		 * key name. */
+		udb_ptr com, rnode;
+		udb_radstrlen_t common_len = udb_bstr_common(
+			lookup_string(n, idx), lookup_len(n, idx),
+			addstr, addlen);
+		assert(common_len < lookup_len(n, idx));
+		assert(common_len < addlen);
+		udb_ptr_new(&rnode, udb, &lookup(n)->array[idx].node);
+
+		/* create the new node for choice */
+		if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(&com, udb, udb_chunk_type_radnode,
+			sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d))) {
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&rnode, udb);
+			return 0; /* out of space */
+		}
+		memset(UDB_PTR(&com), 0, sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d));
+		/* make stringspace for the two substring choices */
+		/* this allocates the com->lookup array */
+		if(!udb_radnode_array_space_strremain(udb, &com,
+			lookup_string(n, idx), lookup_len(n, idx), common_len)
+		   || !udb_radnode_array_space_strremain(udb, &com,
+			addstr, addlen, common_len)) {
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&rnode, udb);
+			udb_radnode_delete(udb, &com);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		/* create stringspace for the shared prefix */
+		if(common_len > 0) {
+			if(!udb_radnode_str_space(udb, n, common_len-1)) {
+				udb_ptr_unlink(&rnode, udb);
+				udb_radnode_delete(udb, &com);
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+		/* allocs succeeded, proceed to link it all up */
+		udb_rptr_set_rptr(&RADNODE(&com)->parent, udb,
+			&RADNODE(&rnode)->parent);
+		RADNODE(&com)->pidx = RADNODE(&rnode)->pidx;
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(&rnode)->parent, udb, &com);
+		RADNODE(&rnode)->pidx = lookup_string(n, idx)[common_len] -
+			RADNODE(&com)->offset;
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(add)->parent, udb, &com);
+		RADNODE(add)->pidx = addstr[common_len] -
+			RADNODE(&com)->offset;
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&lookup(&com)->array[RADNODE(&rnode)->pidx]
+			.node, udb, &rnode);
+		if(lookup_len(n, idx)-common_len > 1) {
+			udb_radsel_prefix_remainder(common_len+1,
+			lookup_string(n, idx), lookup_len(n, idx),
+			lookup_string(&com, RADNODE(&rnode)->pidx),
+			&lookup(&com)->array[RADNODE(&rnode)->pidx].len);
+		} else {
+			lookup(&com)->array[RADNODE(&rnode)->pidx].len= 0;
+		}
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&lookup(&com)->array[RADNODE(add)->pidx]
+			.node, udb, add);
+		if(addlen-common_len > 1) {
+			udb_radsel_prefix_remainder(common_len+1,
+			addstr, addlen,
+			lookup_string(&com, RADNODE(add)->pidx),
+			&lookup(&com)->array[RADNODE(add)->pidx].len);
+		} else {
+			lookup(&com)->array[RADNODE(add)->pidx].len = 0;
+		}
+		memmove(lookup_string(n, idx), addstr, common_len);
+		lookup(n)->array[idx].len = common_len;
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&lookup(n)->array[idx].node, udb, &com);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&rnode, udb);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&com, udb);
+		/* n's string has become shorter */
+		if(!udb_radarray_reduce_if_needed(udb, n)) {
+			/* ignore this, our tree has become inefficient */
+		}
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+uint64_t* result_data = NULL;
+udb_void udb_radix_insert(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, uint8_t* k,
+        udb_radstrlen_t len, udb_ptr* elem, udb_ptr* result)
+{
+	udb_void ret;
+	udb_ptr add, n; /* type udb_radnode_d */
+	udb_radstrlen_t pos = 0;
+	/* create new element to add */
+	if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(&add, udb, udb_chunk_type_radnode,
+		sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d))) {
+		return 0; /* alloc failure */
+	}
+	memset(UDB_PTR(&add), 0, sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d));
+	udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(&add)->elem, udb, elem);
+	if(!udb_radnode_array_create(udb, &add)) {
+		udb_ptr_free_space(&add, udb, sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d));
+		return 0; /* alloc failure */
+	}
+	udb_ptr_init(&n, udb);
+	result_data = &n.data;
+
+	/* find out where to add it */
+	if(!udb_radix_find_prefix_node(udb, rt, k, len, &n, &pos)) {
+		/* new root */
+		assert(RADTREE(rt)->root.data == 0);
+		if(len == 0) {
+			udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADTREE(rt)->root, udb, &add);
+		} else {
+			/* add a root to point to new node */
+			udb_ptr_zero(&n, udb);
+			if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(&n, udb,
+				udb_chunk_type_radnode,
+				sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d))) {
+				udb_radnode_delete(udb, &add);
+				udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+				return 0; /* alloc failure */
+			}
+			memset(RADNODE(&n), 0, sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d));
+			/* this creates the array lookup structure for n */
+			if(!udb_radnode_array_space(udb, &n, k[0], len-1)) {
+				udb_radnode_delete(udb, &add);
+				udb_ptr_free_space(&n, udb,
+					sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d));
+				return 0; /* alloc failure */
+			}
+			udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(&add)->parent, udb, &n);
+			RADNODE(&add)->pidx = 0;
+			udb_rptr_set_ptr(&lookup(&n)->array[0].node, udb, &add);
+			if(len > 1) {
+				udb_radsel_prefix_remainder(1, k, len,
+					lookup_string(&n, 0),
+					&lookup(&n)->array[0].len);
+			}
+			udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADTREE(rt)->root, udb, &n);
+		}
+	} else if(pos == len) {
+		/* found an exact match */
+		if(RADNODE(&n)->elem.data) {
+			/* already exists, failure */
+			udb_radnode_delete(udb, &add);
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+			return 0;
+		}
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(&n)->elem, udb, elem);
+		udb_radnode_delete(udb, &add);
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(&add, udb, &n);
+	} else {
+		/* n is a node which can accomodate */
+		uint8_t byte;
+		assert(pos < len);
+		byte = k[pos];
+
+		/* see if it falls outside of array */
+		if(byte < RADNODE(&n)->offset || byte-RADNODE(&n)->offset >=
+			lookup(&n)->len) {
+			/* make space in the array for it; adjusts offset */
+			if(!udb_radnode_array_space(udb, &n, byte,
+				len-(pos+1))) {
+				udb_radnode_delete(udb, &add);
+				udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+				return 0;
+			}
+			assert(byte>=RADNODE(&n)->offset && byte-RADNODE(&n)->
+				offset<lookup(&n)->len);
+			byte -= RADNODE(&n)->offset;
+			/* see if more prefix needs to be split off */
+			if(pos+1 < len) {
+				udb_radsel_str_create(lookup_string(&n, byte),
+					&lookup(&n)->array[byte].len,
+					k, pos+1, len);
+			}
+			/* insert the new node in the new bucket */
+			udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(&add)->parent, udb, &n);
+			RADNODE(&add)->pidx = byte;
+			udb_rptr_set_ptr(&lookup(&n)->array[byte].node, udb,
+				&add);
+		/* so a bucket exists and byte falls in it */
+		} else if(lookup(&n)->array[byte - RADNODE(&n)->offset]
+			.node.data == 0) {
+			/* use existing bucket */
+			byte -= RADNODE(&n)->offset;
+			if(pos+1 < len) {
+				/* make space and split off more prefix */
+				if(!udb_radnode_str_space(udb, &n,
+					len-(pos+1))) {
+					udb_radnode_delete(udb, &add);
+					udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+					return 0;
+				}
+				udb_radsel_str_create(lookup_string(&n, byte),
+					&lookup(&n)->array[byte].len,
+					k, pos+1, len);
+			}
+			/* insert the new node in the new bucket */
+			udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(&add)->parent, udb, &n);
+			RADNODE(&add)->pidx = byte;
+			udb_rptr_set_ptr(&lookup(&n)->array[byte].node, udb,
+				&add);
+		} else {
+			/* use bucket but it has a shared prefix,
+			 * split that out and create a new intermediate
+			 * node to split out between the two.
+			 * One of the two might exactmatch the new 
+			 * intermediate node */
+			if(!udb_radsel_split(udb, &n, byte-RADNODE(&n)->offset,
+				k, pos+1, len, &add)) {
+				udb_radnode_delete(udb, &add);
+				udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	RADTREE(rt)->count ++;
+	ret = add.data;
+	udb_ptr_init(result, udb);
+	udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, &add);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&add, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/** Cleanup node with one child, it is removed and joined into parent[x] str */
+static int
+udb_radnode_cleanup_onechild(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	udb_ptr par, child;
+	uint8_t pidx = RADNODE(n)->pidx;
+	radstrlen_t joinlen;
+	udb_ptr_new(&par, udb, &RADNODE(n)->parent);
+	udb_ptr_new(&child, udb, &lookup(n)->array[0].node);
+
+	/* node had one child, merge them into the parent. */
+	/* keep the child node, so its pointers stay valid. */
+
+	/* at parent, append child->str to array str */
+	assert(pidx < lookup(&par)->len);
+	joinlen = lookup_len(&par, pidx) + lookup_len(n, 0) + 1;
+	/* make stringspace for the joined string */
+	if(!udb_radnode_str_space(udb, &par, joinlen)) {
+		/* cleanup failed due to out of memory */
+		/* the tree is inefficient, with node n still existing */
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&par, udb);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&child, udb);
+		udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	/* the string(par, pidx) is already there */
+	/* the array lookup is gone, put its character in the lookup string*/
+	lookup_string(&par, pidx)[lookup_len(&par, pidx)] =
+		RADNODE(&child)->pidx + RADNODE(n)->offset;
+	memmove(lookup_string(&par, pidx)+lookup_len(&par, pidx)+1,
+		lookup_string(n, 0), lookup_len(n, 0));
+	lookup(&par)->array[pidx].len = joinlen;
+	/* and set the node to our child. */
+	udb_rptr_set_ptr(&lookup(&par)->array[pidx].node, udb, &child);
+	udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(&child)->parent, udb, &par);
+	RADNODE(&child)->pidx = pidx;
+	/* we are unlinked, delete our node */
+	udb_radnode_delete(udb, n);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&par, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&child, udb);
+	udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** reduce the size of radarray, does a malloc */
+static int
+udb_radarray_reduce(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n, uint16_t cap,
+	udb_radstrlen_t strcap)
+{
+	udb_ptr a;
+	unsigned i;
+	assert(lookup(n)->len <= cap);
+	assert(cap <= lookup(n)->capacity);
+	assert(strcap <= lookup(n)->str_cap);
+	if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(&a, udb, udb_chunk_type_radarray,
+		size_of_lookup_needed(cap, strcap)))
+		return 0;
+	memset(RADARRAY(&a), 0, size_of_lookup_needed(cap, strcap));
+	memcpy(RADARRAY(&a), lookup(n), sizeof(struct udb_radarray_d));
+	RADARRAY(&a)->capacity = cap;
+	RADARRAY(&a)->str_cap = strcap;
+	for(i=0; i<lookup(n)->len; i++) {
+		udb_rel_ptr_init(&RADARRAY(&a)->array[i].node);
+		udb_rptr_set_rptr(&RADARRAY(&a)->array[i].node, udb,
+			&lookup(n)->array[i].node);
+		RADARRAY(&a)->array[i].len = lookup_len(n, i);
+		memmove(((uint8_t*)(&RADARRAY(&a)->array[cap]))+i*strcap,
+			lookup_string(n, i), lookup_len(n, i));
+	}
+	udb_radarray_zero_ptrs(udb, n);
+	udb_rel_ptr_free_space(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb, size_of_lookup(n));
+	udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RADNODE(n)->lookup, udb, &a);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&a, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** find the max stringlength in the array */
+static udb_radstrlen_t udb_radarray_max_len(udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	unsigned i;
+	udb_radstrlen_t maxlen = 0;
+	for(i=0; i<lookup(n)->len; i++) {
+		if(lookup(n)->array[i].node.data &&
+			lookup(n)->array[i].len > maxlen)
+			maxlen = lookup(n)->array[i].len;
+	}
+	return maxlen;
+}
+
+/** see if radarray can be reduced (by a factor of two) */
+static int
+udb_radarray_reduce_if_needed(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	udb_radstrlen_t maxlen = udb_radarray_max_len(n);
+	if((lookup(n)->len <= lookup(n)->capacity/2 || lookup(n)->len == 0
+		|| maxlen <= lookup(n)->str_cap/2 || maxlen == 0) &&
+		(lookup(n)->len != lookup(n)->capacity ||
+		lookup(n)->str_cap != maxlen))
+		return udb_radarray_reduce(udb, n, lookup(n)->len, maxlen);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int
+udb_radnode_array_clean_all(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	RADNODE(n)->offset = 0;
+	lookup(n)->len = 0;
+	/* reallocate lookup to a smaller capacity structure */
+	return udb_radarray_reduce(udb, n, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/** remove NULL nodes from front of array */
+static int
+udb_radnode_array_clean_front(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	/* move them up and adjust offset */
+	unsigned idx, shuf = 0;
+	/* remove until a nonNULL entry */
+	while(shuf < lookup(n)->len && lookup(n)->array[shuf].node.data == 0)
+		shuf++;
+	if(shuf == 0)
+		return 1;
+	if(shuf == lookup(n)->len) {
+		/* the array is empty, the tree is inefficient */
+		return udb_radnode_array_clean_all(udb, n);
+	}
+	assert(shuf < lookup(n)->len);
+	assert((int)shuf <= 255-(int)RADNODE(n)->offset);
+	/* move them */
+	for(idx=0; idx<lookup(n)->len-shuf; idx++) {
+		udb_rptr_set_rptr(&lookup(n)->array[idx].node, udb,
+			&lookup(n)->array[shuf+idx].node);
+		lookup(n)->array[idx].len = lookup_len(n, shuf+idx);
+		memmove(lookup_string(n, idx), lookup_string(n, shuf+idx),
+			lookup(n)->array[idx].len);
+	}
+	/* zero the to-be-unused entries */
+	for(idx=lookup(n)->len-shuf; idx<lookup(n)->len; idx++) {
+		udb_rptr_zero(&lookup(n)->array[idx].node, udb);
+		memset(lookup_string(n, idx), 0, lookup(n)->array[idx].len);
+		lookup(n)->array[idx].len = 0;
+	}
+	RADNODE(n)->offset += shuf;
+	lookup(n)->len -= shuf;
+	for(idx=0; idx<lookup(n)->len; idx++)
+		if(lookup(n)->array[idx].node.data)
+			lookup_node(n, idx)->pidx = idx;
+
+	/* see if capacity has to shrink */
+	return udb_radarray_reduce_if_needed(udb, n);
+}
+
+/** remove NULL nodes from end of array */
+static int
+udb_radnode_array_clean_end(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	/* shorten it */
+	unsigned shuf = 0;
+	/* remove until a nonNULL entry */
+	/* remove until a nonNULL entry */
+	while(shuf < lookup(n)->len && lookup(n)->array[lookup(n)->len-1-shuf]
+		.node.data == 0)
+		shuf++;
+	if(shuf == 0)
+		return 1;
+	if(shuf == lookup(n)->len) {
+		/* the array is empty, the tree is inefficient */
+		return udb_radnode_array_clean_all(udb, n);
+	}
+	assert(shuf < lookup(n)->len);
+	lookup(n)->len -= shuf;
+	/* array elements can stay where they are */
+	/* see if capacity has to shrink */
+	return udb_radarray_reduce_if_needed(udb, n);
+}
+
+/** clean up radnode leaf, where we know it has a parent */
+static int
+udb_radnode_cleanup_leaf(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n, udb_ptr* par)
+{
+	uint8_t pidx;
+	/* node was a leaf */
+
+	/* delete leaf node, but store parent+idx */
+	pidx = RADNODE(n)->pidx;
+	assert(pidx < lookup(par)->len);
+
+	/** set parent ptr to this node to NULL before deleting the node,
+	 * because otherwise ptrlinks fail */
+	udb_rptr_zero(&lookup(par)->array[pidx].node, udb);
+
+	udb_radnode_delete(udb, n);
+
+	/* set parent+idx entry to NULL str and node.*/
+	lookup(par)->array[pidx].len = 0;
+
+	/* see if par offset or len must be adjusted */
+	if(lookup(par)->len == 1) {
+		/* removed final element from array */
+		if(!udb_radnode_array_clean_all(udb, par))
+			return 0;
+	} else if(pidx == 0) {
+		/* removed first element from array */
+		if(!udb_radnode_array_clean_front(udb, par))
+			return 0;
+	} else if(pidx == lookup(par)->len-1) {
+		/* removed last element from array */
+		if(!udb_radnode_array_clean_end(udb, par))
+			return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** 
+ * Cleanup a radix node that was made smaller, see if it can 
+ * be merged with others.
+ * @param udb: the udb
+ * @param rt: tree to remove root if needed.
+ * @param n: node to cleanup
+ * @return false on alloc failure.
+ */
+static int
+udb_radnode_cleanup(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	while(!udb_ptr_is_null(n)) {
+		if(RADNODE(n)->elem.data) {
+			/* see if if needs to be reduced in stringsize */
+			if(!udb_radarray_reduce_if_needed(udb, n)) {
+				udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+				return 0;
+			}
+			/* cannot delete node with a data element */
+			udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+			return 1;
+		} else if(lookup(n)->len == 1 && RADNODE(n)->parent.data) {
+			return udb_radnode_cleanup_onechild(udb, n);
+		} else if(lookup(n)->len == 0) {
+			udb_ptr par;
+			if(!RADNODE(n)->parent.data) {
+				/* root deleted */
+				udb_rptr_zero(&RADTREE(rt)->root, udb);
+				udb_radnode_delete(udb, n);
+				return 1;
+			}
+			udb_ptr_new(&par, udb, &RADNODE(n)->parent);
+			/* remove and delete the leaf node */
+			if(!udb_radnode_cleanup_leaf(udb, n, &par)) {
+				udb_ptr_unlink(&par, udb);
+				udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+				return 0;
+			}
+			/* see if parent can now be cleaned up */
+			udb_ptr_set_ptr(n, udb, &par);
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&par, udb);
+		} else {
+			/* see if if needs to be reduced in stringsize */
+			if(!udb_radarray_reduce_if_needed(udb, n)) {
+				udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+				return 0;
+			}
+			/* node cannot be cleaned up */
+			udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+	/* ENOTREACH */
+	return 1;
+}
+
+void udb_radix_delete(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	if(udb_ptr_is_null(n))
+		return;
+	udb_rptr_zero(&RADNODE(n)->elem, udb);
+	RADTREE(rt)->count --;
+	if(!udb_radnode_cleanup(udb, rt, n)) {
+		/* out of memory in cleanup.  the elem ptr is NULL, but
+		 * the radix tree could be inefficient. */
+	}
+}
+
+udb_void udb_radix_search(udb_ptr* rt, uint8_t* k, udb_radstrlen_t len)
+{
+	/* since we only perform reads, and no udb_mallocs or udb_frees
+	 * we know the pointers stay the same */
+	struct udb_radnode_d* n;
+	udb_radstrlen_t pos = 0;
+	uint8_t byte;
+	void* base = *rt->base;
+
+	n = (struct udb_radnode_d*)UDB_REL(base, RADTREE(rt)->root.data);
+#define NARRAY(n) ((struct udb_radarray_d*)UDB_REL(base, n->lookup.data))
+#define NSTR(n, byte) (((uint8_t*)(&NARRAY(n)->array[NARRAY(n)->capacity]))+byte*NARRAY(n)->str_cap)
+	while(n != *rt->base) {
+		if(pos == len)
+			return UDB_SYSTOREL(*rt->base, n);
+		byte = k[pos];
+		if(byte < n->offset)
+			return 0;
+		byte -= n->offset;
+		if(byte >= NARRAY(n)->len)
+			return 0;
+		pos++;
+		if(NARRAY(n)->array[byte].len != 0) {
+			/* must match additional string */
+			if(pos+NARRAY(n)->array[byte].len > len)
+				return 0; /* no match */
+			if(memcmp(&k[pos], NSTR(n, byte),
+				NARRAY(n)->array[byte].len) != 0)
+				return 0; /* no match */
+			pos += NARRAY(n)->array[byte].len;
+		}
+		n = (struct udb_radnode_d*)UDB_REL(base,
+			NARRAY(n)->array[byte].node.data);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** go to last elem-containing node in this subtree (excl self) */
+static void
+udb_radnode_last_in_subtree(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	int idx;
+	/* try last entry in array first */
+	for(idx=((int)lookup(n)->len)-1; idx >= 0; idx--) {
+		if(lookup(n)->array[idx].node.data) {
+			udb_ptr s;
+			udb_ptr_init(&s, udb);
+			udb_ptr_set_rptr(&s, udb, &lookup(n)->array[idx].node);
+			/* does it have entries in its subtrees? */
+			if(lookup(&s)->len > 0) {
+				udb_radnode_last_in_subtree(udb, &s);
+				if(!udb_ptr_is_null(&s)) {
+					udb_ptr_set_ptr(n, udb, &s);
+					udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+			udb_ptr_set_rptr(&s, udb, &lookup(n)->array[idx].node);
+			/* no, does it have an entry itself? */
+			if(RADNODE(&s)->elem.data) {
+				udb_ptr_set_ptr(n, udb, &s);
+				udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+				return;
+			}
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+		}
+	}
+	udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+}
+
+/** last in subtree, incl self */
+static void
+udb_radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	udb_ptr self;
+	udb_ptr_init(&self, udb);
+	udb_ptr_set_ptr(&self, udb, n);
+	udb_radnode_last_in_subtree(udb, n);
+	if(!udb_ptr_is_null(n)) {
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&self, udb);
+		return;
+	}
+	if(RADNODE(&self)->elem.data) {
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(n, udb, &self);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&self, udb);
+		return;
+	}
+	udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&self, udb);
+}
+
+/** return first elem-containing node in this subtree (excl self) */
+static void
+udb_radnode_first_in_subtree(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	unsigned idx;
+	/* try every subnode */
+	for(idx=0; idx<lookup(n)->len; idx++) {
+		if(lookup(n)->array[idx].node.data) {
+			udb_ptr s;
+			udb_ptr_init(&s, udb);
+			udb_ptr_set_rptr(&s, udb, &lookup(n)->array[idx].node);
+			/* does it have elem itself? */
+			if(RADNODE(&s)->elem.data) {
+				udb_ptr_set_ptr(n, udb, &s);
+				udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+				return;
+			}
+			/* try its subtrees */
+			udb_radnode_first_in_subtree(udb, &s);
+			if(!udb_ptr_is_null(&s)) {
+				udb_ptr_set_ptr(n, udb, &s);
+				udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+				return;
+			}
+
+		}
+	}
+	udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+}
+
+/** Find an entry in arrays from idx-1 to 0 */
+static void
+udb_radnode_find_prev_from_idx(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n, unsigned from)
+{
+	unsigned idx = from;
+	while(idx > 0) {
+		idx --;
+		if(lookup(n)->array[idx].node.data) {
+			udb_ptr_set_rptr(n, udb, &lookup(n)->array[idx].node);
+			udb_radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(udb, n);
+			if(!udb_ptr_is_null(n))
+				return;
+		}
+	}
+	udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+}
+
+/** return self or a previous element */
+static int udb_ret_self_or_prev(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n, udb_ptr* result)
+{
+	if(RADNODE(n)->elem.data) {
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, n);
+	} else {
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, n);
+		udb_radix_prev(udb, result);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(n, udb);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+int udb_radix_find_less_equal(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, uint8_t* k,
+        udb_radstrlen_t len, udb_ptr* result)
+{
+	udb_ptr n;
+	udb_radstrlen_t pos = 0;
+	uint8_t byte;
+	int r;
+	/* set result to NULL */
+	udb_ptr_init(result, udb);
+	if(RADTREE(rt)->count == 0) {
+		/* empty tree */
+		return 0;
+	}
+	udb_ptr_new(&n, udb, &RADTREE(rt)->root);
+	while(pos < len) {
+		byte = k[pos];
+		if(byte < RADNODE(&n)->offset) {
+			/* so the previous is the element itself */
+			/* or something before this element */
+			return udb_ret_self_or_prev(udb, &n, result);
+		}
+		byte -= RADNODE(&n)->offset;
+		if(byte >= lookup(&n)->len) {
+			/* so, the previous is the last of array, or itself */
+			/* or something before this element */
+			udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, &n);
+			udb_radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(udb, result);
+			if(udb_ptr_is_null(result)) {
+				udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, &n);
+				udb_radix_prev(udb, result);
+			}
+			goto done_fail;
+		}
+		pos++;
+		if(!lookup(&n)->array[byte].node.data) {
+			/* no match */
+			/* Find an entry in arrays from byte-1 to 0 */
+			udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, &n);
+			udb_radnode_find_prev_from_idx(udb, result, byte);
+			if(!udb_ptr_is_null(result))
+				goto done_fail;
+			/* this entry or something before it */
+			udb_ptr_zero(result, udb);
+			return udb_ret_self_or_prev(udb, &n, result);
+		}
+		if(lookup_len(&n, byte) != 0) {
+			/* must match additional string */
+			if(pos+lookup_len(&n, byte) > len) {
+				/* the additional string is longer than key*/
+				if( (r=memcmp(&k[pos], lookup_string(&n, byte),
+					len-pos)) <= 0) {
+					/* and the key is before this node */
+					udb_ptr_set_rptr(result, udb,
+						&lookup(&n)->array[byte].node);
+					udb_radix_prev(udb, result);
+				} else {
+					/* the key is after the additional
+					 * string, thus everything in that
+					 * subtree is smaller. */
+					udb_ptr_set_rptr(result, udb,
+						&lookup(&n)->array[byte].node);
+					udb_radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(udb, result);
+					/* if somehow that is NULL,
+					 * then we have an inefficient tree:
+					 * byte+1 is larger than us, so find
+					 * something in byte-1 and before */
+					if(udb_ptr_is_null(result)) {
+						udb_ptr_set_rptr(result, udb,
+						&lookup(&n)->array[byte].node);
+						udb_radix_prev(udb, result);
+					}
+				}
+				goto done_fail; /* no match */
+			}
+			if( (r=memcmp(&k[pos], lookup_string(&n, byte),
+				lookup_len(&n, byte))) < 0) {
+				udb_ptr_set_rptr(result, udb,
+					&lookup(&n)->array[byte].node);
+				udb_radix_prev(udb, result);
+				goto done_fail; /* no match */
+			} else if(r > 0) {
+				/* the key is larger than the additional
+				 * string, thus everything in that subtree
+				 * is smaller */
+				udb_ptr_set_rptr(result, udb,
+					&lookup(&n)->array[byte].node);
+				udb_radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(udb, result);
+				/* if we have an inefficient tree */
+				if(udb_ptr_is_null(result)) {
+					udb_ptr_set_rptr(result, udb,
+						&lookup(&n)->array[byte].node);
+					udb_radix_prev(udb, result);
+				}
+				goto done_fail; /* no match */
+			}
+			pos += lookup_len(&n, byte);
+		}
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&n, udb, &lookup(&n)->array[byte].node);
+	}
+	if(RADNODE(&n)->elem.data) {
+		/* exact match */
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, &n);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+		return 1;
+	}
+	/* there is a node which is an exact match, but it has no element */
+	udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, &n);
+	udb_radix_prev(udb, result);
+done_fail:
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void udb_radix_first(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, udb_ptr* p)
+{
+	udb_ptr_init(p, udb);
+	if(!rt || udb_ptr_is_null(rt) || RADTREE(rt)->count == 0)
+		return;
+	udb_ptr_set_rptr(p, udb, &RADTREE(rt)->root);
+	if(RADNODE(p)->elem.data)
+		return;
+	udb_radix_next(udb, p);
+}
+
+void udb_radix_last(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, udb_ptr* p)
+{
+	udb_ptr_init(p, udb);
+	if(!rt || udb_ptr_is_null(rt) || RADTREE(rt)->count == 0)
+		return;
+	udb_ptr_set_rptr(p, udb, &RADTREE(rt)->root);
+	udb_radnode_last_in_subtree_incl_self(udb, p);
+}
+
+void udb_radix_next(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	udb_ptr s;
+	udb_ptr_init(&s, udb);
+	if(lookup(n)->len) {
+		/* go down */
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(&s, udb, n);
+		udb_radnode_first_in_subtree(udb, &s);
+		if(!udb_ptr_is_null(&s)) {
+			udb_ptr_set_ptr(n, udb, &s);
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+	/* go up - the parent->elem is not useful, because it is before us */
+	while(RADNODE(n)->parent.data) {
+		unsigned idx = RADNODE(n)->pidx;
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(n, udb, &RADNODE(n)->parent);
+		idx++;
+		for(; idx < lookup(n)->len; idx++) {
+			/* go down the next branch */
+			if(lookup(n)->array[idx].node.data) {
+				udb_ptr_set_rptr(&s, udb,
+					&lookup(n)->array[idx].node);
+				/* node itself */
+				if(RADNODE(&s)->elem.data) {
+					udb_ptr_set_ptr(n, udb, &s);
+					udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+					return;
+				}
+				/* or subtree */
+				udb_radnode_first_in_subtree(udb, &s);
+				if(!udb_ptr_is_null(&s)) {
+					udb_ptr_set_ptr(n, udb, &s);
+					udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+	udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+}
+
+void udb_radix_prev(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n)
+{
+	/* must go up, since all array nodes are after this node */
+	while(RADNODE(n)->parent.data) {
+		uint8_t idx = RADNODE(n)->pidx;
+		udb_ptr s;
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(n, udb, &RADNODE(n)->parent);
+		assert(lookup(n)->len > 0); /* since we are a child */
+		/* see if there are elements in previous branches there */
+		udb_ptr_init(&s, udb);
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(&s, udb, n);
+		udb_radnode_find_prev_from_idx(udb, &s, idx);
+		if(!udb_ptr_is_null(&s)) {
+			udb_ptr_set_ptr(n, udb, &s);
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+			return;
+		}
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+		/* the current node is before the array */
+		if(RADNODE(n)->elem.data)
+			return;
+	}
+	udb_ptr_zero(n, udb);
+}
+
+udb_void udb_radname_insert(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, const uint8_t* dname,
+	size_t dlen, udb_ptr* elem, udb_ptr* result)
+{
+	uint8_t k[300];
+	radstrlen_t klen = (radstrlen_t)sizeof(k);
+	radname_d2r(k, &klen, dname, dlen);
+	return udb_radix_insert(udb, rt, k, klen, elem, result);
+}
+
+int udb_radname_search(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, const uint8_t* dname,
+        size_t dlen, udb_ptr* result)
+{
+	udb_void r;
+	uint8_t k[300];
+	radstrlen_t klen = (radstrlen_t)sizeof(k);
+	radname_d2r(k, &klen, dname, dlen);
+	r = udb_radix_search(rt, k, klen);
+	udb_ptr_init(result, udb);
+	udb_ptr_set(result, udb, r);
+	return (r != 0);
+}
+
+void udb_radix_tree_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s,
+        udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg)
+{
+	struct udb_radtree_d* p = (struct udb_radtree_d*)d;
+	assert(s >= sizeof(struct udb_radtree_d));
+	(void)s;
+	(*cb)(base, &p->root, arg);
+}
+
+void udb_radix_node_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s,
+        udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg)
+{
+	struct udb_radnode_d* p = (struct udb_radnode_d*)d;
+	assert(s >= sizeof(struct udb_radnode_d));
+	(void)s;
+	(*cb)(base, &p->elem, arg);
+	(*cb)(base, &p->parent, arg);
+	(*cb)(base, &p->lookup, arg);
+}
+
+void udb_radix_array_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s,
+        udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg)
+{
+	struct udb_radarray_d* p = (struct udb_radarray_d*)d;
+	unsigned i;
+	assert(s >= sizeof(struct udb_radarray_d)+
+		p->capacity*(sizeof(struct udb_radsel_d)+p->str_cap));
+	(void)s;
+	for(i=0; i<p->len; i++) {
+		(*cb)(base, &p->array[i].node, arg);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/udbradtree.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/udbradtree.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..6f4bc735819
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/udbradtree.h
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+/*
+ * udbradtree -- radix tree for binary strings for in udb file.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, NLnet Labs.  See LICENSE for license.
+ */
+#ifndef UDB_RADTREE_H
+#define UDB_RADTREE_H
+#include "udb.h"
+struct udb_radnode;
+
+/** length of the binary string */
+typedef uint16_t udb_radstrlen_t;
+
+/**
+ * The radix tree
+ *
+ * The elements are stored based on binary strings(0-255) of a given length.
+ * They are sorted, a prefix is sorted before its suffixes.
+ * If you want to know the key string, you should store it yourself, the
+ * tree stores it in the parts necessary for lookup.
+ * For binary strings for domain names see the radname routines.
+ *
+ * This is the tree on disk representation.  It has _d suffix in the name
+ * to help delineate disk structures from normal structures.
+ */
+struct udb_radtree_d {
+	/** root node in tree, to udb_radnode_d */
+	struct udb_rel_ptr root;
+	/** count of number of elements */
+	uint64_t count;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A radix tree lookup node.  It is stored on disk, and the lookup array
+ * is allocated.
+ */
+struct udb_radnode_d {
+	/** data element associated with the binary string up to this node */
+	struct udb_rel_ptr elem;
+	/** parent node (NULL for the root), to udb_radnode_d */
+	struct udb_rel_ptr parent;
+	/** the  array structure, for lookup by [byte-offset]. udb_radarray_d */
+	struct udb_rel_ptr lookup;
+	/** index in the parent lookup array */
+	uint8_t pidx;
+	/** offset of the lookup array, add to [i] for lookups */
+	uint8_t offset;
+};
+
+/**
+ * radix select edge in array
+ * The string for this element is the Nth string in the stringarray.
+ */
+struct udb_radsel_d {
+	/** length of the additional string for this edge,
+	 * additional string after the selection-byte for this edge.*/
+	udb_radstrlen_t len;
+	/** padding for non64bit compilers to 64bit boundaries, to make
+	 * the udb file more portable, without this the file would work
+	 * on the system it is created on (which is what we promise), but
+	 * with this, you have a chance of it working on other platforms */
+	uint16_t padding16;
+	uint32_t padding32;
+	/** node that deals with byte+str, to udb_radnode_d */
+	struct udb_rel_ptr node;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Array of radsel elements.
+ * This is the header, the array is allocated contiguously behind it.
+ * The strings (often very short) are allocated behind the array.
+ * All strings are given the same amount of space (str_cap),
+ * so there is capacity*str_cap bytes at the end.
+ */
+struct udb_radarray_d {
+	/** length of the lookup array */
+	uint16_t len;
+	/** capacity of the lookup array (can be larger than length) */
+	uint16_t capacity;
+	/** space capacity of for every string */
+	udb_radstrlen_t str_cap;
+	/** padding to 64bit alignment, just in case compiler goes mad */
+	uint16_t padding;
+	/** the elements (allocated contiguously after this structure) */
+	struct udb_radsel_d array[0];
+};
+
+/**
+ * Create new radix tree on udb storage
+ * @param udb: the udb to allocate space on.
+ * @param ptr: ptr to the udbradtree is returned here. pass uninitialised.
+ * 	type is udb_radtree_d.
+ * @return 0 on alloc failure.
+ */
+int udb_radix_tree_create(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* ptr);
+
+/**
+ * Delete intermediate nodes from radix tree
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param rt: radix tree to be cleared. type udb_radtree_d.
+ */
+void udb_radix_tree_clear(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt);
+
+/**
+ * Delete radix tree.
+ * You must have deleted the elements, this deletes the nodes.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param rt: radix tree to be deleted. type udb_radtree_d.
+ */
+void udb_radix_tree_delete(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt);
+
+/**
+ * Insert element into radix tree.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree, type udb_radtree_d.
+ * @param key: key string.
+ * @param len: length of key.
+ * @param elem: pointer to element data, on the udb store.
+ * @param result: the inserted node is set to this value.  Pass uninited.
+	Not set if the routine fails.
+ * @return NULL on failure - out of memory.
+ * 	NULL on failure - duplicate entry.
+ * 	On success the new radix node for this element (udb_radnode_d).
+ */
+udb_void udb_radix_insert(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, uint8_t* k,
+	udb_radstrlen_t len, udb_ptr* elem, udb_ptr* result);
+
+/**
+ * Delete element from radix tree.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree. type udb_radtree_d
+ * @param n: radix node for that element. type udb_radnode_d
+ * 	if NULL, nothing is deleted.
+ */
+void udb_radix_delete(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, udb_ptr* n);
+
+/**
+ * Find radix element in tree.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree, type udb_radtree_d.
+ * @param key: key string.
+ * @param len: length of key.
+ * @return the radix node or NULL if not found. type udb_radnode_d
+ */
+udb_void udb_radix_search(udb_ptr* rt, uint8_t* k,
+	udb_radstrlen_t len);
+
+/**
+ * Find radix element in tree, and if not found, find the closest smaller or
+ * equal element in the tree.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree, type udb_radtree_d.
+ * @param key: key string.
+ * @param len: length of key.
+ * @param result: returns the radix node or closest match (NULL if key is
+ * 	smaller than the smallest key in the tree). type udb_radnode_d.
+ * 	you can pass an uninitialized ptr, an unlinked or a zeroed one.
+ * @return true if exact match, false if no match.
+ */
+int udb_radix_find_less_equal(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, uint8_t* k,
+	udb_radstrlen_t len, udb_ptr* result);
+
+/**
+ * Return the first (smallest) element in the tree.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree, type udb_radtree_d.
+ * @param p: set to the first node in the tree, or NULL if none.
+ * 	type udb_radnode_d.
+ * 	pass uninited, zero or unlinked udb_ptr.
+ */
+void udb_radix_first(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, udb_ptr* p);
+
+/**
+ * Return the last (largest) element in the tree.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param rt: the radix tree, type udb_radtree_d.
+ * @param p: last node or NULL if none, type udb_radnode_d.
+ * 	pass uninited, zero or unlinked udb_ptr.
+ */
+void udb_radix_last(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, udb_ptr* p);
+
+/**
+ * Return the next element.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param n: adjusted to the next element, or NULL if none. type udb_radnode_d.
+ */
+void udb_radix_next(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n);
+
+/**
+ * Return the previous element.
+ * @param udb: the udb.
+ * @param n: adjusted to the prev node or NULL if none. type udb_radnode_d.
+ */
+void udb_radix_prev(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* n);
+
+/*
+ * Perform a walk through all elements of the tree.
+ * node: variable of type struct radnode*.
+ * tree: pointer to the tree.
+ * for(udb_radix_first(tree, node); node->data; udb_radix_next(node))
+*/
+
+/** for use in udb-walkfunc, walks relptrs in udb_chunk_type_radtree */
+void udb_radix_tree_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s,
+	udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg);
+
+/** for use in udb-walkfunc, walks relptrs in udb_chunk_type_radnode */
+void udb_radix_node_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s,
+	udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg);
+
+/** for use in udb-walkfunc, walks relptrs in udb_chunk_type_radarray */
+void udb_radix_array_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s,
+	udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg);
+
+/** get the memory used by the lookup structure for a radnode */
+size_t size_of_lookup_ext(udb_ptr* node);
+
+/** insert radtree element, key is a domain name
+ * @param udb: udb.
+ * @param rt: the tree.
+ * @param dname: domain name in uncompressed wireformat.
+ * @param dlen: length of k.
+ * @param elem: element to store
+ * @param result: the inserted node is set to this value.  Pass uninited.
+	Not set if the routine fails.
+ * @return 0 on failure
+ */
+udb_void udb_radname_insert(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, const uint8_t* dname,
+	size_t dlen, udb_ptr* elem, udb_ptr* result);
+
+/** search for a radname element, key is a domain name.
+ * @param udb: udb
+ * @param rt: the tree
+ * @param dname: domain name in uncompressed wireformat.
+ * @param dlen: length of k.
+ * @param result: result ptr to store the node into.
+ *    may be uninitialized.
+ * @return 0 if not found.
+ */
+int udb_radname_search(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rt, const uint8_t* dname,
+	size_t dlen, udb_ptr* result);
+
+#define RADNODE(ptr) ((struct udb_radnode_d*)UDB_PTR(ptr))
+#define RADTREE(ptr) ((struct udb_radtree_d*)UDB_PTR(ptr))
+
+#endif /* UDB_RADTREE_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/udbzone.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/udbzone.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bd5929b3929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/udbzone.c
@@ -0,0 +1,786 @@
+/*
+ * udbzone -- store zone and rrset information in udb file.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, NLnet Labs.  See LICENSE for license.
+ */
+#include "config.h"
+#include "udbzone.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "iterated_hash.h"
+#include "dns.h"
+#include "dname.h"
+#include "difffile.h"
+#include <string.h>
+
+/** delete the zone plain its own data */
+static void
+udb_zone_delete_plain(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone)
+{
+	udb_ptr dtree;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(zone) == udb_chunk_type_zone);
+	udb_zone_clear(udb, zone);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&ZONE(zone)->node, udb);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&ZONE(zone)->nsec3param, udb);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&ZONE(zone)->log_str, udb);
+	udb_ptr_new(&dtree, udb, &ZONE(zone)->domains);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&ZONE(zone)->domains, udb);
+	udb_radix_tree_delete(udb, &dtree);
+	udb_ptr_free_space(zone, udb,
+		sizeof(struct zone_d)+ZONE(zone)->namelen);
+}
+
+int
+udb_dns_init_file(udb_base* udb)
+{
+	udb_ptr ztree;
+	if(!udb_radix_tree_create(udb, &ztree)) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	udb_base_set_userdata(udb, ztree.data);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&ztree, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+void
+udb_dns_deinit_file(udb_base* udb)
+{
+	udb_ptr ztree;
+	udb_ptr z;
+	udb_ptr_new(&ztree, udb, udb_base_get_userdata(udb));
+	if(udb_ptr_is_null(&ztree)) {
+		return;
+	}
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(&ztree) == udb_chunk_type_radtree);
+	/* delete all zones */
+	for(udb_radix_first(udb, &ztree, &z); z.data; udb_radix_next(udb, &z)){
+		udb_ptr zone;
+		udb_ptr_new(&zone, udb, &RADNODE(&z)->elem);
+		udb_rptr_zero(&RADNODE(&z)->elem, udb);
+		udb_zone_delete_plain(udb, &zone);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&z, udb);
+
+	udb_base_set_userdata(udb, 0);
+	udb_radix_tree_delete(udb, &ztree);
+}
+
+int
+udb_zone_create(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* result, const uint8_t* dname,
+	size_t dlen)
+{
+	udb_ptr ztree, z, node, dtree;
+	udb_ptr_new(&ztree, udb, udb_base_get_userdata(udb));
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(&ztree) == udb_chunk_type_radtree);
+	udb_ptr_init(result, udb);
+	if(udb_zone_search(udb, &z, dname, dlen)) {
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&ztree, udb);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&z, udb);
+		/* duplicate */
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(&z, udb, udb_chunk_type_zone,
+		sizeof(struct zone_d)+dlen)) {
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&ztree, udb);
+		/* failed alloc */
+		return 0;
+	}
+	/* init the zone object */
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&ZONE(&z)->node);
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&ZONE(&z)->domains);
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&ZONE(&z)->nsec3param);
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&ZONE(&z)->log_str);
+	ZONE(&z)->rrset_count = 0;
+	ZONE(&z)->rr_count = 0;
+	ZONE(&z)->expired = 0;
+	ZONE(&z)->mtime = 0;
+	ZONE(&z)->namelen = dlen;
+	memmove(ZONE(&z)->name, dname, dlen);
+	if(!udb_radix_tree_create(udb, &dtree)) {
+		udb_ptr_free_space(&z, udb, sizeof(struct zone_d)+dlen);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&ztree, udb);
+		/* failed alloc */
+		return 0;
+	}
+	udb_rptr_set_ptr(&ZONE(&z)->domains, udb, &dtree);
+
+	/* insert it */
+	if(!udb_radname_insert(udb, &ztree, dname, dlen, &z, &node)) {
+		udb_ptr_free_space(&z, udb, sizeof(struct zone_d)+dlen);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&ztree, udb);
+		udb_radix_tree_delete(udb, &dtree);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&dtree, udb);
+		/* failed alloc */
+		return 0;
+	}
+	udb_rptr_set_ptr(&ZONE(&z)->node, udb, &node);
+	udb_ptr_set_ptr(result, udb, &z);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&z, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&dtree, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&ztree, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&node, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** delete an RR */
+static void
+rr_delete(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rr)
+{
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(rr) == udb_chunk_type_rr);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&RR(rr)->next, udb);
+	udb_ptr_free_space(rr, udb, sizeof(struct rr_d)+RR(rr)->len);
+}
+
+/** delete an rrset */
+static void
+rrset_delete(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rrset)
+{
+	udb_ptr rr, n;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(rrset) == udb_chunk_type_rrset);
+
+	/* free RRs */
+	udb_ptr_new(&rr, udb, &RRSET(rrset)->rrs);
+	udb_ptr_init(&n, udb);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&RRSET(rrset)->rrs, udb);
+	while(!udb_ptr_is_null(&rr)) {
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&n, udb, &RR(&rr)->next);
+		rr_delete(udb, &rr);
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(&rr, udb, &n);
+		udb_ptr_zero(&n, udb);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&rr, udb);
+
+	udb_rptr_zero(&RRSET(rrset)->next, udb);
+	udb_ptr_free_space(rrset, udb, sizeof(struct rrset_d));
+}
+
+/** clear a domain of its rrsets, rrs */
+static void
+domain_clear(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* d)
+{
+	udb_ptr rrset, n;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(d) == udb_chunk_type_domain);
+	udb_ptr_new(&rrset, udb, &DOMAIN(d)->rrsets);
+	udb_ptr_init(&n, udb);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&DOMAIN(d)->rrsets, udb);
+	while(!udb_ptr_is_null(&rrset)) {
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&n, udb, &RRSET(&rrset)->next);
+		rrset_delete(udb, &rrset);
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(&rrset, udb, &n);
+		udb_ptr_zero(&n, udb);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&rrset, udb);
+}
+
+/** delete a domain and all its rrsets, rrs */
+static void
+domain_delete(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* d)
+{
+	domain_clear(udb, d);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&DOMAIN(d)->node, udb);
+	udb_ptr_free_space(d, udb,
+		sizeof(struct domain_d)+DOMAIN(d)->namelen);
+}
+
+/** delete domain but also unlink from tree at zone */
+static void
+domain_delete_unlink(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* z, udb_ptr* d)
+{
+	udb_ptr dtree, n;
+	udb_ptr_new(&dtree, udb, &ZONE(z)->domains);
+	udb_ptr_new(&n, udb, &DOMAIN(d)->node);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&DOMAIN(d)->node, udb);
+	udb_radix_delete(udb, &dtree, &n);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&dtree, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+	domain_delete(udb, d);
+}
+
+void
+udb_zone_clear(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone)
+{
+	udb_ptr dtree, d;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(zone) == udb_chunk_type_zone);
+	udb_ptr_new(&dtree, udb, &ZONE(zone)->domains);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&ZONE(zone)->nsec3param, udb);
+	udb_zone_set_log_str(udb, zone, NULL);
+
+	/* walk and delete all domains, rrsets, rrs, but keep tree */
+	for(udb_radix_first(udb, &dtree, &d); d.data; udb_radix_next(udb, &d)){
+		udb_ptr domain;
+		udb_ptr_new(&domain, udb, &RADNODE(&d)->elem);
+		udb_rptr_zero(&RADNODE(&d)->elem, udb);
+		domain_delete(udb, &domain);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&d, udb);
+	udb_radix_tree_clear(udb, &dtree);
+	ZONE(zone)->rrset_count = 0;
+	ZONE(zone)->rr_count = 0;
+	ZONE(zone)->expired = 0;
+	ZONE(zone)->mtime = 0;
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&dtree, udb);
+}
+
+void
+udb_zone_delete(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone)
+{
+	udb_ptr ztree, n;
+	udb_ptr_new(&ztree, udb, udb_base_get_userdata(udb));
+	udb_ptr_new(&n, udb, &ZONE(zone)->node);
+	udb_rptr_zero(&ZONE(zone)->node, udb);
+	udb_radix_delete(udb, &ztree, &n);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&ztree, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&n, udb);
+	udb_zone_delete_plain(udb, zone);
+}
+
+int
+udb_zone_search(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* result, const uint8_t* dname,
+	size_t dname_len)
+{
+	udb_ptr ztree;
+	udb_ptr_new(&ztree, udb, udb_base_get_userdata(udb));
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(&ztree) == udb_chunk_type_radtree);
+	if(udb_radname_search(udb, &ztree, dname, dname_len, result)) {
+		if(result->data)
+			udb_ptr_set_rptr(result, udb, &RADNODE(result)->elem);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&ztree, udb);
+		return (result->data != 0);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&ztree, udb);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+uint64_t udb_zone_get_mtime(udb_base* udb, const uint8_t* dname, size_t dlen)
+{
+	udb_ptr z;
+	if(udb_zone_search(udb, &z, dname, dlen)) {
+		uint64_t t = ZONE(&z)->mtime;
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&z, udb);
+		return t;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void udb_zone_set_log_str(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, const char* str)
+{
+	/* delete original log str (if any) */
+	if(ZONE(zone)->log_str.data) {
+		udb_ptr s;
+		size_t sz;
+		udb_ptr_new(&s, udb, &ZONE(zone)->log_str);
+		udb_rptr_zero(&ZONE(zone)->log_str, udb);
+		sz = strlen((char*)udb_ptr_data(&s))+1;
+		udb_ptr_free_space(&s, udb, sz);
+	}
+
+	/* set new log str */
+	if(str) {
+		udb_ptr s;
+		size_t sz = strlen(str)+1;
+		if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(&s, udb, udb_chunk_type_data, sz)) {
+			return; /* failed to allocate log string */
+		}
+		memmove(udb_ptr_data(&s), str, sz);
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&ZONE(zone)->log_str, udb, &s);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&s, udb);
+	}
+}
+
+#ifdef NSEC3
+/** select the nsec3param for nsec3 usage */
+static void
+select_nsec3_param(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, udb_ptr* rrset)
+{
+	udb_ptr rr;
+	udb_ptr_new(&rr, udb, &RRSET(rrset)->rrs);
+	while(rr.data) {
+		if(RR(&rr)->len >= 5 && RR(&rr)->wire[0] == NSEC3_SHA1_HASH &&
+			RR(&rr)->wire[1] == 0) {
+			udb_rptr_set_ptr(&ZONE(zone)->nsec3param, udb, &rr);
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&rr, udb);
+			return;
+		}
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&rr, udb, &RR(&rr)->next);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&rr, udb);
+}
+
+const char*
+udb_nsec3param_string(udb_ptr* rr)
+{
+	/* max saltlenth plus first couple of numbers (3+1+5+1+3+1) */
+	static char params[MAX_RDLENGTH*2+16];
+	char* p;
+	assert(RR(rr)->len >= 5);
+	p = params + snprintf(params, sizeof(params), "%u %u %u ",
+		(unsigned)RR(rr)->wire[0], (unsigned)RR(rr)->wire[1],
+		(unsigned)read_uint16(&RR(rr)->wire[2]));
+	if(RR(rr)->wire[4] == 0) {
+		*p++ = '-';
+	} else {
+		assert(RR(rr)->len >= 5+RR(rr)->wire[4]);
+		p += hex_ntop(&RR(rr)->wire[5], RR(rr)->wire[4], p,
+			sizeof(params)-strlen(params)-1);
+	}
+	*p = 0;
+	return params;
+}
+
+/** look in zone for new selected nsec3param record from rrset */
+static void
+zone_hash_nsec3param(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, udb_ptr* rrset)
+{
+	select_nsec3_param(udb, zone, rrset);
+	if(ZONE(zone)->nsec3param.data == 0)
+		return;
+	/* prettyprint the nsec3 parameters we are using */
+	if(2 <= verbosity) {
+		udb_ptr par;
+		udb_ptr_new(&par, udb, &ZONE(zone)->nsec3param);
+		VERBOSITY(1, (LOG_INFO, "rehash of zone %s with parameters %s",
+			wiredname2str(ZONE(zone)->name),
+			udb_nsec3param_string(&par)));
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&par, udb);
+	}
+}
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+
+/** create a new domain name */
+static int
+domain_create(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, const uint8_t* nm, size_t nmlen,
+	udb_ptr* result)
+{
+	udb_ptr dtree, node;
+	/* create domain chunk */
+	if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(result, udb, udb_chunk_type_domain,
+		sizeof(struct domain_d)+nmlen))
+		return 0;
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&DOMAIN(result)->node);
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&DOMAIN(result)->rrsets);
+	DOMAIN(result)->namelen = nmlen;
+	memmove(DOMAIN(result)->name, nm, nmlen);
+
+	/* insert into domain tree */
+	udb_ptr_new(&dtree, udb, &ZONE(zone)->domains);
+	if(!udb_radname_insert(udb, &dtree, nm, nmlen, result, &node)) {
+		udb_ptr_free_space(result, udb, sizeof(struct domain_d)+nmlen);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&dtree, udb);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	udb_rptr_set_ptr(&DOMAIN(result)->node, udb, &node);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&dtree, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&node, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int
+udb_domain_find(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, const uint8_t* nm, size_t nmlen,
+	udb_ptr* result)
+{
+	int r;
+	udb_ptr dtree;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(zone) == udb_chunk_type_zone);
+	udb_ptr_new(&dtree, udb, &ZONE(zone)->domains);
+	r = udb_radname_search(udb, &dtree, nm, nmlen, result);
+	if(result->data)
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(result, udb, &RADNODE(result)->elem);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&dtree, udb);
+	return r && result->data;
+}
+
+/** find or create a domain name in the zone domain tree */
+static int
+domain_find_or_create(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, const uint8_t* nm,
+	size_t nmlen, udb_ptr* result)
+{
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(zone) == udb_chunk_type_zone);
+	if(udb_domain_find(udb, zone, nm, nmlen, result))
+		return 1;
+	return domain_create(udb, zone, nm, nmlen, result);
+}
+
+/** remove rrset from the domain name rrset-list */
+static void
+domain_remove_rrset(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* domain, uint16_t t)
+{
+	udb_ptr p, prev;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(domain) == udb_chunk_type_domain);
+	udb_ptr_new(&p, udb, &DOMAIN(domain)->rrsets);
+	udb_ptr_init(&prev, udb);
+	while(p.data) {
+		if(RRSET(&p)->type == t) {
+			/* remove it */
+			if(prev.data == 0) {
+				/* first rrset */
+				udb_rptr_set_rptr(&DOMAIN(domain)->rrsets,
+					udb, &RRSET(&p)->next);
+			} else {
+				udb_rptr_set_rptr(&RRSET(&prev)->next,
+					udb, &RRSET(&p)->next);
+			}
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&prev, udb);
+			rrset_delete(udb, &p);
+			return;
+		}
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(&prev, udb, &p);
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&p, udb, &RRSET(&p)->next);
+	}
+	/* rrset does not exist */
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&prev, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&p, udb);
+}
+
+/** create rrset in the domain rrset list */
+static int
+rrset_create(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* domain, uint16_t t, udb_ptr* res)
+{
+	/* create it */
+	if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(res, udb, udb_chunk_type_rrset,
+		sizeof(struct rrset_d)))
+		return 0;
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&RRSET(res)->next);
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&RRSET(res)->rrs);
+	RRSET(res)->type = t;
+	
+#if 0
+	/* link it in, at the front */
+	udb_rptr_set_rptr(&RRSET(res)->next, udb, &DOMAIN(domain)->rrsets);
+	udb_rptr_set_ptr(&DOMAIN(domain)->rrsets, udb, res);
+#else 
+	/* preserve RRset order, link at end */
+	if(DOMAIN(domain)->rrsets.data == 0) {
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&DOMAIN(domain)->rrsets, udb, res);
+	} else {
+		udb_ptr p;
+		udb_ptr_new(&p, udb, &DOMAIN(domain)->rrsets);
+		while(RRSET(&p)->next.data)
+			udb_ptr_set_rptr(&p, udb, &RRSET(&p)->next);
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RRSET(&p)->next, udb, res);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&p, udb);
+	}
+#endif
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int
+udb_rrset_find(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* domain, uint16_t t, udb_ptr* res)
+{
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(domain) == udb_chunk_type_domain);
+	udb_ptr_init(res, udb);
+	udb_ptr_set_rptr(res, udb, &DOMAIN(domain)->rrsets);
+	while(res->data) {
+		if(RRSET(res)->type == t)
+			return 1;
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(res, udb, &RRSET(res)->next);
+	}
+	/* rrset does not exist and res->data is conveniently zero */
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** find or create rrset in the domain rrset list */
+static int
+rrset_find_or_create(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* domain, uint16_t t, udb_ptr* res)
+{
+	if(udb_rrset_find(udb, domain, t, res))
+		return 1;
+	return rrset_create(udb, domain, t, res);
+}
+
+/** see if RR matches type, class and rdata */
+static int
+rr_match(udb_ptr* rr, uint16_t t, uint16_t k, uint8_t* rdata, size_t rdatalen)
+{
+	return RR(rr)->type == t && RR(rr)->klass == k &&
+		RR(rr)->len == rdatalen &&
+		memcmp(RR(rr)->wire, rdata, rdatalen) == 0;
+}
+
+/** see if RR exists in the RR list that matches the rdata, and return it */
+static int
+rr_search(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rrset, uint16_t t, uint16_t k,
+	uint8_t* rdata, size_t rdatalen, udb_ptr* result)
+{
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(rrset) == udb_chunk_type_rrset);
+	udb_ptr_init(result, udb);
+	udb_ptr_set_rptr(result, udb, &RRSET(rrset)->rrs);
+	while(result->data) {
+		if(rr_match(result, t, k, rdata, rdatalen))
+			return 1; /* found */
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(result, udb, &RR(result)->next);
+	}
+	/* not found and result->data is conveniently zero */
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** create RR chunk */
+static int
+rr_create(udb_base* udb, uint16_t t, uint16_t k, uint32_t ttl,
+	uint8_t* rdata, size_t rdatalen, udb_ptr* rr)
+{
+	if(!udb_ptr_alloc_space(rr, udb, udb_chunk_type_rr,
+		sizeof(struct rr_d)+rdatalen))
+		return 0;
+	udb_rel_ptr_init(&RR(rr)->next);
+	RR(rr)->type = t;
+	RR(rr)->klass = k;
+	RR(rr)->ttl = ttl;
+	RR(rr)->len = rdatalen;
+	memmove(RR(rr)->wire, rdata, rdatalen);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** add an RR to an RRset. */
+static int
+rrset_add_rr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rrset, uint16_t t, uint16_t k,
+	uint32_t ttl, uint8_t* rdata, size_t rdatalen)
+{
+	udb_ptr rr;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(rrset) == udb_chunk_type_rrset);
+	/* create it */
+	if(!rr_create(udb, t, k, ttl, rdata, rdatalen, &rr))
+		return 0;
+
+	/* add at end, to preserve order of RRs */
+	if(RRSET(rrset)->rrs.data == 0) {
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RRSET(rrset)->rrs, udb, &rr);
+	} else {
+		udb_ptr lastrr;
+		udb_ptr_new(&lastrr, udb, &RRSET(rrset)->rrs);
+		while(RR(&lastrr)->next.data)
+			udb_ptr_set_rptr(&lastrr, udb, &RR(&lastrr)->next);
+		udb_rptr_set_ptr(&RR(&lastrr)->next, udb, &rr);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&lastrr, udb);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&rr, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** remove an RR from an RRset. return 0 if RR did not exist. */
+static int
+rrset_del_rr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* rrset, uint16_t t, uint16_t k,
+	uint8_t* rdata, size_t rdatalen)
+{
+	udb_ptr p, prev;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(rrset) == udb_chunk_type_rrset);
+	udb_ptr_new(&p, udb, &RRSET(rrset)->rrs);
+	udb_ptr_init(&prev, udb);
+	while(p.data) {
+		if(rr_match(&p, t, k, rdata, rdatalen)) {
+			/* remove it */
+			if(prev.data == 0) {
+				/* first in list */
+				udb_rptr_set_rptr(&RRSET(rrset)->rrs, udb,
+					&RR(&p)->next);
+			} else {
+				udb_rptr_set_rptr(&RR(&prev)->next, udb,
+					&RR(&p)->next);
+			}
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&prev, udb);
+			rr_delete(udb, &p);
+			return 1;
+		}
+		udb_ptr_set_ptr(&prev, udb, &p);
+		udb_ptr_set_rptr(&p, udb, &RR(&p)->next);
+	}
+	/* not found */
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&prev, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&p, udb);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+udb_zone_add_rr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, const uint8_t* nm, size_t nmlen,
+	uint16_t t, uint16_t k, uint32_t ttl, uint8_t* rdata, size_t rdatalen)
+{
+	udb_ptr domain, rrset, rr;
+	int created_rrset = 0;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(zone) == udb_chunk_type_zone);
+
+	/* find or create domain */
+	if(!domain_find_or_create(udb, zone, nm, nmlen, &domain)) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	/* find or create rrset(type) */
+	if(!rrset_find_or_create(udb, &domain, t, &rrset)) {
+		goto exit_clean_domain;
+	}
+	if(RRSET(&rrset)->rrs.data == 0)
+		created_rrset = 1;
+	/* test for duplicate RRs */
+	if(rr_search(udb, &rrset, t, k, rdata, rdatalen, &rr)) {
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&rr, udb);
+		goto exit_clean_domain_rrset;
+	}
+	/* add RR to rrset */
+	if(!rrset_add_rr(udb, &rrset, t, k, ttl, rdata, rdatalen)) {
+	exit_clean_domain_rrset:
+		/* if rrset was created, remove it */
+		if(RRSET(&rrset)->rrs.data == 0) {
+			udb_ptr_zero(&rrset, udb);
+			domain_remove_rrset(udb, &domain, t);
+		}
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&rrset, udb);
+	exit_clean_domain:
+		/* if domain created, delete it */
+		if(DOMAIN(&domain)->rrsets.data == 0)
+			domain_delete_unlink(udb, zone, &domain);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&domain, udb);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	/* success, account changes */
+	if(created_rrset)
+		ZONE(zone)->rrset_count ++;
+	ZONE(zone)->rr_count ++;
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	if(t == TYPE_NSEC3PARAM && ZONE(zone)->nsec3param.data == 0)
+		zone_hash_nsec3param(udb, zone, &rrset);
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&domain, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&rrset, udb);
+	return 1;
+}
+
+void
+udb_zone_del_rr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, const uint8_t* nm, size_t nmlen,
+	uint16_t t, uint16_t k, uint8_t* rdata, size_t rdatalen)
+{
+	udb_ptr domain, rrset;
+	assert(udb_ptr_get_type(zone) == udb_chunk_type_zone);
+	/* find the domain */
+	if(!udb_domain_find(udb, zone, nm, nmlen, &domain))
+		return;
+	/* find the rrset */
+	if(!udb_rrset_find(udb, &domain, t, &rrset)) {
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&domain, udb);
+		return;
+	}
+	/* remove the RR */
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	if(t == TYPE_NSEC3PARAM) {
+		udb_ptr rr;
+		if(rr_search(udb, &rrset, t, k, rdata, rdatalen, &rr)) {
+			if(rr.data == ZONE(zone)->nsec3param.data) {
+				udb_rptr_zero(&ZONE(zone)->nsec3param, udb);
+			}
+			udb_ptr_unlink(&rr, udb);
+		}
+	}
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+	if(!rrset_del_rr(udb, &rrset, t, k, rdata, rdatalen)) {
+		/* rr did not exist */
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&domain, udb);
+		udb_ptr_unlink(&rrset, udb);
+		return;
+	}
+	ZONE(zone)->rr_count --;
+#ifdef NSEC3
+	if(t == TYPE_NSEC3PARAM && ZONE(zone)->nsec3param.data == 0 &&
+		RRSET(&rrset)->rrs.data != 0) {
+		zone_hash_nsec3param(udb, zone, &rrset);
+	}
+#endif /* NSEC3 */
+	/* see we we can remove the rrset too */
+	if(RRSET(&rrset)->rrs.data == 0) {
+		udb_ptr_zero(&rrset, udb);
+		domain_remove_rrset(udb, &domain, t);
+		ZONE(zone)->rrset_count --;
+	}
+	/* see if we can remove the domain name too */
+	if(DOMAIN(&domain)->rrsets.data == 0) {
+		domain_delete_unlink(udb, zone, &domain);
+	}
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&rrset, udb);
+	udb_ptr_unlink(&domain, udb);
+}
+
+void
+udb_zone_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s, udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb,
+	void* arg)
+{
+	struct zone_d* p = (struct zone_d*)d;
+	assert(s >= sizeof(struct zone_d)+p->namelen);
+	(void)s;
+	(*cb)(base, &p->node, arg);
+	(*cb)(base, &p->domains, arg);
+	(*cb)(base, &p->nsec3param, arg);
+	(*cb)(base, &p->log_str, arg);
+}
+
+void
+udb_domain_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s, udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb,
+	void* arg)
+{
+	struct domain_d* p = (struct domain_d*)d;
+	assert(s >= sizeof(struct domain_d)+p->namelen);
+	(void)s;
+	(*cb)(base, &p->node, arg);
+	(*cb)(base, &p->rrsets, arg);
+}
+
+void
+udb_rrset_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s, udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb,
+	void* arg)
+{
+	struct rrset_d* p = (struct rrset_d*)d;
+	assert(s >= sizeof(struct rrset_d));
+	(void)s;
+	(*cb)(base, &p->next, arg);
+	(*cb)(base, &p->rrs, arg);
+}
+
+void
+udb_rr_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s, udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb,
+	void* arg)
+{
+	struct rr_d* p = (struct rr_d*)d;
+	assert(s >= sizeof(struct rr_d)+p->len);
+	(void)s;
+	(*cb)(base, &p->next, arg);
+}
+
+void
+udb_task_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s, udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb,
+	void* arg)
+{
+	struct task_list_d* p = (struct task_list_d*)d;
+	assert(s >= p->size);
+	(void)s;
+	(*cb)(base, &p->next, arg);
+}
+
+void namedb_walkfunc(void* base, void* warg, uint8_t t, void* d, uint64_t s,
+        udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg)
+{
+        (void)warg;
+        switch(t) {
+	case udb_chunk_type_radtree:
+		udb_radix_tree_walk_chunk(base, d, s, cb, arg);
+		break;
+	case udb_chunk_type_radnode:
+		udb_radix_node_walk_chunk(base, d, s, cb, arg);
+		break;
+	case udb_chunk_type_radarray:
+		udb_radix_array_walk_chunk(base, d, s, cb, arg);
+		break;
+	case udb_chunk_type_zone:
+		udb_zone_walk_chunk(base, d, s, cb, arg);
+		break;
+	case udb_chunk_type_domain:
+		udb_domain_walk_chunk(base, d, s, cb, arg);
+		break;
+	case udb_chunk_type_rrset:
+		udb_rrset_walk_chunk(base, d, s, cb, arg);
+		break;
+	case udb_chunk_type_rr:
+		udb_rr_walk_chunk(base, d, s, cb, arg);
+		break;
+	case udb_chunk_type_task:
+		udb_task_walk_chunk(base, d, s, cb, arg);
+		break;
+	default:
+		/* no rel ptrs */
+		break;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/udbzone.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/udbzone.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f1163e4dfe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/udbzone.h
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/*
+ * udbzone -- store zone and rrset information in udb file.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, NLnet Labs.  See LICENSE for license.
+ */
+#ifndef UDB_ZONE_H
+#define UDB_ZONE_H
+#include "udb.h"
+#include "dns.h"
+#include "udbradtree.h"
+
+/**
+ * Store the DNS information in udb file on disk.
+ * udb_global
+ *     |
+ *     v
+ * zonetree -> zone -- zone_name
+ * radtree       |
+ *               v
+ *            domain --> rrset -> rr
+ *            radtree    list     list
+ *            |-- name
+ */
+
+/** zone information in the nsd.udb.  Name allocated after it. */
+struct zone_d {
+	/** radtree node in the zonetree for this zone */
+	udb_rel_ptr node;
+	/** the radtree for the domain names in the zone */
+	udb_rel_ptr domains;
+	/** the NSEC3PARAM rr used for hashing (or 0), rr_d pointer */
+	udb_rel_ptr nsec3param;
+	/** the log_str for the AXFR change, or 0 */
+	udb_rel_ptr log_str;
+	/** modification time, time when the zone data was changed */
+	uint64_t mtime;
+	/** number of RRsets in the zone */
+	uint64_t rrset_count;
+	/** number of RRs in the zone */
+	uint64_t rr_count;
+	/** the length of the zone name */
+	udb_radstrlen_t namelen;
+	/** if the zone is expired */
+	uint8_t expired;
+	/** if the zone has been changed by AXFR */
+	uint8_t is_changed;
+	/** the zone (wire uncompressed) name in DNS format */
+	uint8_t name[0];
+};
+
+/** domain name in the nametree. name allocated after it */
+struct domain_d {
+	/** radtree node in the nametree for this domain */
+	udb_rel_ptr node;
+	/** the list of rrsets for this name, single linked */
+	udb_rel_ptr rrsets;
+	/** length of the domain name */
+	udb_radstrlen_t namelen;
+	/** the domain (wire uncompressed) name in DNS format */
+	uint8_t name[0];
+};
+
+/** rrset information. */
+struct rrset_d {
+	/** next in rrset list */
+	udb_rel_ptr next;
+	/** the singly linked list of rrs for this rrset */
+	udb_rel_ptr rrs;
+	/** type of the RRs in this rrset (host order) */
+	uint16_t type;
+};
+
+/** rr information; wireformat data allocated after it */
+struct rr_d {
+	/** next in rr list */
+	udb_rel_ptr next;
+	/** type (host order) */
+	uint16_t type;
+	/** class (host order) */
+	uint16_t klass;
+	/** ttl (host order) */
+	uint32_t ttl;
+	/** length of wireformat */
+	uint16_t len;
+	/** wireformat of rdata (without rdatalen) */
+	uint8_t wire[0];
+};
+
+/** init an udb for use as DNS store */
+int udb_dns_init_file(udb_base* udb);
+/** de-init an udb for use as DNS store */
+void udb_dns_deinit_file(udb_base* udb);
+
+/** create a zone */
+int udb_zone_create(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* result, const uint8_t* dname,
+	size_t dlen);
+/** clear all RRsets from a zone */
+void udb_zone_clear(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone);
+/** delete a zone */
+void udb_zone_delete(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone);
+/** find a zone by name (exact match) */
+int udb_zone_search(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* result, const uint8_t* dname,
+	size_t dlen);
+/** get modification time for zone or 0 */
+uint64_t udb_zone_get_mtime(udb_base* udb, const uint8_t* dname, size_t dlen);
+/** set log str in udb, or remove it */
+void udb_zone_set_log_str(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, const char* str);
+/** find a domain name in the zone domain tree */
+int udb_domain_find(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, const uint8_t* nm,
+	size_t nmlen, udb_ptr* result);
+/** find rrset in domain */
+int udb_rrset_find(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* domain, uint16_t t, udb_ptr* res);
+
+/** add an RR to a zone */
+int udb_zone_add_rr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, const uint8_t* nm,
+	size_t nmlen, uint16_t t, uint16_t k, uint32_t ttl, uint8_t* rdata,
+	size_t rdatalen);
+/** del an RR from a zone */
+void udb_zone_del_rr(udb_base* udb, udb_ptr* zone, const uint8_t* nm,
+	size_t nmlen, uint16_t t, uint16_t k, uint8_t* rdata, size_t rdatalen);
+
+/** get pretty string for nsec3parameters (static buffer returned) */
+const char* udb_nsec3param_string(udb_ptr* rr);
+
+/** for use in udb-walkfunc, walks relptrs in udb_chunk_type_zone */
+void udb_zone_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s,
+	udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg);
+/** for use in udb-walkfunc, walks relptrs in udb_chunk_type_domain */
+void udb_domain_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s,
+	udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg);
+/** for use in udb-walkfunc, walks relptrs in udb_chunk_type_rrset */
+void udb_rrset_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s,
+	udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg);
+/** for use in udb-walkfunc, walks relptrs in udb_chunk_type_rr */
+void udb_rr_walk_chunk(void* base, void* d, uint64_t s,
+	udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg);
+
+/** walk through relptrs in registered types */
+void namedb_walkfunc(void* base, void* warg, uint8_t t, void* d, uint64_t s,
+        udb_walk_relptr_cb* cb, void* arg);
+
+#define ZONE(ptr) ((struct zone_d*)UDB_PTR(ptr))
+#define DOMAIN(ptr) ((struct domain_d*)UDB_PTR(ptr))
+#define RRSET(ptr) ((struct rrset_d*)UDB_PTR(ptr))
+#define RR(ptr) ((struct rr_d*)UDB_PTR(ptr))
+
+#endif /* UDB_ZONE_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-disk.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-disk.h
index 42db1993180..2c8e23fc752 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-disk.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-disk.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * xfrd-disk.h - XFR (transfer) Daemon TCP system header file. Save/Load state to disk.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 #ifndef XFRD_DISK_H
 #define XFRD_DISK_H
 
-#include "config.h"
 struct xfrd_state;
+struct nsd;
 
 /* magic string to identify xfrd state file */
 #define XFRD_FILE_MAGIC "NSDXFRD1"
@@ -21,4 +21,13 @@ void xfrd_read_state(struct xfrd_state* xfrd);
 /* write xfrd zone state if possible */
 void xfrd_write_state(struct xfrd_state* xfrd);
 
+/* create temp directory */
+void xfrd_make_tempdir(struct nsd* nsd);
+/* rmdir temp directory */
+void xfrd_del_tempdir(struct nsd* nsd);
+/* open temp file, makes directory if needed */
+FILE* xfrd_open_xfrfile(struct nsd* nsd, uint64_t number, char* mode);
+/* unlink temp file */
+void xfrd_unlink_xfrfile(struct nsd* nsd, uint64_t number);
+
 #endif /* XFRD_DISK_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-notify.c b/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-notify.c
index 0aa5c2c6cd7..6fb8e00e1e8 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-notify.c
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-notify.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * xfrd-notify.c - notify sending routines
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-
+#include <errno.h>
 #include "xfrd-notify.h"
 #include "xfrd.h"
 #include "xfrd-tcp.h"
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@
 /* start sending notifies */
 static void notify_enable(struct notify_zone_t* zone,
 	struct xfrd_soa* new_soa);
-/* stop sending notifies */
-static void notify_disable(struct notify_zone_t* zone);
 /* setup the notify active state */
 static void setup_notify_active(struct notify_zone_t* zone);
 
@@ -31,21 +29,29 @@ static void setup_notify_active(struct notify_zone_t* zone);
 static int xfrd_handle_notify_reply(struct notify_zone_t* zone, buffer_type* packet);
 
 /* handle zone notify send */
-static void xfrd_handle_notify_send(netio_type *netio,
-        netio_handler_type *handler, netio_event_types_type event_types);
+static void xfrd_handle_notify_send(int fd, short event, void* arg);
 
 static void xfrd_notify_next(struct notify_zone_t* zone);
 
 static void xfrd_notify_send_udp(struct notify_zone_t* zone, buffer_type* packet);
 
 static void
+notify_send_disable(struct notify_zone_t* zone)
+{
+	zone->notify_send_enable = 0;
+	event_del(&zone->notify_send_handler);
+	if(zone->notify_send_handler.ev_fd != -1) {
+		close(zone->notify_send_handler.ev_fd);
+	}
+}
+
+void
 notify_disable(struct notify_zone_t* zone)
 {
 	zone->notify_current = 0;
-	zone->notify_send_handler.timeout = NULL;
-	if(zone->notify_send_handler.fd != -1) {
-		close(zone->notify_send_handler.fd);
-		zone->notify_send_handler.fd = -1;
+	/* if added, then remove */
+	if(zone->notify_send_enable) {
+		notify_send_disable(zone);
 	}
 
 	if(xfrd->notify_udp_num == XFRD_MAX_UDP_NOTIFY) {
@@ -56,6 +62,8 @@ notify_disable(struct notify_zone_t* zone)
 			assert(wz->is_waiting);
 			wz->is_waiting = 0;
 			xfrd->notify_waiting_first = wz->waiting_next;
+			if(wz->waiting_next)
+				wz->waiting_next->waiting_prev = NULL;
 			if(xfrd->notify_waiting_last == wz)
 				xfrd->notify_waiting_last = NULL;
 			/* see if this zone needs notify sending */
@@ -72,13 +80,12 @@ notify_disable(struct notify_zone_t* zone)
 }
 
 void
-init_notify_send(rbtree_t* tree, netio_type* netio, region_type* region,
-	const dname_type* apex, zone_options_t* options, zone_type* dbzone)
+init_notify_send(rbtree_t* tree, region_type* region, zone_options_t* options)
 {
 	struct notify_zone_t* not = (struct notify_zone_t*)
 		region_alloc(region, sizeof(struct notify_zone_t));
 	memset(not, 0, sizeof(struct notify_zone_t));
-	not->apex = apex;
+	not->apex = options->node.key;
 	not->apex_str = options->name;
 	not->node.key = not->apex;
 	not->options = options;
@@ -87,23 +94,49 @@ init_notify_send(rbtree_t* tree, netio_type* netio, region_type* region,
 	not->current_soa = (struct xfrd_soa*)region_alloc(region,
 		sizeof(struct xfrd_soa));
 	memset(not->current_soa, 0, sizeof(struct xfrd_soa));
-	if(dbzone && dbzone->soa_rrset && dbzone->soa_rrset->rrs) {
-		xfrd_copy_soa(not->current_soa,	dbzone->soa_rrset->rrs);
-	}
 
 	not->is_waiting = 0;
-	not->notify_send_handler.fd = -1;
-	not->notify_send_handler.timeout = 0;
-	not->notify_send_handler.user_data = not;
-	not->notify_send_handler.event_types =
-		NETIO_EVENT_READ|NETIO_EVENT_TIMEOUT;
-	not->notify_send_handler.event_handler = xfrd_handle_notify_send;
-	netio_add_handler(netio, &not->notify_send_handler);
-	tsig_create_record_custom(&not->notify_tsig, region, 0, 0, 4);
+
+	not->notify_send_enable = 0;
+	tsig_create_record_custom(&not->notify_tsig, NULL, 0, 0, 4);
 	not->notify_current = 0;
 	rbtree_insert(tree, (rbnode_t*)not);
 }
 
+void
+xfrd_del_notify(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, const dname_type* dname)
+{
+	/* find it */
+	struct notify_zone_t* not = (struct notify_zone_t*)rbtree_delete(
+		xfrd->notify_zones, dname);
+	if(!not)
+		return;
+
+	/* waiting list */
+	if(not->is_waiting) {
+		if(not->waiting_prev)
+			not->waiting_prev->waiting_next = not->waiting_next;
+		else	xfrd->notify_waiting_first = not->waiting_next;
+		if(not->waiting_next)
+			not->waiting_next->waiting_prev = not->waiting_prev;
+		else	xfrd->notify_waiting_last = not->waiting_prev;
+		not->is_waiting = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* event */
+	if(not->notify_send_enable) {
+		notify_disable(not);
+	}
+
+	/* del tsig */
+	tsig_delete_record(&not->notify_tsig, NULL);
+
+	/* free it */
+	region_recycle(xfrd->region, not->current_soa, sizeof(xfrd_soa_t));
+	/* the apex is recycled when the zone_options.node.key is removed */
+	region_recycle(xfrd->region, not, sizeof(*not));
+}
+
 static int
 xfrd_handle_notify_reply(struct notify_zone_t* zone, buffer_type* packet)
 {
@@ -151,13 +184,15 @@ xfrd_notify_next(struct notify_zone_t* zone)
 static void
 xfrd_notify_send_udp(struct notify_zone_t* zone, buffer_type* packet)
 {
-	if(zone->notify_send_handler.fd != -1)
-		close(zone->notify_send_handler.fd);
-	zone->notify_send_handler.fd = -1;
+	int fd;
+	if(zone->notify_send_enable) {
+		notify_send_disable(zone);
+	}
 	/* Set timeout for next reply */
-	zone->notify_timeout.tv_sec = xfrd_time() + XFRD_NOTIFY_RETRY_TIMOUT;
+	zone->notify_timeout.tv_sec = XFRD_NOTIFY_RETRY_TIMOUT;
 	/* send NOTIFY to secondary. */
-	xfrd_setup_packet(packet, TYPE_SOA, CLASS_IN, zone->apex);
+	xfrd_setup_packet(packet, TYPE_SOA, CLASS_IN, zone->apex,
+		qid_generate());
 	zone->notify_query_id = ID(packet);
 	OPCODE_SET(packet, OPCODE_NOTIFY);
 	AA_SET(packet);
@@ -170,41 +205,53 @@ xfrd_notify_send_udp(struct notify_zone_t* zone, buffer_type* packet)
 		xfrd_tsig_sign_request(packet, &zone->notify_tsig, zone->notify_current);
 	}
 	buffer_flip(packet);
-	zone->notify_send_handler.fd = xfrd_send_udp(zone->notify_current,
-		packet, zone->options->outgoing_interface);
-	if(zone->notify_send_handler.fd == -1) {
+	fd = xfrd_send_udp(zone->notify_current, packet,
+		zone->options->pattern->outgoing_interface);
+	if(fd == -1) {
 		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s: could not send notify #%d to %s",
 			zone->apex_str, zone->notify_retry,
 			zone->notify_current->ip_address_spec);
+		event_set(&zone->notify_send_handler, -1, EV_TIMEOUT,
+			xfrd_handle_notify_send, zone);
+		if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &zone->notify_send_handler) != 0)
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "notify_send: event_base_set failed");
+		if(evtimer_add(&zone->notify_send_handler, &zone->notify_timeout) != 0)
+			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "notify_send: evtimer_add failed");
+		zone->notify_send_enable = 1;
 		return;
 	}
+	event_set(&zone->notify_send_handler, fd, EV_READ | EV_TIMEOUT,
+		xfrd_handle_notify_send, zone);
+	if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &zone->notify_send_handler) != 0)
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "notify_send: event_base_set failed");
+	if(event_add(&zone->notify_send_handler, &zone->notify_timeout) != 0)
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "notify_send: evtimer_add failed");
+	zone->notify_send_enable = 1;
 	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s: sent notify #%d to %s",
 		zone->apex_str, zone->notify_retry,
 		zone->notify_current->ip_address_spec));
 }
 
 static void
-xfrd_handle_notify_send(netio_type* ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
-	netio_handler_type *handler, netio_event_types_type event_types)
+xfrd_handle_notify_send(int fd, short event, void* arg)
 {
-	struct notify_zone_t* zone = (struct notify_zone_t*)handler->user_data;
+	struct notify_zone_t* zone = (struct notify_zone_t*)arg;
 	buffer_type* packet = xfrd_get_temp_buffer();
 	assert(zone->notify_current);
 	if(zone->is_waiting) {
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
 			"xfrd: notify waiting, skipped, %s", zone->apex_str));
-		assert(zone->notify_send_handler.fd == -1);
 		return;
 	}
-	if(event_types & NETIO_EVENT_READ) {
+	if((event & EV_READ)) {
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO,
 			"xfrd: zone %s: read notify ACK", zone->apex_str));
-		assert(handler->fd != -1);
-		if(xfrd_udp_read_packet(packet, zone->notify_send_handler.fd)) {
+		assert(fd != -1);
+		if(xfrd_udp_read_packet(packet, fd)) {
 			if(xfrd_handle_notify_reply(zone, packet))
 				xfrd_notify_next(zone);
 		}
-	} else if(event_types & NETIO_EVENT_TIMEOUT) {
+	} else if((event & EV_TIMEOUT)) {
 		DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s: notify timeout",
 			zone->apex_str));
 		/* timeout, try again */
@@ -212,7 +259,7 @@ xfrd_handle_notify_send(netio_type* ATTR_UNUSED(netio),
 	/* see if notify is still enabled */
 	if(zone->notify_current) {
 		zone->notify_retry++;
-		if(zone->notify_retry > zone->options->notify_retry) {
+		if(zone->notify_retry > zone->options->pattern->notify_retry) {
 			log_msg(LOG_ERR, "xfrd: zone %s: max notify send count reached, %s unreachable",
 				zone->apex_str, zone->notify_current->ip_address_spec);
 			xfrd_notify_next(zone);
@@ -228,16 +275,25 @@ static void
 setup_notify_active(struct notify_zone_t* zone)
 {
 	zone->notify_retry = 0;
-	zone->notify_current = zone->options->notify;
-	zone->notify_send_handler.timeout = &zone->notify_timeout;
-	zone->notify_timeout.tv_sec = xfrd_time();
-	zone->notify_timeout.tv_nsec = 0;
+	zone->notify_current = zone->options->pattern->notify;
+	zone->notify_timeout.tv_sec = 0;
+	zone->notify_timeout.tv_usec = 0;
+
+	if(zone->notify_send_enable)
+		notify_send_disable(zone);
+	event_set(&zone->notify_send_handler, -1, EV_TIMEOUT,
+		xfrd_handle_notify_send, zone);
+	if(event_base_set(xfrd->event_base, &zone->notify_send_handler) != 0)
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "notifysend: event_base_set failed");
+	if(evtimer_add(&zone->notify_send_handler, &zone->notify_timeout) != 0)
+		log_msg(LOG_ERR, "notifysend: evtimer_add failed");
+	zone->notify_send_enable = 1;
 }
 
 static void
 notify_enable(struct notify_zone_t* zone, struct xfrd_soa* new_soa)
 {
-	if(!zone->options->notify) {
+	if(!zone->options->pattern->notify) {
 		return; /* no notify acl, nothing to do */
 	}
 
@@ -254,27 +310,37 @@ notify_enable(struct notify_zone_t* zone, struct xfrd_soa* new_soa)
 		return;
 	}
 	/* put it in waiting list */
-	zone->notify_current = zone->options->notify;
+	zone->notify_current = zone->options->pattern->notify;
 	zone->is_waiting = 1;
 	zone->waiting_next = NULL;
+	zone->waiting_prev = xfrd->notify_waiting_last;
 	if(xfrd->notify_waiting_last) {
 		xfrd->notify_waiting_last->waiting_next = zone;
 	} else {
 		xfrd->notify_waiting_first = zone;
 	}
 	xfrd->notify_waiting_last = zone;
-	zone->notify_send_handler.timeout = NULL;
 	DEBUG(DEBUG_XFRD,1, (LOG_INFO, "xfrd: zone %s: notify on waiting list.",
 		zone->apex_str));
 }
 
 void
+xfrd_notify_start(struct notify_zone_t* zone)
+{
+	if(zone->is_waiting || zone->notify_send_enable)
+		return;
+	notify_enable(zone, NULL);
+}
+
+void
 xfrd_send_notify(rbtree_t* tree, const dname_type* apex, struct xfrd_soa* new_soa)
 {
 	/* lookup the zone */
 	struct notify_zone_t* zone = (struct notify_zone_t*)
 		rbtree_search(tree, apex);
 	assert(zone);
+	if(zone->notify_send_enable)
+		notify_disable(zone);
 
 	notify_enable(zone, new_soa);
 }
@@ -286,24 +352,24 @@ notify_handle_master_zone_soainfo(rbtree_t* tree,
 	/* lookup the zone */
 	struct notify_zone_t* zone = (struct notify_zone_t*)
 		rbtree_search(tree, apex);
-	assert(zone);
+	if(!zone) return; /* got SOAINFO but zone was deleted meanwhile */
 
 	/* check if SOA changed */
 	if( (new_soa == NULL && zone->current_soa->serial == 0) ||
 		(new_soa && new_soa->serial == zone->current_soa->serial))
 		return;
-
+	if(zone->notify_send_enable)
+		notify_disable(zone);
 	notify_enable(zone, new_soa);
 }
 
-void close_notify_fds(rbtree_t* tree)
+void
+close_notify_fds(rbtree_t* tree)
 {
 	struct notify_zone_t* zone;
 	RBTREE_FOR(zone, struct notify_zone_t*, tree)
 	{
-		if(zone->notify_send_handler.fd != -1) {
-			close(zone->notify_send_handler.fd);
-			zone->notify_send_handler.fd = -1;
-		}
+		if(zone->notify_send_enable)
+			notify_send_disable(zone);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-notify.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-notify.h
index 242c7e763ca..4f084d302e7 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-notify.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-notify.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * xfrd-notify.h - notify sending routines.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -10,9 +10,12 @@
 #ifndef XFRD_NOTIFY_H
 #define XFRD_NOTIFY_H
 
-#include "config.h"
+#ifndef USE_MINI_EVENT
+#include <event.h>
+#else
+#include "mini_event.h"
+#endif
 #include "tsig.h"
-#include "netio.h"
 #include "rbtree.h"
 
 struct nsd;
@@ -22,6 +25,7 @@ struct zone_options;
 struct zone;
 struct xfrd_soa;
 struct acl_options;
+struct xfrd_state;
 
 /**
  * This struct keeps track of outbound notifies for a zone.
@@ -38,26 +42,32 @@ struct notify_zone_t {
 
 	/* notify sending handler */
 	/* Not saved on disk (i.e. kill of daemon stops notifies) */
-	netio_handler_type notify_send_handler;
-	struct timespec notify_timeout;
+	int notify_send_enable;
+	struct event notify_send_handler;
+	struct timeval notify_timeout;
 	struct acl_options* notify_current; /* current slave to notify */
+	uint8_t notify_restart; /* restart notify after repattern */
 	uint8_t notify_retry; /* how manieth retry in sending to current */
 	uint16_t notify_query_id;
 
 	/* is this notify waiting for a socket? */
 	uint8_t is_waiting;
-	/* next in the waiting list for the udp sockets */
+	/* the double linked waiting list for the udp sockets */
 	struct notify_zone_t* waiting_next;
+	struct notify_zone_t* waiting_prev;
 };
 
 /* initialise outgoing notifies */
-void init_notify_send(rbtree_t* tree, netio_type* netio, region_type* region,
-        const dname_type* apex, struct zone_options* options,
-	struct zone* dbzone);
+void init_notify_send(rbtree_t* tree, region_type* region,
+	struct zone_options* options);
+/* delete notify zone */
+void xfrd_del_notify(struct xfrd_state* xfrd, const dname_type* dname);
 
 /* send notifications to all in the notify list */
 void xfrd_send_notify(rbtree_t* tree, const struct dname* apex,
 	struct xfrd_soa* new_soa);
+/* start notifications, if not started already (does not clobber SOA) */
+void xfrd_notify_start(struct notify_zone_t* zone);
 
 /* handle soa update notify for a master zone. newsoa can be NULL.
    Makes sure that the soa (serial) has changed. Or drops notify. */
@@ -66,5 +76,7 @@ void notify_handle_master_zone_soainfo(rbtree_t* tree,
 
 /* close fds in use for notification sending */
 void close_notify_fds(rbtree_t* tree);
+/* stop send of notify */
+void notify_disable(struct notify_zone_t* zone);
 
 #endif /* XFRD_NOTIFY_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-tcp.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-tcp.h
index e42e1a4456a..ac3f9dc5aab 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-tcp.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd-tcp.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * xfrd-tcp.h - XFR (transfer) Daemon TCP system header file. Manages tcp conn.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #ifndef XFRD_TCP_H
 #define XFRD_TCP_H
 
-#include "config.h"
 #include "xfrd.h"
 
 struct buffer;
@@ -21,6 +20,7 @@ struct region;
 struct dname;
 struct acl_options;
 
+struct xfrd_tcp_pipeline;
 typedef struct xfrd_tcp xfrd_tcp_t;
 typedef struct xfrd_tcp_set xfrd_tcp_set_t;
 /*
@@ -28,12 +28,14 @@ typedef struct xfrd_tcp_set xfrd_tcp_set_t;
  */
 struct xfrd_tcp_set {
 	/* tcp connections, each has packet and read/wr state */
-	struct xfrd_tcp *tcp_state[XFRD_MAX_TCP];
+	struct xfrd_tcp_pipeline *tcp_state[XFRD_MAX_TCP];
 	/* number of TCP connections in use. */
 	int tcp_count;
 	/* TCP timeout. */
 	int tcp_timeout;
-	/* linked list of zones waiting for a TCP connection */
+	/* rbtree with pipelines sorted by master */
+	rbtree_t* pipetree;
+	/* double linked list of zones waiting for a TCP connection */
 	struct xfrd_zone *tcp_waiting_first, *tcp_waiting_last;
 };
 
@@ -61,27 +63,91 @@ struct xfrd_tcp {
 	struct buffer* packet;
 };
 
+/* use illegal pointer value to denote skipped ID number.
+ * if this does not work, we can allocate with malloc */
+#define TCP_NULL_SKIP ((struct xfrd_zone*)-1)
+/* the number of ID values (16 bits) for a pipeline */
+#define ID_PIPE_NUM 65536
+
+/**
+ * Structure to keep track of a pipelined set of queries on
+ * an open tcp connection.  The queries may be answered with
+ * interleaved answer packets, the ID number disambiguates.
+ * Sorted by the master IP address so you can use lookup with
+ * smaller-or-equal to find the tcp connection most suitable.
+ */
+struct xfrd_tcp_pipeline {
+	/* the rbtree node, sorted by IP and nr of unused queries */
+	rbnode_t node;
+	/* destination IP address */
+#ifdef INET6
+	struct sockaddr_storage ip;
+#else
+	struct sockaddr_in ip;
+#endif /* INET6 */
+	socklen_t ip_len;
+	/* number of unused IDs.  used IDs are waiting to send their query,
+	 * or have been sent but not not all answer packets have been received.
+	 * Sorted by num_unused, so a lookup smaller-equal for 65536 finds the
+	 * connection to that master that has the most free IDs. */
+	int num_unused;
+	/* number of skip-set IDs (these are 'in-use') */
+	int num_skip;
+
+	int handler_added;
+	/* the event handler for this pipe (it'll disambiguate by ID) */
+	struct event handler;
+
+	/* the tcp connection to use for reading */
+	xfrd_tcp_t* tcp_r;
+	/* the tcp connection to use for writing, if it is done successfully,
+	 * then the first zone from the sendlist can be removed. */
+	xfrd_tcp_t* tcp_w;
+	/* once a byte has been written, handshake complete */
+	int connection_established;
+
+	/* list of queries that want to send, first to get write event,
+	 * if NULL, no write event interest */
+	struct xfrd_zone* tcp_send_first, *tcp_send_last;
+	/* the unused and id arrays must be last in the structure */
+	/* per-ID number the queries that have this ID number, every
+	 * query owns one ID numbers (until it is done). NULL: unused
+	 * When a query is done but not all answer-packets have been
+	 * consumed for that ID number, the rest is skipped, this
+	 * is denoted with the pointer-value TCP_NULL_SKIP, the ids that
+	 * are skipped are not on the unused list.  They may be
+	 * removed once the last answer packet is skipped.
+	 * ID_PIPE_NUM-num_unused values in the id array are nonNULL (either
+	 * a zone pointer or SKIP) */
+	struct xfrd_zone* id[ID_PIPE_NUM];
+	/* unused ID numbers; the first part of the array contains the IDs */
+	uint16_t unused[ID_PIPE_NUM];
+};
+
 /* create set of tcp connections */
 xfrd_tcp_set_t* xfrd_tcp_set_create(struct region* region);
 
 /* init tcp state */
-xfrd_tcp_t* xfrd_tcp_create(struct region* region);
+xfrd_tcp_t* xfrd_tcp_create(struct region* region, size_t bufsize);
 /* obtain tcp connection for a zone (or wait) */
 void xfrd_tcp_obtain(xfrd_tcp_set_t* set, struct xfrd_zone* zone);
 /* release tcp connection for a zone (starts waiting) */
 void xfrd_tcp_release(xfrd_tcp_set_t* set, struct xfrd_zone* zone);
+/* release tcp pipe entirely (does not stop the zones inside it) */
+void xfrd_tcp_pipe_release(xfrd_tcp_set_t* set, struct xfrd_tcp_pipeline* tp,
+	int conn);
 /* use tcp connection to start xfr */
-void xfrd_tcp_xfr(xfrd_tcp_set_t* set, struct xfrd_zone* zone);
+void xfrd_tcp_setup_write_packet(struct xfrd_tcp_pipeline* tp,
+	struct xfrd_zone* zone);
 /* initialize tcp_state for a zone. Opens the connection. true on success.*/
-int xfrd_tcp_open(xfrd_tcp_set_t* set, struct xfrd_zone* zone);
+int xfrd_tcp_open(xfrd_tcp_set_t* set, struct xfrd_tcp_pipeline* tp, struct xfrd_zone* zone);
 /* read data from tcp, maybe partial read */
-void xfrd_tcp_read(xfrd_tcp_set_t* set, struct xfrd_zone* zone);
+void xfrd_tcp_read(struct xfrd_tcp_pipeline* tp);
 /* write data to tcp, maybe a partial write */
-void xfrd_tcp_write(xfrd_tcp_set_t* set, struct xfrd_zone* zone);
+void xfrd_tcp_write(struct xfrd_tcp_pipeline* tp, struct xfrd_zone* zone);
+/* handle tcp pipe events */
+void xfrd_handle_tcp_pipe(int fd, short event, void* arg);
 
-/* see if the tcp connection is in the reading stage (else writin) */
-static inline int xfrd_tcp_is_reading(xfrd_tcp_set_t* set, int conn)
-{return set->tcp_state[conn]->is_reading;}
 /*
  * Read from a stream connection (size16)+packet into buffer.
  * returns value is
@@ -103,7 +169,7 @@ int conn_write(xfrd_tcp_t* conn);
 
 /* setup DNS packet for a query of this type */
 void xfrd_setup_packet(struct buffer* packet,
-        uint16_t type, uint16_t klass, const struct dname* dname);
+        uint16_t type, uint16_t klass, const struct dname* dname, uint16_t qid);
 /* write soa in network format to the packet buffer */
 void xfrd_write_soa_buffer(struct buffer* packet,
         const struct dname* apex, struct xfrd_soa* soa);
@@ -122,4 +188,7 @@ socklen_t xfrd_acl_sockaddr_frm(struct acl_options* acl,
 	struct sockaddr_in *frm);
 #endif /* INET6 */
 
+/* create pipeline tcp structure */
+struct xfrd_tcp_pipeline* xfrd_tcp_pipeline_create(region_type* region);
+
 #endif /* XFRD_TCP_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd.h b/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd.h
index e4d6a278259..b71f8c54f5e 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd.h
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/xfrd.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*
  * xfrd.h - XFR (transfer) Daemon header file. Coordinates SOA updates.
  *
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -10,8 +10,11 @@
 #ifndef XFRD_H
 #define XFRD_H
 
-#include "config.h"
-#include "netio.h"
+#ifndef USE_MINI_EVENT
+#include <event.h>
+#else
+#include "mini_event.h"
+#endif
 #include "rbtree.h"
 #include "namedb.h"
 #include "options.h"
@@ -24,6 +27,7 @@ struct buffer;
 struct xfrd_tcp;
 struct xfrd_tcp_set;
 struct notify_zone_t;
+struct udb_ptr;
 typedef struct xfrd_state xfrd_state_t;
 typedef struct xfrd_zone xfrd_zone_t;
 typedef struct xfrd_soa xfrd_soa_t;
@@ -35,41 +39,47 @@ struct xfrd_state {
 	/* time when daemon was last started */
 	time_t xfrd_start_time;
 	struct region* region;
-	netio_type* netio;
+	struct event_base* event_base;
 	struct nsd* nsd;
 
 	struct xfrd_tcp_set* tcp_set;
 	/* packet buffer for udp packets */
 	struct buffer* packet;
-	/* udp waiting list */
+	/* udp waiting list, double linked list */
 	struct xfrd_zone *udp_waiting_first, *udp_waiting_last;
 	/* number of udp sockets (for sending queries) in use */
 	size_t udp_use_num;
+	/* activated waiting list, double linked list */
+	struct xfrd_zone *activated_first;
 
 	/* current time is cached */
 	uint8_t got_time;
 	time_t current_time;
 
+	/* counter for xfr file numbers */
+	uint64_t xfrfilenumber;
+
 	/* timer for NSD reload */
-	struct timespec reload_timeout;
-	netio_handler_type reload_handler;
+	struct timeval reload_timeout;
+	struct event reload_handler;
+	int reload_added;
 	/* last reload must have caught all zone updates before this time */
 	time_t reload_cmd_last_sent;
 	uint8_t can_send_reload;
+	pid_t reload_pid;
 
 	/* communication channel with server_main */
-	netio_handler_type ipc_handler;
-	uint8_t ipc_is_soa;
-	uint8_t parent_soa_info_pass;
+	struct event ipc_handler;
+	int ipc_handler_flags;
 	struct xfrd_tcp *ipc_conn;
 	struct buffer* ipc_pass;
 	/* sending ipc to server_main */
-	struct xfrd_tcp *ipc_conn_write;
+	uint8_t need_to_send_shutdown;
 	uint8_t need_to_send_reload;
+	uint8_t need_to_send_stats;
 	uint8_t need_to_send_quit;
-	uint8_t sending_zone_state;
 	uint8_t	ipc_send_blocked;
-	stack_type* dirty_zones; /* stack of xfrd_zone* */
+	struct udb_ptr* last_task;
 
 	/* xfrd shutdown flag */
 	uint8_t shutdown;
@@ -138,10 +148,6 @@ struct xfrd_zone {
 		xfrd_zone_expired
 	} state;
 
-	/* if state is dirty it needs to be sent to server_main.
-	 * it is also on the dirty_stack. Not saved on disk. */
-	uint8_t dirty;
-
 	/* master to try to transfer from, number for persistence */
 	acl_options_t* master;
 	int master_num;
@@ -152,8 +158,10 @@ struct xfrd_zone {
 	int fresh_xfr_timeout;
 
 	/* handler for timeouts */
-	struct timespec timeout;
-	netio_handler_type zone_handler;
+	struct timeval timeout;
+	struct event zone_handler;
+	int zone_handler_flags;
+	int event_added;
 
 	/* tcp connection zone is using, or -1 */
 	int tcp_conn;
@@ -161,10 +169,22 @@ struct xfrd_zone {
 	uint8_t tcp_waiting;
 	/* next zone in waiting list */
 	xfrd_zone_t* tcp_waiting_next;
+	xfrd_zone_t* tcp_waiting_prev;
+	/* zone is in its tcp send queue */
+	uint8_t in_tcp_send;
+	/* next zone in tcp send queue */
+	xfrd_zone_t* tcp_send_next;
+	xfrd_zone_t* tcp_send_prev;
 	/* zone is waiting for a udp connection (tcp is preferred) */
 	uint8_t udp_waiting;
 	/* next zone in waiting list for UDP */
 	xfrd_zone_t* udp_waiting_next;
+	xfrd_zone_t* udp_waiting_prev;
+	/* zone has been activated to run now (after the other events
+	 * but before blocking in select again) */
+	uint8_t is_activated;
+	xfrd_zone_t* activated_next;
+	xfrd_zone_t* activated_prev;
 
 	/* xfr message handling data */
 	/* query id */
@@ -174,6 +194,8 @@ struct xfrd_zone {
 	size_t msg_rr_count;
 	uint8_t msg_is_ixfr; /* 1:IXFR detected. 2:middle IXFR SOA seen. */
 	tsig_record_type tsig; /* tsig state for IXFR/AXFR */
+	uint64_t xfrfilenumber; /* identifier for file to store xfr into,
+				valid if msg_seq_nr nonzero */
 };
 
 enum xfrd_packet_result {
@@ -194,18 +216,24 @@ enum xfrd_packet_result {
    Note that also some sockets are used for writing the ixfr.db, xfrd.state
    files and for the pipes to the main parent process.
 */
-#define XFRD_MAX_TCP 50 /* max number of TCP AXFR/IXFR concurrent connections.*/
+#define XFRD_MAX_TCP 32 /* max number of TCP AXFR/IXFR concurrent connections.*/
 			/* Each entry has 64Kb buffer preallocated.*/
-#define XFRD_MAX_UDP 100 /* max number of UDP sockets at a time for IXFR */
-#define XFRD_MAX_UDP_NOTIFY 50 /* max concurrent UDP sockets for NOTIFY */
+#define XFRD_MAX_UDP 64 /* max number of UDP sockets at a time for IXFR */
+#define XFRD_MAX_UDP_NOTIFY 64 /* max concurrent UDP sockets for NOTIFY */
 
 extern xfrd_state_t* xfrd;
 
 /* start xfrd, new start. Pass socket to server_main. */
-void xfrd_init(int socket, struct nsd* nsd);
+void xfrd_init(int socket, struct nsd* nsd, int shortsoa, int reload_active);
+
+/* add new slave zone, dname(from zone_opt) and given options */
+void xfrd_init_slave_zone(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, zone_options_t* zone_opt);
+
+/* delete slave zone */
+void xfrd_del_slave_zone(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, const dname_type* dname);
 
 /* get the current time epoch. Cached for speed. */
-time_t xfrd_time();
+time_t xfrd_time(void);
 
 /*
  * Handle final received packet from network.
@@ -220,6 +248,8 @@ void xfrd_set_timer(xfrd_zone_t* zone, time_t t);
 void xfrd_set_refresh_now(xfrd_zone_t* zone);
 /* unset the timer - no more timeouts, for when zone is queued */
 void xfrd_unset_timer(xfrd_zone_t* zone);
+/* remove the 'refresh now', remove it from the activated list */
+void xfrd_deactivate_zone(xfrd_zone_t* z);
 
 /*
  * Make a new request to next master server.
@@ -249,7 +279,7 @@ void xfrd_udp_release(xfrd_zone_t* zone);
 /*
  * Get a static buffer for temporary use (to build a packet).
  */
-struct buffer* xfrd_get_temp_buffer();
+struct buffer* xfrd_get_temp_buffer(void);
 
 /*
  * TSIG sign outgoing request. Call if acl has a key.
@@ -268,27 +298,41 @@ void xfrd_handle_incoming_soa(xfrd_zone_t* zone, xfrd_soa_t* soa,
 void xfrd_handle_passed_packet(buffer_type* packet,
 	int acl_num, int acl_xfr);
 
-/* send expiry notify for all zones to nsd (sets all dirty). */
-void xfrd_send_expy_all_zones();
-
 /* try to reopen the logfile. */
-void xfrd_reopen_logfile();
+void xfrd_reopen_logfile(void);
+
+/* free namedb for xfrd usage */
+void xfrd_free_namedb(struct nsd* nsd);
 
 /* copy SOA info from rr to soa struct. */
 void xfrd_copy_soa(xfrd_soa_t* soa, rr_type* rr);
 
 /* check for failed updates - it is assumed that now the reload has
    finished, and all zone SOAs have been sent. */
-void xfrd_check_failed_updates();
+void xfrd_check_failed_updates(void);
 
 /*
  * Prepare zones for a reload, this sets the times on the zones to be
  * before the current time, so the reload happens after.
  */
-void xfrd_prepare_zones_for_reload();
+void xfrd_prepare_zones_for_reload(void);
 
 /* Bind a local interface to a socket descriptor, return 1 on success */
 int xfrd_bind_local_interface(int sockd, acl_options_t* ifc,
 	acl_options_t* acl, int tcp);
 
+/* process results and soa info from reload */
+void xfrd_process_task_result(xfrd_state_t* xfrd, struct udb_base* taskudb);
+
+/* set to reload right away (for user controlled reload events) */
+void xfrd_set_reload_now(xfrd_state_t* xfrd);
+
+/* handle incoming notify (soa or NULL) and start zone xfr if necessary */
+void xfrd_handle_notify_and_start_xfr(xfrd_zone_t* zone, xfrd_soa_t* soa);
+
+/* handle zone timeout, event */
+void xfrd_handle_zone(int fd, short event, void* arg);
+
+const char* xfrd_pretty_time(time_t v);
+
 #endif /* XFRD_H */
diff --git a/usr.sbin/nsd/zlexer.lex b/usr.sbin/nsd/zlexer.lex
index 666a4ba3135..bcb5661ab80 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/nsd/zlexer.lex
+++ b/usr.sbin/nsd/zlexer.lex
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 /*
  * zlexer.lex - lexical analyzer for (DNS) zone files
  * 
- * Copyright (c) 2001-2011, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2001-2006, NLnet Labs. All rights reserved
  *
  * See LICENSE for the license.
  *
@@ -19,8 +19,6 @@
 #include "dname.h"
 #include "zparser.h"
 
-#define YY_NO_UNPUT
-
 #if 0
 #define LEXOUT(s)  printf s /* used ONLY when debugging */
 #else
@@ -68,6 +66,23 @@ pop_parser_state(void)
 	yy_switch_to_buffer(include_stack[include_stack_ptr]);
 }
 
+static YY_BUFFER_STATE oldstate;
+/* Start string scan */
+void
+parser_push_stringbuf(char* str)
+{
+	oldstate = YY_CURRENT_BUFFER;
+	yy_switch_to_buffer(yy_scan_string(str));
+}
+
+void
+parser_pop_stringbuf(void)
+{
+	yy_delete_buffer(YY_CURRENT_BUFFER);
+	yy_switch_to_buffer(oldstate);
+	oldstate = NULL;
+}
+
 #ifndef yy_set_bol /* compat definition, for flex 2.4.6 */
 #define yy_set_bol(at_bol) \
 	{ \
@@ -78,6 +93,16 @@ pop_parser_state(void)
 #endif
 	
 %}
+%option noinput
+%option nounput
+%{
+#ifndef YY_NO_UNPUT
+#define YY_NO_UNPUT 1
+#endif
+#ifndef YY_NO_INPUT
+#define YY_NO_INPUT 1
+#endif
+%}
 
 SPACE   [ \t]
 LETTER  [a-zA-Z]
@@ -244,6 +269,8 @@ ANY     [^\"\n\\]|\\.
 <bitlabel><<EOF>>	{
 	zc_error("EOF inside bitlabel");
 	BEGIN(INITIAL);
+	yyrestart(yyin); /* this is so that lex does not give an internal err */
+	yyterminate();
 }
 <bitlabel>{BIT}*	{ yymore(); }
 <bitlabel>\n		{ ++parser->line; yymore(); }
@@ -258,6 +285,8 @@ ANY     [^\"\n\\]|\\.
 <quotedstring><<EOF>> 	{
 	zc_error("EOF inside quoted string");
 	BEGIN(INITIAL);
+	yyrestart(yyin); /* this is so that lex does not give an internal err */
+	yyterminate();
 }
 <quotedstring>{ANY}*	{ LEXOUT(("STR ")); yymore(); }
 <quotedstring>\n 	{ ++parser->line; yymore(); }