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/*! \page volk_guide Instructions for using VOLK in GNU Radio
Note: Many blocks have already been converted to use VOLK in their calls, so
they can also serve as examples. See the
gr::blocks::complex_to_<type>.h files for examples of various blocks
that make use of VOLK.
\section volk_intro Introduction
VOLK is the Vector-Optimized Library of Kernels. It is a library that
contains kernels of hand-written SIMD code for different mathematical
operations. Since each SIMD architecture can be greatly different and
no compiler has yet come along to handle vectorization properly or
highly efficiently, VOLK approaches the problem differently. For each
architecture or platform that a developer wishes to vectorize for, a
new proto-kernel is added to VOLK. At runtime, VOLK will select the
correct proto-kernel. In this way, the users of VOLK call a kernel for
performing the operation that is platform/architecture agnostic. This
allows us to write portable SIMD code.
VOLK kernels are always defined with a 'generic' proto-kernel, which
is written in plain C. With the generic kernel, the kernel becomes
portable to any platform. Kernels are then extended by adding
proto-kernels for new platforms in which they are desired.
A good example of a VOLK kernel with multiple proto-kernels defined is
the volk_32f_s32f_multiply_32f_a. This kernel implements a scalar
multiplication of a vector of floating point numbers (each item in the
vector is multiplied by the same value). This kernel has the following
proto-kernels that are defined for 'generic,' 'avx,' 'sse,' and 'neon'
\code
void volk_32f_s32f_multiply_32f_a_generic
void volk_32f_s32f_multiply_32f_a_sse
void volk_32f_s32f_multiply_32f_a_avx
void volk_32f_s32f_multiply_32f_a_neon
\endcode
These proto-kernels means that on platforms with AVX support, VOLK can
select this option or the SSE option, depending on which is faster. If
all else fails, VOLK can fall back on the generic proto-kernel, which
will always work.
See <a
href="http://gnuradio.org/redmine/projects/gnuradio/wiki/Volk">VOLK on
gnuradio.org</a> for details on the VOLK naming scheme.
\section volk_alignment Setting and Using Memory Alignment Information
For VOLK to work as best as possible, we want to use memory-aligned
SIMD calls, which means we have to have some way of knowing and
controlling the alignment of the buffers passed to gr_block's work
function. We set the alignment requirement for SIMD aligned memory
calls with:
\code
const int alignment_multiple =
volk_get_alignment() / output_item_size;
set_alignment(std::max(1,alignment_multiple));
\endcode
The VOLK function 'volk_get_alignment' provides the alignment of the
the machine architecture. We then base the alignment on the number of
output items required to maintain the alignment, so we divide the
number of alignment bytes by the number of bytes in an output items
(sizeof(float), sizeof(gr_complex), etc.). This value is then set per
block with the 'set_alignment' function.
Because the scheduler tries to optimize throughput, the number of
items available per call to work will change and depends on the
availability of the read and write buffers. This means that it
sometimes cannot produce a buffer that is properly memory
aligned. This is an inevitable consequence of the scheduler
system. Instead of requiring alignment, the scheduler enforces the
alignment as much as possible, and when a buffer becomes unaligned,
the scheduler will work to correct it as much as possible. If a
block's buffers are unaligned, then, the scheduler sets a flag to
indicate as much so that the block can then decide what best to
do. The next section discusses the use of the aligned/unaligned
information in a gr_block's work function.
\section volk_work Calling VOLK kernels in Work()
The buffers passed to work/general_work in a gr_block are not
guaranteed to be aligned, but they will mostly be aligned whenever
possible. When not aligned, the 'is_unaligned()' flag will be set so
the scheduler knows to try to realign the buffers. We actually make
calls to the VOLK dispatcher, which is mainly designed to check the
buffer alignments and call the correct version of the kernel for
us. From the user-level view of VOLK, calling the dispatcher allows us
to ignore the concept of aligned versus unaligned. This looks like:
\code
int
gr_some_block::work (int noutput_items,
gr_vector_const_void_star &input_items,
gr_vector_void_star &output_items)
{
const float *in = (const float *) input_items[0];
float *out = (float *) output_items[0];
// Call the dispatcher to check alignment and call the _a or _u
// version of the kernel.
volk_32f_something_32f(out, in, noutput_items);
return noutput_items;
}
\endcode
\section volk_tuning Tuning VOLK Performance
VOLK comes with a profiler that will build a config file for the best
SIMD architecture for your processor. Run volk_profile that is
installed into $PREFIX/bin. This program tests all known VOLK kernels
for each architecture supported by the processor. When finished, it
will write to $HOME/.volk/volk_config the best architecture for the
VOLK function. This file is read when using a function to know the
best version of the function to execute.
\subsection volk_hand_tuning Hand-Tuning Performance
If you know a particular architecture works best for your processor,
you can specify the particular architecture to use in the VOLK
preferences file: $HOME/.volk/volk_config
The file looks like:
\code
volk_<FUNCTION_NAME> <ARCHITECTURE>
\endcode
Where the "FUNCTION_NAME" is the particular function that you want to
over-ride the default value and "ARCHITECTURE" is the VOLK SIMD
architecture to use (generic, sse, sse2, sse3, avx, etc.). For
example, the following config file tells VOLK to use SSE3 for the
aligned and unaligned versions of a function that multiplies two
complex streams together.
\code
volk_32fc_x2_multiply_32fc_a sse3
volk_32fc_x2_multiply_32fc_u sse3
\endcode
\b Tip: if benchmarking GNU Radio blocks, it can be useful to have a
volk_config file that sets all architectures to 'generic' as a way to
test the vectorized versus non-vectorized implementations.
*/
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